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  • 1
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    Integrated global assessment of the natural forest carbon potential (2023)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    In:  Nature vol. 624 no. 7990, pp. 92-101
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-19
    Description: Forests are a substantial terrestrial carbon sink, but anthropogenic changes in land \nuse and climate have considerably reduced the scale of this system1 \n. Remote-sensing \nestimates to quantify carbon losses from global forests2\xe2\x80\x935 \n are characterized by \nconsiderable uncertainty and we lack a comprehensive ground-sourced evaluation to \nbenchmark these estimates. Here we combine several ground-sourced6 \n and satellitederived approaches2,7,8 \n to evaluate the scale of the global forest carbon potential \noutside agricultural and urban lands. Despite regional variation, the predictions \ndemonstrated remarkable consistency at a global scale, with only a 12% diference \nbetween the ground-sourced and satellite-derived estimates. At present, global forest \ncarbon storage is markedly under the natural potential, with a total defcit of 226\xe2\x80\x89Gt \n(model range\xe2\x80\x89=\xe2\x80\x89151\xe2\x80\x93363\xe2\x80\x89Gt) in areas with low human footprint. Most (61%, 139\xe2\x80\x89Gt\xe2\x80\x89C) \nof this potential is in areas with existing forests, in which ecosystem protection can \nallow forests to recover to maturity. The remaining 39% (87\xe2\x80\x89Gt\xe2\x80\x89C) of potential lies in \nregions in which forests have been removed or fragmented. Although forests cannot \nbe a substitute for emissions reductions, our results support the idea2,3,9 \n that the \nconservation, restoration and sustainable management of diverse forests ofer \nvaluable contributions to meeting global climate and biodiversity targets.
    Keywords: Multidisciplinary
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
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    Climate change impacts on Antarctic krill behaviour and population dynamics (2023)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    In:  EPIC3Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, ISSN: 2662-138X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Krill habitats in the Southern Ocean are impacted by changing climate conditions, reduced sea ice and rising temperatures. These changes, in turn, affect krill occurrence, physiology and behaviour, which could have ecosystem impacts. In this Review, we examine climate change impacts on Antarctic krill and the potential implications for the Southern Ocean ecosystem. Since the 1970s, there have been apparent reductions in adult population density and the occurrence of very dense swarms in the northern Southwest Atlantic. These changes were associated with latitudinal and longitudinal rearrangement of population distribution — including a poleward contraction in the Southwest Atlantic — and were likely driven by ocean warming, sea-ice reductions and changes in the quality of larval habitats. As swarms are targeted by fishers and predators, this contraction could increase fishery–predator interactions, potentially exacerbating risk to already declining penguin populations and recovering whale populations. These risks require urgent mitigation measures to be developed. A circumpolar monitoring network using emerging technologies is needed to augment existing surveys and better record the shifts in krill distribution.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 3
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    Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly (2023)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    In:  Nature Climate Change vol. 13 no. 9, pp. 967-974
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: The tropical forest carbon sink is known to be drought sensitive, but it is \nunclear which forests are the most vulnerable to extreme events. Forests with \nhotter and drier baseline conditions may be protected by prior adaptation, or \nmore vulnerable because they operate closer to physiological limits. Here we \nreport that forests in drier South American climates experienced the greatest \nimpacts of the 2015\xe2\x80\x932016 El Ni\xc3\xb1o, indicating greater vulnerability to extreme \ntemperatures and drought. The long-term, ground-measured tree-by-tree \nresponses of 123 forest plots across tropical South America show that the \nbiomass carbon sink ceased during the event with carbon balance becoming \nindistinguishable from zero (\xe2\x88\x920.02\xe2\x80\x89\xc2\xb1\xe2\x80\x890.37\xe2\x80\x89Mg\xe2\x80\x89C\xe2\x80\x89ha\xe2\x88\x921 per year). However, \nintact tropical South American forests overall were no more sensitive to the \nextreme 2015\xe2\x80\x932016 El Ni\xc3\xb1o than to previous less intense events, remaining a \nkey defence against climate change as long as they are protected.
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    Characterization and differentiation of sublittoral sandbanks in the southeastern North Sea (2023)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    In:  EPIC3Biodiversity and Conservation, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 32(8-9), pp. 2747-2768, ISSN: 0960-3115
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-20
    Description: Marine sublittoral sandbanks are essential offshore feeding grounds for larger crustaceans, fish and seabirds. In the southern North Sea, sandbanks are characterized by considerable natural sediment dynamics and are subject to chronic bottom trawling. However, except for the Dogger Bank, sandbanks in the southeastern North Sea have been only poorly investigated until now. We used an extensive, multi-annual dataset covering ongoing national monitoring programmes, environmental impact assessments, and basic research studies to analyse benthic communities on sublittoral sandbanks, evaluating their ecological value against the backdrop of similar seafloor habitats in this region. The analysis revealed complex spatial structuring of sandy seafloor habitats of the southeastern North Sea. Different infauna clusters were identified and could be specified by their composition of characteristic species. The sandbanks shared common structural features in their infauna community composition although they were not necessarily characterized by particularly high biodiversity compared to other sandy habitats. A close association of one of the main bioturbators in the southern North Sea, the sea urchin Echinocardium cordatum, with sandbanks was detected, which may promote the sediment-bound biogeochemical activity in this particular seafloor habitat. This would corroborate the status of sandbanks as sites of high ecological value calling for consideration in marine conservation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 5
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    Impact of sea ice transport on Beaufort Gyre liquid freshwater content (2023)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    In:  EPIC3Climate Dynamics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, pp. 1-17, ISSN: 0930-7575
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-23
    Description: The Arctic Ocean’s Beaufort Gyre (BG) is a wind-driven reservoir of relatively fresh seawater, situated beneath time-mean anticyclonic atmospheric circulation, and is covered by mobile pack ice for most of the year. Liquid freshwater accumulation in and expulsion from this gyre is of critical interest due to its potential to affect the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and due to the importance of freshwater in modulating vertical fluxes of heat, nutrients and carbon in the ocean, and exchanges of heat and moisture with the atmosphere. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that wind-driven sea ice transport into/from the BG region influences the freshwater content of the gyre and its variability. To test this hypothesis, we use the results of a coordinated climate response function experiment with four ice-ocean models, in combination with targeted experiments using a regional setup of the MITgcm, in which we rotate the surface wind forcing vectors (thereby changing the ageostrophic component of these winds). Our results show that, via an effect on the net thermodynamic growth rate, anomalies in sea ice transport into the BG affect liquid freshwater adjustment. Specifically, increased ice import increases freshwater retention in the gyre, whereas ice export decreases freshwater in the gyre. Our results demonstrate that uncertainty in the ageostrophic component of surface winds, and in the dynamic sea ice response to these winds, has important implications for ice thermodynamics and freshwater. This sensitivity may explain some of the observed inter-model spread in simulations of Beaufort Gyre freshwater and its adjustment in response to wind forcing.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 6
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    Multi-omics for studying and understanding polar life (2023)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 14(1), pp. 7451-, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-23
    Description: Polar ecosystems are experiencing amongst the most rapid rates of regional warming on Earth. Here, we discuss ‘omics’ approaches to investigate polar biodiversity, including the current state of the art, future perspectives and recommendations. We propose a community road map to generate and more fully exploit multi-omics data from polar organisms. These data are needed for the comprehensive evaluation of polar biodiversity and to reveal how life evolved and adapted to permanently cold environments with extreme seasonality. We argue that concerted action is required to mitigate the impact of warming on polar ecosystems via conservation efforts, to sustainably manage these unique habitats and their ecosystem services, and for the sustainable bioprospecting of novel genes and compounds for societal gain.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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