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  • 1
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    The Sedimentary Geochemistry and Paleoenvironments Project (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Farrell, U. C., Samawi, R., Anjanappa, S., Klykov, R., Adeboye, O. O., Agic, H., Ahm, A.-S. C., Boag, T. H., Bowyer, F., Brocks, J. J., Brunoir, T. N., Canfield, D. E., Chen, X., Cheng, M., Clarkson, M. O., Cole, D. B., Cordie, D. R., Crockford, P. W., Cui, H., Dahl, T. W., Mouro, L. D., Dewing, K., Dornbos, S. Q., Drabon, N., Dumoulin, J. A., Emmings, J. F., Endriga, C. R., Fraser, T. A., Gaines, R. R., Gaschnig, R. M., Gibson, T. M., Gilleaudeau, G. J., Gill, B. C., Goldberg, K., Guilbaud, R., Halverson, G. P., Hammarlund, E. U., Hantsoo, K. G., Henderson, M. A., Hodgskiss, M. S. W., Horner, Tristan J., Husson, J. M., Johnson, B., Kabanov, P., Brenhin K. C., Kimmig, J., Kipp, M. A., Knoll, A. H., Kreitsmann, T., Kunzmann, M., Kurzweil, F., LeRoy, M. A., Li, C., Lipp, A. G., Loydell, D. K., Lu, X., Macdonald, F. A., Magnall, J. M., Mänd, K., Mehra, A., Melchin, M. J., Miller, A. J., Mills, N. T., Mwinde, C. N., O'Connell, B., Och, L. M., Ossa Ossa, F., Pagès, A., Paiste, K., Partin, C. A., Peters, S. E., Petrov, P., Playter, T. L., Plaza-Torres, S., Porter, Susannah M., Poulton, S. W., Pruss, S. B., Richoz, S., Ritzer, S. R., Rooney, A. D., Sahoo, S. K., Schoepfer, S. D., Sclafani, J. A., Shen, Y., Shorttle, O., Slotznick, S. P., Smith, E. F., Spinks, S., Stockey, R. G., Strauss, J. V., Stüeken, E. E., Tecklenburg, S., Thomson, D., Tosca, N. J., Uhlein, G. J., Vizcaíno, M. N., Wang, H., White, T., Wilby, P. R., Woltz, C. R., Wood, R. A., Xiang, L., Yurchenko, I. A., Zhang, T., Planavsky, N. J., Lau, K. V., Johnston, D. T., Sperling, E. A., The Sedimentary Geochemistry and Paleoenvironments Project. Geobiology. 00, (2021): 1– 12,https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12462.
    Description: Geobiology explores how Earth's system has changed over the course of geologic history and how living organisms on this planet are impacted by or are indeed causing these changes. For decades, geologists, paleontologists, and geochemists have generated data to investigate these topics. Foundational efforts in sedimentary geochemistry utilized spreadsheets for data storage and analysis, suitable for several thousand samples, but not practical or scalable for larger, more complex datasets. As results have accumulated, researchers have increasingly gravitated toward larger compilations and statistical tools. New data frameworks have become necessary to handle larger sample sets and encourage more sophisticated or even standardized statistical analyses. In this paper, we describe the Sedimentary Geochemistry and Paleoenvironments Project (SGP; Figure 1), which is an open, community-oriented, database-driven research consortium. The goals of SGP are to (1) create a relational database tailored to the needs of the deep-time (millions to billions of years) sedimentary geochemical research community, including assembling and curating published and associated unpublished data; (2) create a website where data can be retrieved in a flexible way; and (3) build a collaborative consortium where researchers are incentivized to contribute data by giving them priority access and the opportunity to work on exciting questions in group papers. Finally, and more idealistically, the goal was to establish a culture of modern data management and data analysis in sedimentary geochemistry. Relative to many other fields, the main emphasis in our field has been on instrument measurement of sedimentary geochemical data rather than data analysis (compared with fields like ecology, for instance, where the post-experiment ANOVA (analysis of variance) is customary). Thus, the longer-term goal was to build a collaborative environment where geobiologists and geologists can work and learn together to assess changes in geochemical signatures through Earth history.
    Description: We thank the donors of The American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund for partial support of SGP website development (61017-ND2). EAS is funded by National Science Foundation grant (NSF) EAR-1922966. BGS authors (JE, PW) publish with permission of the Executive Director of the British Geological Survey, UKRI.
    Keywords: Consortium ; Database ; Earth history ; Geochemistry ; Website
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  • 2
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    An operational overview of the EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) Northeast Pacific field deployment (2021)
    University of California Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Siegel, D. A., Cetinic, I., Graff, J. R., Lee, C. M., Nelson, N., Perry, M. J., Ramos, I. S., Steinberg, D. K., Buesseler, K., Hamme, R., Fassbender, A. J., Nicholson, D., Omand, M. M., Robert, M., Thompson, A., Amaral, V., Behrenfeld, M., Benitez-Nelson, C., Bisson, K., Boss, E., Boyd, P. W., Brzezinski, M., Buck, K., Burd, A., Burns, S., Caprara, S., Carlson, C., Cassar, N., Close, H. H., D’Asaro, E., Durkin, C., Erickson, Z., Estapa, M. L., Fields, E., Fox, J., Freeman, S., Gifford, S., Gong, W., Gray, D., Guidi, L., Haëntjens, N., Halsey, K., Huot, Y., Hansell, D., Jenkins, B., Karp-Boss, L., Kramer, S., Lam, P., Lee, J-M., Maas, A., Marchal, O., Marchetti, A., McDonnell, A., McNair, H., Menden-Deuer, S., Morison, F., Niebergall, A. K., Passow, U., Popp, B., Potvin, G., Resplandy, L., Roca-Martí, M., Roesler, C., Rynearson, T., Traylor, S., Santoro, A., Seraphin, K. D., Sosik, H. M., Stamieszkin, K., Stephens, B., Tang, W., Van Mooy, B., Xiong, Y., Zhang, X. An operational overview of the EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) Northeast Pacific field deployment. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 9(1), (2021): 1, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.00107.
    Description: The goal of the EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) field campaign is to develop a predictive understanding of the export, fate, and carbon cycle impacts of global ocean net primary production. To accomplish this goal, observations of export flux pathways, plankton community composition, food web processes, and optical, physical, and biogeochemical (BGC) properties are needed over a range of ecosystem states. Here we introduce the first EXPORTS field deployment to Ocean Station Papa in the Northeast Pacific Ocean during summer of 2018, providing context for other papers in this special collection. The experiment was conducted with two ships: a Process Ship, focused on ecological rates, BGC fluxes, temporal changes in food web, and BGC and optical properties, that followed an instrumented Lagrangian float; and a Survey Ship that sampled BGC and optical properties in spatial patterns around the Process Ship. An array of autonomous underwater assets provided measurements over a range of spatial and temporal scales, and partnering programs and remote sensing observations provided additional observational context. The oceanographic setting was typical of late-summer conditions at Ocean Station Papa: a shallow mixed layer, strong vertical and weak horizontal gradients in hydrographic properties, sluggish sub-inertial currents, elevated macronutrient concentrations and low phytoplankton abundances. Although nutrient concentrations were consistent with previous observations, mixed layer chlorophyll was lower than typically observed, resulting in a deeper euphotic zone. Analyses of surface layer temperature and salinity found three distinct surface water types, allowing for diagnosis of whether observed changes were spatial or temporal. The 2018 EXPORTS field deployment is among the most comprehensive biological pump studies ever conducted. A second deployment to the North Atlantic Ocean occurred in spring 2021, which will be followed by focused work on data synthesis and modeling using the entire EXPORTS data set.
    Description: DAS, NN, KB, EF, SK, AB, AM, UP: NASA 80NSSC17K0692. MJB, EB, JG, LG, KH, LKB, JF, NH: NASA 80NSSC17K0568. KB, CBN, LR, MRM: NASA 80NSSC17K0555. CC, DH, BS: NASA 80NSSC18K0437. HC: NSF 1830016. BP, KDS: NSF 1829425. ME, KB, CD, MO: NASA 80NSSC17K0662. AF: NSF 1756932. BJ, KB, MB, SB, SC: NSF 1756442. PH, OM, JML: NSF 1829614. CL, ED, DN, MO, MJP, AT, ZN, ST: NASA 80NSSC17K0663. AM, NC, SG, WT, AN, WG: NASA 80NSSC17K0552. SMD, TR, HM, FM: NASA 80NSSC17K0716. CR, HS: NASA 80NSSC17K0700. AS, PB: NASA 80NSSC18K1431. DS, AM, KS NASA 80NSSC17K0654. BVM: NSF 1756254. XZ, DG, LG, YH: NASA 80NSSC17K0656 and 80NSSC20K0350.
    Keywords: Biological pump ; NASA field campaign ; NPP fates ; Carbon cycle ; Organic carbon export ; Export pathways
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  • 3
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    A standardisation framework for bio-logging data to advance ecological research and conservation (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Sequeira, A. M. M., O'Toole, M., Keates, T. R., McDonnell, L. H., Braun, C. D., Hoenner, X., Jaine, F. R. A., Jonsen, I. D., Newman, P., Pye, J., Bograd, S. J., Hays, G. C., Hazen, E. L., Holland, M., Tsontos, V. M., Blight, C., Cagnacci, F., Davidson, S. C., Dettki, H., Duarte, C. M., Dunn, D. C., Eguiluz, V. M., Fedak, M., Gleiss, A. C., Hammerschlag, N., Hindell, M. A., Holland, K., Janekovic, I., McKinzie, M. K., Muelbert, M. M. C., Pattiaratchi, C., Rutz, C., Sims, D. W., Simmons, S. E., Townsend, B., Whoriskey, F., Woodward, B., Costa, D. P., Heupel, M. R., McMahon, C. R., Harcourt, R., & Weise, M. A standardisation framework for bio-logging data to advance ecological research and conservation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 12, (2021): 996–1007, https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13593.
    Description: 1. Bio-logging data obtained by tagging animals are key to addressing global conservation challenges. However, the many thousands of existing bio-logging datasets are not easily discoverable, universally comparable, nor readily accessible through existing repositories and across platforms, slowing down ecological research and effective management. A set of universal standards is needed to ensure discoverability, interoperability and effective translation of bio-logging data into research and management recommendations. 2. We propose a standardisation framework adhering to existing data principles (FAIR: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable; and TRUST: Transparency, Responsibility, User focus, Sustainability and Technology) and involving the use of simple templates to create a data flow from manufacturers and researchers to compliant repositories, where automated procedures should be in place to prepare data availability into four standardised levels: (a) decoded raw data, (b) curated data, (c) interpolated data and (d) gridded data. Our framework allows for integration of simple tabular arrays (e.g. csv files) and creation of sharable and interoperable network Common Data Form (netCDF) files containing all the needed information for accuracy-of-use, rightful attribution (ensuring data providers keep ownership through the entire process) and data preservation security. 3. We show the standardisation benefits for all stakeholders involved, and illustrate the application of our framework by focusing on marine animals and by providing examples of the workflow across all data levels, including filled templates and code to process data between levels, as well as templates to prepare netCDF files ready for sharing. 4. Adoption of our framework will facilitate collection of Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) in support of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and inter-governmental assessments (e.g. the World Ocean Assessment), and will provide a starting point for broader efforts to establish interoperable bio-logging data formats across all fields in animal ecology.
    Description: We are thankful to ONR and UWA OI for funding the workshop, and to ARC for DP210103091. A.M.M.S. was funded by a 2020 Pew Fellowship in Marine Conservation, and also supported by AIMS. C.R. was the recipient of a Radcliffe Fellowship at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University.
    Keywords: bio-logging template ; data accessibility and interoperability ; data standards ; metadata templates ; movement ecology ; sensors ; telemetry ; tracking
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  • 4
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    Field-portable microplastic sensing in aqueous environments: a perspective on emerging techniques (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Blevins, M. G., Allen, H. L., Colson, B. C., Cook, A.-M., Greenbaum, A. Z., Hemami, S. S., Hollmann, J., Kim, E., LaRocca, A. A., Markoski, K. A., Miraglia, P., Mott, V. L., Robberson, W. M., Santos, J. A., Sprachman, M. M., Swierk, P., Tate, S., Witinski, M. F., Kratchman, L. B., & Michel, A. P. M. Field-portable microplastic sensing in aqueous environments: a perspective on emerging techniques. Sensors, 21(10), (2021): 3532, https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103532.
    Description: Microplastics (MPs) have been found in aqueous environments ranging from rural ponds and lakes to the deep ocean. Despite the ubiquity of MPs, our ability to characterize MPs in the environment is limited by the lack of technologies for rapidly and accurately identifying and quantifying MPs. Although standards exist for MP sample collection and preparation, methods of MP analysis vary considerably and produce data with a broad range of data content and quality. The need for extensive analysis-specific sample preparation in current technology approaches has hindered the emergence of a single technique which can operate on aqueous samples in the field, rather than on dried laboratory preparations. In this perspective, we consider MP measurement technologies with a focus on both their eventual field-deployability and their respective data products (e.g., MP particle count, size, and/or polymer type). We present preliminary demonstrations of several prospective MP measurement techniques, with an eye towards developing a solution or solutions that can transition from the laboratory to the field. Specifically, experimental results are presented from multiple prototype systems that measure various physical properties of MPs: pyrolysis-differential mobility spectroscopy, short-wave infrared imaging, aqueous Nile Red labeling and counting, acoustophoresis, ultrasound, impedance spectroscopy, and dielectrophoresis.
    Description: We greatly thank our funding agencies: Gerstner Philanthropies (to A.P.M.M.), the Richard Saltonstall Charitable Foundation (to A.P.M.M.), and the Wallace Research Foundation (to A.P.M.M. and S.S.H.). Funding for M.G.B. was provided by a Draper Fellowship and to B.C.C. by an MIT Martin Fellowship. Draper thanks EPA region 9 for their partnership and support through a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement, an industry/government agreement regarding funding and personnel contributions of time and expertise.
    Keywords: Microplastics ; Plastic pollution ; Sensors ; Analytical chemistry ; Environment ; Water ; Ocean ; Marine pollution ; Polymers ; Freshwater ; Aqueous solutions
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  • 5
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    New species can broaden myelin research: suitability of little skate, Leucoraja erinacea (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Moebius, W., Huemmert, S., Ruhwedel, T., Kuzirian, A., & Gould, R. New species can broaden myelin research: suitability of little skate, Leucoraja erinacea. Life, 11(2), (2021): 136, https://doi.org/10.3390/life11020136.
    Description: Although myelinated nervous systems are shared among 60,000 jawed vertebrates, studies aimed at understanding myelination have focused more and more on mice and zebrafish. To obtain a broader understanding of the myelination process, we examined the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea. The reasons behind initiating studies at this time include: the desire to study a species belonging to an out group of other jawed vertebrates; using a species with embryos accessible throughout development; the availability of genome sequences; and the likelihood that mammalian antibodies recognize homologs in the chosen species. We report that the morphological features of myelination in a skate hatchling, a stage that supports complex behavioral repertoires needed for survival, are highly similar in terms of: appearances of myelinating oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS); the way their levels of myelination conform to axon caliber; and their identity in terms of nodal and paranodal specializations. These features provide a core for further studies to determine: axon–myelinating cell communication; the structures of the proteins and lipids upon which myelinated fibers are formed; the pathways used to transport these molecules to sites of myelin assembly and maintenance; and the gene regulatory networks that control their expressions.
    Description: This research received no external funding.
    Keywords: Myelin evolution ; Little skate ; Oligodendrocytes ; Schwann cells ; Elasmobranch ; Spinal cord ; Optic nerve ; Electron microscopy
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  • 6
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    A warm jet in a cold ocean (2021)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in MacKinnon, J. A., Simmons, H. L., Hargrove, J., Thomson, J., Peacock, T., Alford, M. H., Barton, B., Boury, S., Brenner, S. D., Couto, N., Danielson, S. L., Fine, E. C., Graber, H. C., Guthrie, J., Hopkins, J. E., Jayne, S. R., Jeon, C., Klenz, T., Lee, C. M., Lenn, Y-D., Lucas, A. J., Lund, B., Mahaffey, C., Norman, L., Rainville, L., Smith, M. M., Thomas, L. N., Torres-Valdés, S., & Wood, K. R. A warm jet in a cold ocean. Nature Communications, 12(1), (2021): 2418, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22505-5.
    Description: Unprecedented quantities of heat are entering the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean through Bering Strait, particularly during summer months. Though some heat is lost to the atmosphere during autumn cooling, a significant fraction of the incoming warm, salty water subducts (dives beneath) below a cooler fresher layer of near-surface water, subsequently extending hundreds of kilometers into the Beaufort Gyre. Upward turbulent mixing of these sub-surface pockets of heat is likely accelerating sea ice melt in the region. This Pacific-origin water brings both heat and unique biogeochemical properties, contributing to a changing Arctic ecosystem. However, our ability to understand or forecast the role of this incoming water mass has been hampered by lack of understanding of the physical processes controlling subduction and evolution of this this warm water. Crucially, the processes seen here occur at small horizontal scales not resolved by regional forecast models or climate simulations; new parameterizations must be developed that accurately represent the physics. Here we present novel high resolution observations showing the detailed process of subduction and initial evolution of warm Pacific-origin water in the southern Beaufort Gyre.
    Description: Support for this work was provided by the US Office of Naval Research Stratified Ocean Dynamics of the Arctic program (grant numbers N000141512903, N000141612378, N000141612377, N000141612379, N0001416123450, N000141612360, N000141612349, N000141812007, N000141812475, and N000141912514). Additional support for biogeochemistry sampling was provided by UK (NERC) and Germany (BMBF) through the Changing Arctic Ocean Program’s ARISE (NE/P006035/1, NE/P006000/2), PEANUTS (NE/R01275X/1, NE/R012547/2, and BMBF 03F0804) projects and the UK-France PhD program DGA/Dstl. Float deployments and hydrographic data compilations were supported in part by North Pacific Research Board grants A91-99a and A91-00a. The deployment of autonomous ocean profilers was supported by ONR, NOAA Research, and the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) under NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA15OAR4320063.
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  • 7
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    Asynchronous release sites align with NMDA receptors in mouse hippocampal synapses (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Li, S., Raychaudhuri, S., Lee, S. A., Brockmann, M. M., Wang, J., Kusick, G., Prater, C., Syed, S., Falahati, H., Ramos, R., Bartol, T. M., Hosy, E., & Watanabe, S. Asynchronous release sites align with NMDA receptors in mouse hippocampal synapses. Nature Communications, 12(1), (2021): 677, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21004-x.
    Description: Neurotransmitter is released synchronously and asynchronously following an action potential. Our recent study indicates that the release sites of these two phases are segregated within an active zone, with asynchronous release sites enriched near the center in mouse hippocampal synapses. Here we demonstrate that synchronous and asynchronous release sites are aligned with AMPA receptor and NMDA receptor clusters, respectively. Computational simulations indicate that this spatial and temporal arrangement of release can lead to maximal membrane depolarization through AMPA receptors, alleviating the pore-blocking magnesium leading to greater activation of NMDA receptors. Together, these results suggest that release sites are likely organized to activate NMDA receptors efficiently.
    Description: e also thank the Marine Biological Laboratory and their Neurobiology course for supporting the initial set of experiments (course supported by National Institutes of Health grant R25NS063307). S.W. and this work were supported by start-up funds from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Discovery funds, and the National Science Foundation (1727260), the National Institutes of Health (1DP2 NS111133-01 and 1R01 NS105810-01A1) awarded to S.W. S.W. is an Alfred P. Sloan fellow, McKnight Foundation Scholar, and Klingenstein and Simons Foundation scholar. G.K. was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health to the Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Program of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (T32 GM007445) and is a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow (2016217537). E.H. and T.M.B. are supported by CRCNS-NIH-ANR grant AMPAR-T. The EM ICE high-pressure freezer was purchased partly with funds from an equipment grant from the National Institutes of Health (S10RR026445) awarded to Scot C Kuo.
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  • 8
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    Diapause vs. reproductive programs: transcriptional phenotypes in a keystone copepod (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lenz, P. H., Roncalli, V., Cieslak, M. C., Tarrant, A. M., Castelfranco, A. M., & Hartline, D. K. Diapause vs. reproductive programs: transcriptional phenotypes in a keystone copepod. Communications Biology, 4(1), (2021): 426, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01946-0.
    Description: Many arthropods undergo a seasonal dormancy termed “diapause” to optimize timing of reproduction in highly seasonal environments. In the North Atlantic, the copepod Calanus finmarchicus completes one to three generations annually with some individuals maturing into adults, while others interrupt their development to enter diapause. It is unknown which, why and when individuals enter the diapause program. Transcriptomic data from copepods on known programs were analyzed using dimensionality reduction of gene expression and functional analyses to identify program-specific genes and biological processes. These analyses elucidated physiological differences and established protocols that distinguish between programs. Differences in gene expression were associated with maturation of individuals on the reproductive program, while those on the diapause program showed little change over time. Only two of six filters effectively separated copepods by developmental program. The first one included all genes annotated to RNA metabolism and this was confirmed using differential gene expression analysis. The second filter identified 54 differentially expressed genes that were consistently up-regulated in individuals on the diapause program in comparison with those on the reproductive program. Annotated to oogenesis, RNA metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis, these genes are both indicators for diapause preparation and good candidates for functional studies.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grants (NSF) OCE-1459235 and OCE-1756767 to P.H.L., D.K.H. and AE Christie and OPP-1746087 to A.M.T.
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  • 9
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    Decline in plankton diversity and carbon flux with reduced sea ice extent along the Western Antarctic Peninsula (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lin, Y., Moreno, C., Marchetti, A., Ducklow, H., Schofield, O., Delage, E., Meredith, M., Li, Z., Eveillard, D., Chaffron, S., & Cassar, N. Decline in plankton diversity and carbon flux with reduced sea ice extent along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Nature Communications, 12(1), (2021): 4948, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25235-w.
    Description: Since the middle of the past century, the Western Antarctic Peninsula has warmed rapidly with a significant loss of sea ice but the impacts on plankton biodiversity and carbon cycling remain an open question. Here, using a 5-year dataset of eukaryotic plankton DNA metabarcoding, we assess changes in biodiversity and net community production in this region. Our results show that sea-ice extent is a dominant factor influencing eukaryotic plankton community composition, biodiversity, and net community production. Species richness and evenness decline with an increase in sea surface temperature (SST). In regions with low SST and shallow mixed layers, the community was dominated by a diverse assemblage of diatoms and dinoflagellates. Conversely, less diverse plankton assemblages were observed in waters with higher SST and/or deep mixed layers when sea ice extent was lower. A genetic programming machine-learning model explained up to 80% of the net community production variability at the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Among the biological explanatory variables, the sea-ice environment associated plankton assemblage is the best predictor of net community production. We conclude that eukaryotic plankton diversity and carbon cycling at the Western Antarctic Peninsula are strongly linked to sea-ice conditions.
    Description: This work is supported by NSF OPP-1643534 to N.C., NSF OPP-1341479 to A.M., and NSF PLR-1440435 to H.D. and O.S. (Palmer LTER).
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  • 10
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    Large subglacial source of mercury from the southwestern margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet (2021)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hawkings, J. R., Linhoff, B. S., Wadham, J. L., Stibal, M., Lamborg, C. H., Carling, G. T., Lamarche-Gagnon, G., Kohler, T. J., Ward, R., Hendry, K. R., Falteisek, L., Kellerman, A. M., Cameron, K. A., Hatton, J. E., Tingey, S., Holt, A. D., Vinsova, P., Hofer, S., Bulinova, M., Větrovský, T., Meire, L., Spencer, R. G. M. Large subglacial source of mercury from the southwestern margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Nature Geoscience, 14, (2021): 496-502, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00753-w.
    Description: The Greenland Ice Sheet is currently not accounted for in Arctic mercury budgets, despite large and increasing annual runoff to the ocean and the socio-economic concerns of high mercury levels in Arctic organisms. Here we present concentrations of mercury in meltwaters from three glacial catchments on the southwestern margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet and evaluate the export of mercury to downstream fjords based on samples collected during summer ablation seasons. We show that concentrations of dissolved mercury are among the highest recorded in natural waters and mercury yields from these glacial catchments (521–3,300 mmol km−2 year−1) are two orders of magnitude higher than from Arctic rivers (4–20 mmol km−2 year−1). Fluxes of dissolved mercury from the southwestern region of Greenland are estimated to be globally significant (15.4–212 kmol year−1), accounting for about 10% of the estimated global riverine flux, and include export of bioaccumulating methylmercury (0.31–1.97 kmol year−1). High dissolved mercury concentrations (~20 pM inorganic mercury and ~2 pM methylmercury) were found to persist across salinity gradients of fjords. Mean particulate mercury concentrations were among the highest recorded in the literature (~51,000 pM), and dissolved mercury concentrations in runoff exceed reported surface snow and ice values. These results suggest a geological source of mercury at the ice sheet bed. The high concentrations of mercury and its large export to the downstream fjords have important implications for Arctic ecosystems, highlighting an urgent need to better understand mercury dynamics in ice sheet runoff under global warming.
    Description: This research is part of a European Commission Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions fellowship ICICLES (grant agreement #793962) to J.R.H. Greenland terrestrial research campaigns were funded by a UK NERC standard grant (NE/I008845/1) and a Leverhulme Trust Research Grant (RPG-2016-439) to J.L.W., with additional support provided by a Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award to J.L.W. Additional funding came from Czech Science Foundation grants (GACR; 15-17346Y and 18-12630S) to M.S. Fjord fieldwork was supported by European Research Council grant ICY-LAB (grant agreement 678371) and Royal Society Enhancement Award (grant RGF\EA\181036) to K.R.H. L.M. was funded by research programme VENI (0.16.Veni.192.150, NWO). T.J.K. was supported by Charles University Research Centre program no. 204069. The authors thank the captain and crew of the RV Kisaq and staff at the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources for assistance during fjord fieldwork, and all those involved with fieldwork at Leverett Camp during the 2012 and 2015 field campaigns. M. Cooper is thanked for providing the geological overview file for Extended Data Fig. 1a, and K. Mankoff for help in generating the modelled GrIS discharge datasets. The authors also thank G. White in the geochemistry group at the National High Magnetic Field Geochemistry Laboratory, which is supported by NSF DMR-1644779 and the State of Florida, for analytical support.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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