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  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  (8)
  • Springer Nature  (3)
  • 2020-2023  (11)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
  • 2020  (11)
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  • 1
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    Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zakem, E. J., Mahadevan, A., Lauderdale, J. M., & Follows, M. J. Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 288–301, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0523-8.
    Description: Mechanistic description of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism is necessary for diagnostic and predictive modeling of fixed nitrogen loss in anoxic marine zones (AMZs). In a metabolic model where diverse oxygen- and nitrogen-cycling microbial metabolisms are described by underlying redox chemical reactions, we predict a transition from strictly aerobic to predominantly anaerobic regimes as the outcome of ecological interactions along an oxygen gradient, obviating the need for prescribed critical oxygen concentrations. Competing aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms can coexist in anoxic conditions whether these metabolisms represent obligate or facultative populations. In the coexistence regime, relative rates of aerobic and anaerobic activity are determined by the ratio of oxygen to electron donor supply. The model simulates key characteristics of AMZs, such as the accumulation of nitrite and the sustainability of anammox at higher oxygen concentrations than denitrification, and articulates how microbial biomass concentrations relate to associated water column transformation rates as a function of redox stoichiometry and energetics. Incorporating the metabolic model into an idealized two-dimensional ocean circulation results in a simulated AMZ, in which a secondary chlorophyll maximum emerges from oxygen-limited grazing, and where vertical mixing and dispersal in the oxycline also contribute to metabolic co-occurrence. The modeling approach is mechanistic yet computationally economical and suitable for global change applications.
    Description: We are grateful for the thorough and thoughtful comments of two anonymous reviewers. We also thank Andrew Babbin for helpful comments. EJZ was supported by the Simons Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship in Marine Microbial Ecology). AM was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR #N000-14-15-1-2555). JML was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF #OCE-1259388). MJF was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF #3778) and the Simons Foundation: the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE #329108) and the Simons Collaboration on Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems (CBIOMES #549931).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Share Your Thoughts [poster] (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: Presented at Ocean Sciences, San Diego, 16-21, February 2020
    Description: Oceanographic data, when well-documented and stewarded toward preservation, have the potential to accelerate new science and facilitate our understanding of complex natural systems. The Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) is funded by the NSF to document and manage marine biological, chemical, physical, and biogeochemical data, ensuring their discovery and access, and facilitating their reuse. The task of curating and providing access to research data is a collaborative process, with associated actors and critical activities occurring throughout the data’s life cycle. BCO-DMO supports all phases of the data life cycle and works closely with investigators to ensure open access of well-documented project data and information. Supporting this curation process is a flexible cyberinfrastructure that provides the means for data submission, discovery, and access; ultimately enabling reuse. Based upon community feedback, this infrastructure is undergoing evaluation and improvement to better meet oceanographic research needs. This poster will introduce the repository and describe some of the strategic enhancements coming to BCO-DMO, and presents an opportunity for you to provide feedback on enhancements yet to come. We invite you to think about your own research workflow of searching and accessing new data for research, and to provide your feedback through the poster’s interactive sections. Your input can help BCO-DMO improve its service to the research community.
    Description: Award(s): NSF #1924618
    Keywords: Data management ; Open science ; Survey ; Research needs
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Presentation
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  • 3
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    Seismic reflection study of the geologic structure underlying southern Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: A subbottom reflection survey of southern Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island was made by means of a continuous seismic reflection technique (the Continuous Seismic Profiler)developed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Knott and Hersey, 1956). The observational program was conducted in May, 1958 under contract with the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, and in May, 1960 under contract with the Bureau of Ships, U . S. Navy, to obtain foundation data for locating hurricane barriers (Corps of Engineers, 1957) and to develop techniques for studying the geologic structure of shallow water areas. At the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution this work is part of a continuing, broader program directed toward describing the structures and tracing the geologic history of continental margins. The Continuous Seismic Profiler employs a wide-band sound source the pulses from which are reflected from the bottom and from sediment and rock layers beneath the bottom. The sound pulse is synchronized with the sweep of a Precision Graphic Recorder (PGR), which records sound energy received at an underwater detector. (In 1958 the sound source was an early form of the Sparker, while in 1960 the Edgerton Thumper was the source. (These instruments are described below.) When the sound source and the detector are towed from a boat, the reflected sound energy is recorded to present a continuously correlated picture of subbottom structure. Measurements in Narragansett Bay were made south of the Jamestown Bridge in the West Passage and between Conanicut Island and Newport Neck in the East Passage (Fig . 1A and lB). Two additional traverses were made across the bay in areas to the north where core data are available (Fig. 2).
    Description: The Bureau of Ships under Contract NObsr 72521 and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers under Contract DA-19-016 CIVENG-58-65
    Keywords: Seismic reflection method ; Narragansett Bay (R.I.)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 4
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    Potential virus-mediated nitrogen cycling in oxygen-depleted oceanic waters (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gazitua, M. C., Vik, D. R., Roux, S., Gregory, A. C., Bolduc, B., Widner, B., Mulholland, M. R., Hallam, S. J., Ulloa, O., & Sullivan, M. B. Potential virus-mediated nitrogen cycling in oxygen-depleted oceanic waters. Isme Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00825-6.
    Description: Viruses play an important role in the ecology and biogeochemistry of marine ecosystems. Beyond mortality and gene transfer, viruses can reprogram microbial metabolism during infection by expressing auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) involved in photosynthesis, central carbon metabolism, and nutrient cycling. While previous studies have focused on AMG diversity in the sunlit and dark ocean, less is known about the role of viruses in shaping metabolic networks along redox gradients associated with marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). Here, we analyzed relatively quantitative viral metagenomic datasets that profiled the oxygen gradient across Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP) OMZ waters, assessing whether OMZ viruses might impact nitrogen (N) cycling via AMGs. Identified viral genomes encoded six N-cycle AMGs associated with denitrification, nitrification, assimilatory nitrate reduction, and nitrite transport. The majority of these AMGs (80%) were identified in T4-like Myoviridae phages, predicted to infect Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria, or in unclassified archaeal viruses predicted to infect Thaumarchaeota. Four AMGs were exclusive to anoxic waters and had distributions that paralleled homologous microbial genes. Together, these findings suggest viruses modulate N-cycling processes within the ETSP OMZ and may contribute to nitrogen loss throughout the global oceans thus providing a baseline for their inclusion in the ecosystem and geochemical models.
    Description: We thank Sullivan Lab members and Heather Maughan for comments on the paper, Bess Ward for her contribution in the N-cycle context of our story, Kurt Hanselmann for his assistance in the calculations of the Gibbs-free energies, and the scientific party and crew of the R/V Atlantis (grant OCE-1356056 to MRM) for the sampling opportunity and support at sea. This work was funded in part by awards from the Agouron Institute to OU and MBS, a Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Investigator Award (#3790) and NSF Biological Oceanography Awards (#1536989 and #1829831) to MBS, and the Millennium Science Initiative (grant ICN12_019-IMO) to OU. The work conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Long range sound transmission : interim report no. 1, March 1, 1944 - January 20, 1945 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Experiments are described to demonstrate a new method of sonic signalling at extremely long ranges in the oceans, utilizing the natural sound channel. Signals were made by causing a four pound charge of TNT to explode at about 4000 feet depth. These signals have the following qualities: (a) Extremely long range transmission (probably 10,000 miles). (b) Signal is positively identifiable. (c) Abrupt termination of the signal allows the arrival time to be read with an accuracy better than l/20th second. This permits location of source to better than a mile, if the signal is received at three suitably located stations. (d) The signal duration is related in such a way to the distance that the distance may be estimated to 30 miles in 1000 from reception at a single station. The limitations are: (a) It is required that the great circle path which the sound follows between source and receiver lie entirely in deep water (probably at least 1000 fathoms). (b) Sound travels in water at a speed of roughly 1 mile per second so that the interval between the origin of the signal and its reception becomes sufficiently great to be a handicap for some uses, particularly with aircraft. The signals were received to distances up to 900 miles. Two receiving arrangements have been used, a hydrophone hung 4000 feet over the side of a ship which was hove to, and a shore connected. hydrophone which lay on bottom 4000 feet deep. Extrapolation of the results indicate a range of at least 10,000 miles from this size charge. Recommendation is made to utilize a network of monitoring stations to locate planes, ships, and life rafts in distress on the open oceans. Three or more stations receiving a signal could locate the source better than one mile.
    Description: Con tract NObs - 2083, Formerly OEM: sr - 31
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics ; Sonar
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 6
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    The rheological behavior of CO2 ice: application to glacial flow on Mars (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Vast amounts of solid CO2 reside in topographic basins of the south polar layered deposits (SPLD) on Mars and exhibit morphological features indicative of glacial flow. Previous experimental studies showed that coarse-grained CO2 ice is 1–2 orders of magnitude weaker than water ice under Martian polar conditions. Here we present data from a series of deformation experiments on high-purity, fine-grained CO2 ice over a broader range of temperatures than previously explored (158–213 K). The experiments confirm previous observations of highly non-linear power-law creep at larger stresses, but also show a transition to a previously-unseen linear-viscous creep regime at lower stresses. We examine the viscosity of CO2 within the SPLD and predict that the CO2-rich layers may be stronger than previously thought. We also predict that CO2 ice flows much more readily than H2O ice on steep flanks of SPLD topographic basins, allowing the CO2 to pond as observed.
    Description: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) NNH16ZDA001N-SSW
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    NSF EarthCube Workshop for Shipboard Ocean Time Series Data Meeting Report (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: NSF EarthCube Workshop for Shipboard Ocean Time Series Data, C-MORE Hale Center, Honolulu, HI, September 13-15, 2019
    Description: Prior to the OceanObs’19 Meeting, the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) Project Office planned and hosted an NSF EarthCube Workshop focused on shipboard ocean time series data (https://www.us-ocb.org/earthcube-workshop-ocean-time-series-data/). Data synthesis and modeling efforts across ocean time series represent important and necessary steps forward in broadening our view of a changing ocean, and maximizing the return on our continued investment in these programs. Despite the scientific insights and technology advances of the past couple of decades, significant barriers remain that hinder important synthesis work across time series. This workshop convened 37 participants, including seagoing oceanographers, data managers, and experts in data science and informatics. The goal of the workshop was to identify key ocean time series data challenges related to access and discoverability, metadata reporting, interoperability across databases, and broadening users; and developing recommendations to address those challenges. The workshop adopted the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable; Wilkinson et al., 2016) Guiding Principles to frame these issues, and included presentations on existing data models and use of controlled vocabularies, guidelines and frameworks for conducting data synthesis and establishing community best practices, and existing and planned ocean time series data products.
    Description: The authors wish to acknowledge NSF EarthCube for the workshop funding and Michael Sieracki (NSF Biological Oceanography) and Hedy Edmonds (NSF Chemical Oceanography) for connecting us with this opportunity. We thank David Karl, Angelicque White, Jennifer Kondo, and all of our wonderful hosts at the C-MORE Hale Center at the University of Hawaii. EarthCube Science Committee representatives Emma Aronson and D. Sarah Stamps provided valuable input throughout the planning of the workshop. Although unable to attend, organizing committee member Rod Johnson also provided assistance with the content and organization of the workshop. We thank the workshop participants for stimulating discussions.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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  • 8
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    Zooplankton distribution and isotope turnover during Operation Swordfish (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: An evaluation was made of the importance of marine zooplankton in elemental cycling and transport of elements through the thermocline. Zooplankton density was measured in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Some measurement of elemental elimination rates were made using zooplankton labeled by fallout from a nuclear test; other measurements used animals tagged with tracer Il31 or ca58. The turnover time for cobalt in the upper 100 m of the sea is not more than 100 years based on cobalt flux rates in zooplankton alone (U).
    Description: U. S. Atomic Energy Commission contract AT(30-l) -3145
    Keywords: Zooplankton ; Marine ecology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 9
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    Atlantic oceanography conducted during the period July 1, 1962 -June 30, 1963 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: In July 1962 a short cruise was made on CHAIN to investigate the hypothesis (Worthington 1962) that the major circulation of the North Atlantic is divided into two anti-cyclonic eddies or gyres. Evidence from International Geophysical Year data indicated that the thermocline water east of the Grand Banks had different characteristics from Sargasso Sea water. In particular, the dissolved oxygen content throughout the thermocline was at a much higher level in the more northerly waters than in the Sargasso Sea. It was deduced from this that the Gulf Stream, which transports a large volume of water of the Sargasso Sea type, does not turn south around the Tail of the Banks, but that the strong, narrow currents found to the East of the Banks transport water of different origin.
    Description: The Geqphysics Branch, Office of Naval Research Under Contract-Nonr-2196(00) (NR-083-004)
    Keywords: Oceanography--North Atlantic Ocean ; Ocean circulation--North Atlantic Ocean ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    The distribution of chlorophyll in the western Indian Ocean during the northeast monsoon period, February 13-July 16, 1965 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report contains the observations of phytoplankton pigment characteristics made during ATLANTIS II Cruise No. 15 in the western Indian Ocean and its reaches during the period of February 13 through July 16, 1965. As pointed out in a previous report for this region (Laird et al., 1964), the observations should by no means be considered synoptic since short-term variation will occur in biological measurements. The value of the present observations is greatly enhanced by the fact that they repeat and extend the previous data from ATLANTIS II Cruise No. 8 for the area, but are taken at the opposite period of the year for all regions. The data permit only a first approximation of the relative fertility in the area, yet the seasonal contrast becomes an important consideration in the analysis and interpretation of the data. It is believed that this represents the first such large-scale survey for Indian Ocean waters.
    Description: The National Science Foundation under Grant NSF-GP 822
    Keywords: Chlorophyll ; Phytoplankton--Indian Ocean
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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