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  • 1
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    Evidence for Acid-Sulfate Alteration in the Pahrump Hills Region, Gale Crater, Mars (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The Pahrump Hills region of Gale crater is a approximately 12 millimeter thick section of sedimentary rock in the Murray formation, interpreted as the basal geological unit of Mount Sharp. The Mars Science Laboratory, Curiosity, arrived at the Pahrump Hills in September 2014 and performed a detailed six-month investigation of the sedimentary structures, geochemistry, and mineralogy of the area. During the campaign, Curiosity drilled and delivered three mudstone samples (targets Confidence Hills, Mojave 2, and Telegraph Peak) to its internal instruments, including the CheMin XRD/XRF.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: JSC-CN-34485 , American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting; Dec 14, 2015 - Dec 18, 2015; San Francisco, CA; United States
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  • 2
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    Confidence Hills Mineralogy and Chemin Results from Base of Mt. Sharp, Pahrump Hills, Gale Crater, Mars (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity recently completed its fourth drill sampling of sediments on Mars. The Confidence Hills (CH) sample was drilled from a rock located in the Pahrump Hills region at the base of Mt. Sharp in Gale Crater. The CheMin X-ray diffractometer completed five nights of analysis on the sample, more than previously executed for a drill sample, and the data have been analyzed using Rietveld refinement and full-pattern fitting to determine quantitative mineralogy. Confidence Hills mineralogy has several important characteristics: 1) abundant hematite and lesser magnetite; 2) a 10 angstrom phyllosilicate; 3) multiple feldspars including plagioclase and alkali feldspar; 4) mafic silicates including forsterite, orthopyroxene, and two types of clinopyroxene (Ca-rich and Ca-poor), consistent with a basaltic source; and 5) minor contributions from sulfur-bearing species including jarosite.
    Keywords: Chemistry and Materials (General); Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-CN-32870 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 2015 - Mar 20, 2015; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 3
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    Asteroid Characterization Priorities for Planetary Defense (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: We propose a prioritized list of asteroid characterization needs for planetary defense. In particular, we consider the properties of asteroids that are of greatest interest for assessment of planetary defense options, including gravity tractors, kinetic impactors, and nuclear explosives. In addition, much of our discussion is relevant for impact assessments and subsequent emergency-response planning. Rather than intending this as a definitive answer, however, our purpose is to stimulate and focus disscussion regarding characterization needs for planetary defense, with a specific list as a starting point. A key theme is understanding the sensitivity of the outcome of an asteroid deflection or disruption effort to the asteroids physical properties.There is a range of previous work relevant to our topic, including some explicit discussions as well as many more that are implicitly relevant. We incorporate elements from such reports while extending them using our own experience and perspectives. After introducing our prioritized list, we provide further discussion on each element, with details on the relevance of each characteristic for modeling purposes, our rationale for the assigned priority, and examples of analyses that require improved characterization information. Our goal is to establish a framework that can be modified and adapted by the community for a variety of purposes, such as mission design and optimization, development of new measurement techniques, or prioritization of research efforts. The objective is to increase understanding and reduce uncertainties in the specific aspects of characterization that most benefit accurate assessments of practical techniques for planetary defense.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN21736 , IAA Planetary Defense Conference; Apr 13, 2015 - Apr 17, 2015; Frascati; Italy
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  • 4
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    Potential Cement Phases in Sedimentary Rocks Drilled by Curiosity at Gale Crater, Mars (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity has encountered a variety of sedimentary rocks in Gale crater with different grain sizes, diagenetic features, sedimentary structures, and varying degrees of resistance to erosion. Curiosity has drilled three rocks to date and has analyzed the mineralogy, chemical composition, and textures of the samples with the science payload. The drilled rocks are the Sheepbed mudstone at Yellowknife Bay on the plains of Gale crater (John Klein and Cumberland targets), the Dillinger sandstone at the Kimberley on the plains of Gale crater (Windjana target), and a sedimentary unit in the Pahrump Hills in the lowermost rocks at the base of Mt. Sharp (Confidence Hills target). CheMin is the Xray diffractometer on Curiosity, and its data are used to identify and determine the abundance of mineral phases. Secondary phases can tell us about aqueous alteration processes and, thus, can help to elucidate past aqueous environments. Here, we present the secondary mineralogy of the rocks drilled to date as seen by CheMin and discuss past aqueous environments in Gale crater, the potential cementing agents in each rock, and how amorphous materials may play a role in cementing the sediments.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-CN-32841 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 2015 - Mar 20, 2015; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 5
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    Crystal-Chemical Analysis Martian Minerals in Gale Crater (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The CheMin instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity performed X-ray diffraction analyses on scooped soil at Rocknest and on drilled rock fines at Yellowknife Bay (John Klein and Cumberland samples), The Kimberley (Windjana sample), and Pahrump (Confidence Hills sample) in Gale crater, Mars. Samples were analyzed with the Rietveld method to determine the unit-cell parameters and abundance of each observed crystalline phase. Unit-cell parameters were used to estimate compositions of the major crystalline phases using crystal-chemical techniques. These phases include olivine, plagioclase and clinopyroxene minerals. Comparison of the CheMin sample unit-cell parameters with those in the literature provides an estimate of the chemical compositions of the major crystalline phases. Preliminary unit-cell parameters, abundances and compositions of crystalline phases found in Rocknest and Yellowknife Bay samples were reported in. Further instrument calibration, development of 2D-to- 1D pattern conversion corrections, and refinement of corrected data allows presentation of improved compositions for the above samples.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration; Chemistry and Materials (General)
    Type: JSC-CN-32823 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 2015 - Mar 20, 2015; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 6
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    Update on the Chemical Composition Of Crystalline, Smectite, and Amorphous Components for Rocknest Soil and John Klein and Cumberland Mudstone Drill Fines at Gale Crater, Mars (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We have previously calculated the chemical compositions of the X-ray-diffraction (XRD) amorphous component of three solid samples (Rocknest (RN) soil, John Klein (JK) drill fines, and Cumberland (CB) drill fines) using major-element chemistry (APXS), volatile-element chemistry (SAM), and crystalline- phase mineralogy (CheMin) obtained by the Curiosity rover as a part of the ongoing Mars Science Laboratory mission in Gale Crater. According to CheMin analysis, the RN and the JK and CB samples are mineralogically distinct in that RN has no detectable clay minerals and both JK and CB have significant concentrations of high-Fe saponite. The chemical composition of the XRD amorphous component is the composition remaining after mathematical removal of the compositions of crystalline components, including phyllosilicates if present. Subsequent to, we have improved the unit cell parameters for Fe-forsterite, augite, and pigeonite, resulting in revised chemical compositions for the XRD-derived crystalline component (excluding clay minerals). We update here the calculated compositions of amorphous components using these revised mineral compositions.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration; Chemistry and Materials (General)
    Type: JSC-CN-32822 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 16, 2015 - Mar 20, 2015; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 7
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    Mineralogy of the Pahrump Hills Region, Gale Crater, Mars (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The Pahrump Hills region of Gale crater is a approximately 12 millimeter thick section of sedimentary rocks in the Murray formation, interpreted as the basal geological unit of Mount Sharp. The Mars Science Laboratory, Curiosity, arrived at the Pahrump Hills in September, 2014, and performed a detailed six-month investigation of the sedimentary structures, geochemistry, and mineralogy of the area. During the campaign, Curiosity drilled and delivered three rock samples to its internal instruments, including the CheMin XRD/XRF. The three targets, Confidence Hills, Mojave 2, and Telegraph Peak, contain variable amounts of plagioclase, pyroxene, iron oxides, jarosite, phyllosilicates, and X-ray amorphous material. Hematite was predicted at the base of Mount Sharp from orbital visible/near-IR spectroscopy, and CheMin confirmed this detection. The presence of jarosite throughout Pahrump Hills suggests the sediments experienced acid-sulfate alteration, either in-situ or within the source region of the sediments. This acidic leaching environment is in stark contrast to the environment preserved within the Sheepbed mudstone on the plains of Gale crater. The minerals within Sheepbed, including Fe-saponite, indicate these sediments were deposited in a shallow lake with circumneutral pH that may have been habitable.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-CN-33260 , 2015 Goldschmidt Conference; Aug 16, 2015 - Aug 21, 2015; Prague; Czechoslovakia
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  • 8
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    NEOShield: Design of a Gravity Tractor Demonstration Mission (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The Mission Design Division at NASA Ames Research Center has begun a program to develop mission designs for planetary defense. Here we present a mission design for a gravity tractor demonstration mission completed in collaboration with the European NEOShield consortium.We conducted a trade study to identify suitable target NEOs to demonstrate GT deflection, and identified 5 known asteroids with diameters between 100m and 500m that have been well studied in the past: 2000 FJ10, 2001 QC34, 2002 DU3, 2001 JV1 and 1998 VO. We selected 2000 FJ10 as the most suitable target to meet the requirements of a GT demonstration mission.Our GT demonstration spacecraft is based on an ESPA ring main structure and solar electric propulsion (SEP, see Figure 1). The power budget is 4 kW and the spacecraft has an initial wet mass of 1,150 kg. The spacecraft would launch in the 3rd quarter of 2026 aboard a Falcon 9, arriving at 2000 FJ10 in early 2029 after an unpowered Mars gravity assist in 2027. The spacecraft mass at asteroid arrival would be 1,100 kg.
    Keywords: Astronautics (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN22616 , IAA Planetary Defence Conference; Apr 13, 2015 - Apr 17, 2015; Frascati; Italy
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  • 9
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    Assessment of Technologies for Noncryogenic Hybrid Electric Propulsion (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Subsonic Fixed Wing Project of NASA's Fundamental Aeronautics Program is researching aircraft propulsion technologies that will lower noise, emissions, and fuel burn. One promising technology is noncryogenic electric propulsion, which could be either hybrid electric propulsion or turboelectric propulsion. Reducing dependence on the turbine engine would certainly reduce emissions. However, the weight of the electricmotor- related components that would have to be added would adversely impact the benefits of the smaller turbine engine. Therefore, research needs to be done to improve component efficiencies and reduce component weights. This study projects technology improvements expected in the next 15 and 30 years, including motor-related technologies, power electronics, and energy-storage-related technologies. Motor efficiency and power density could be increased through the use of better conductors, insulators, magnets, bearings, structural materials, and thermal management. Energy storage could be accomplished through batteries, flywheels, or supercapacitors, all of which expect significant energy density growth over the next few decades. A first-order approximation of the cumulative effect of each technology improvement shows that motor power density could be improved from 3 hp/lb, the state of the art, to 8 hp/lb in 15 years and 16 hp/lb in 30 years.
    Keywords: Aircraft Propulsion and Power
    Type: NASA/TP-2015-216588 , E-18787 , GRC-E-DAA-TN10454
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  • 10
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    Analysis of Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration initiated a new project focused on Planetary Defense on October 1, 2014. The new project is funded by NASAs Near Earth Object Program (Lindley Johnson, Program Executive). This presentation describes the objectives, functions and plans of four tasks encompassed in the new project and their inter-relations. Additionally, this project provides for outreach to facilitate partnerships with other organizations to help meet the objectives of the planetary defense community. The four tasks are (1) Characterization of Near Earth Asteroids, (2) Physics-Based Modeling of Meteor Entry and Breakup (3) Surface Impact Modeling and (4) Physics-Based Impact Risk Assessment.
    Keywords: Space Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN24716 , Small Bodies Assessment Group (SBAG) Meeting 2015; Jun 28, 2015 - Jul 01, 2015; Washington, DC; United States
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