ALBERT

Description: The small number of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in cord blood units limits their widespread use in human transplant protocols. We identified a family of chemically related small molecules that stimulates the expansion ex vivo of human cord blood cells capable of reconstituting human hematopoiesis for at least 6 months in immunocompromised mice. The potent activity of these newly identified compounds, UM171 being the prototype, is independent of suppression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which targets cells with more-limited regenerative potential. The properties of UM171 make it a potential candidate for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4372335/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4372335/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fares, Iman -- Chagraoui, Jalila -- Gareau, Yves -- Gingras, Stephane -- Ruel, Rejean -- Mayotte, Nadine -- Csaszar, Elizabeth -- Knapp, David J H F -- Miller, Paul -- Ngom, Mor -- Imren, Suzan -- Roy, Denis-Claude -- Watts, Kori L -- Kiem, Hans-Peter -- Herrington, Robert -- Iscove, Norman N -- Humphries, R Keith -- Eaves, Connie J -- Cohen, Sandra -- Marinier, Anne -- Zandstra, Peter W -- Sauvageau, Guy -- HL84345/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL084345/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 19;345(6203):1509-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1256337.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Genetics of Stem Cells Laboratory, Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. ; Medicinal Chemistry, IRIC, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. ; Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. ; Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. ; Division of Hematology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. ; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. ; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. ; Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. ; Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. ; Molecular Genetics of Stem Cells Laboratory, Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. Division of Hematology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. guy.sauvageau@umontreal.ca.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237102" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: A comprehensive account of the causes of alcohol misuse must accommodate individual differences in biology, psychology and environment, and must disentangle cause and effect. Animal models can demonstrate the effects of neurotoxic substances; however, they provide limited insight into the psycho-social and higher cognitive factors involved in the initiation of substance use and progression to misuse. One can search for pre-existing risk factors by testing for endophenotypic biomarkers in non-using relatives; however, these relatives may have personality or neural resilience factors that protect them from developing dependence. A longitudinal study has potential to identify predictors of adolescent substance misuse, particularly if it can incorporate a wide range of potential causal factors, both proximal and distal, and their influence on numerous social, psychological and biological mechanisms. Here we apply machine learning to a wide range of data from a large sample of adolescents (n = 692) to generate models of current and future adolescent alcohol misuse that incorporate brain structure and function, individual personality and cognitive differences, environmental factors (including gestational cigarette and alcohol exposure), life experiences, and candidate genes. These models were accurate and generalized to novel data, and point to life experiences, neurobiological differences and personality as important antecedents of binge drinking. By identifying the vulnerability factors underlying individual differences in alcohol misuse, these models shed light on the aetiology of alcohol misuse and suggest targets for prevention.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486207/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486207/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whelan, Robert -- Watts, Richard -- Orr, Catherine A -- Althoff, Robert R -- Artiges, Eric -- Banaschewski, Tobias -- Barker, Gareth J -- Bokde, Arun L W -- Buchel, Christian -- Carvalho, Fabiana M -- Conrod, Patricia J -- Flor, Herta -- Fauth-Buhler, Mira -- Frouin, Vincent -- Gallinat, Juergen -- Gan, Gabriela -- Gowland, Penny -- Heinz, Andreas -- Ittermann, Bernd -- Lawrence, Claire -- Mann, Karl -- Martinot, Jean-Luc -- Nees, Frauke -- Ortiz, Nick -- Paillere-Martinot, Marie-Laure -- Paus, Tomas -- Pausova, Zdenka -- Rietschel, Marcella -- Robbins, Trevor W -- Smolka, Michael N -- Strohle, Andreas -- Schumann, Gunter -- Garavan, Hugh -- IMAGEN Consortium -- MH082116/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P20 GM103644/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P20GM103644/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 DA036114/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P50DA036114/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 14;512(7513):185-9. doi: 10.1038/nature13402. Epub 2014 Jul 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA [2] Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. ; Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA. ; Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA. ; 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA [2] Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA. ; 1] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging &Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France [2] Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, 4 place du General Leclerc, 91400 Orsay, France. ; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany. ; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. ; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. ; 1] Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitatsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; 1] Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK [2] Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal H3T 1C5, Canada. ; 1] Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany [2] Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany. ; 14 CEA, DSV, I2BM, Neurospin bat 145, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France. ; 1] Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitatsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin 10117, Germany. ; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universitat Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany. ; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin 10117, Germany. ; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587 Berlin, Germany. ; School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. ; 1] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging &Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France [2] AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA [2] Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin 10117, Germany [2] AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France. ; 1] Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 0A3, Canada [2] Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4, Canada. ; The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada. ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK. ; 1] Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK [2] MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, London WC2R 2LS, UK. ; 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA [2] Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA [3] Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25043041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Observations of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) provide valuable comparative data for understanding the significance of conspecific killing. Two kinds of hypothesis have been proposed. Lethal violence is sometimes concluded to be the result of adaptive strategies, such that killers ultimately gain fitness benefits by increasing their access to resources such as food or mates. Alternatively, it could be a non-adaptive result of human impacts, such as habitat change or food provisioning. To discriminate between these hypotheses we compiled information from 18 chimpanzee communities and 4 bonobo communities studied over five decades. Our data include 152 killings (n = 58 observed, 41 inferred, and 53 suspected killings) by chimpanzees in 15 communities and one suspected killing by bonobos. We found that males were the most frequent attackers (92% of participants) and victims (73%); most killings (66%) involved intercommunity attacks; and attackers greatly outnumbered their victims (median 8:1 ratio). Variation in killing rates was unrelated to measures of human impacts. Our results are compatible with previously proposed adaptive explanations for killing by chimpanzees, whereas the human impact hypothesis is not supported.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, Michael L -- Boesch, Christophe -- Fruth, Barbara -- Furuichi, Takeshi -- Gilby, Ian C -- Hashimoto, Chie -- Hobaiter, Catherine L -- Hohmann, Gottfried -- Itoh, Noriko -- Koops, Kathelijne -- Lloyd, Julia N -- Matsuzawa, Tetsuro -- Mitani, John C -- Mjungu, Deus C -- Morgan, David -- Muller, Martin N -- Mundry, Roger -- Nakamura, Michio -- Pruetz, Jill -- Pusey, Anne E -- Riedel, Julia -- Sanz, Crickette -- Schel, Anne M -- Simmons, Nicole -- Waller, Michel -- Watts, David P -- White, Frances -- Wittig, Roman M -- Zuberbuhler, Klaus -- Wrangham, Richard W -- R01 AI 058715/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 18;513(7518):414-7. doi: 10.1038/nature13727.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, 395 Humphrey Center, 301 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA [2] Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. ; Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; 1] Division of Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, Germany [2] Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium. ; Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan. ; 1] Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 104 Biological Sciences Building, Box 90383, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0680, USA [2] School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, PO Box 872402, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2402, USA. ; School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Westburn Lane, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, UK. ; Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan. ; Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology &Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Henry Wellcome Building, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK. ; Zoology Department, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. ; 1] Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan [2] Japan Monkey Center, 26 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-0081, Japan. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 101 West Hall, 1085 S. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. ; Gombe Stream Research Centre, The Jane Goodall Institute - Tanzania, P.O. Box 1182, Kigoma, Tanzania. ; The Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, MSC01-1040, Anthropology 1, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA. ; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; Department of Anthropology, Iowa State University, 324 Curtiss, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA. ; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 104 Biological Sciences Building, Box 90383, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0680, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis, Campus Mailbox 1114, One Brookings Drive, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA. ; University of York, Department of Psychology, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, Yale University, 10 Sachem Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. ; 1] School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Westburn Lane, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, UK [2] Universite de Neuchatel, Institut de Biologie, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland. ; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25230664" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉