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  • *Moon  (1)
  • Immunoglobulin A/analysis/immunology  (1)
  • Mucous Membrane/*cytology/*drug effects/immunology/microbiology  (1)
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  • 1
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    ATP drives lamina propria T(H)17 cell differentiation (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-22
    Description: Interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD4(+) T lymphocytes (T(H)17 cells) constitute a subset of T-helper cells involved in host defence and several immune disorders. An intriguing feature of T(H)17 cells is their selective and constitutive presence in the intestinal lamina propria. Here we show that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) that can be derived from commensal bacteria activates a unique subset of lamina propria cells, CD70(high)CD11c(low) cells, leading to the differentiation of T(H)17 cells. Germ-free mice exhibit much lower concentrations of luminal ATP, accompanied by fewer lamina propria T(H)17 cells, compared to specific-pathogen-free mice. Systemic or rectal administration of ATP into these germ-free mice results in a marked increase in the number of lamina propria T(H)17 cells. A CD70(high)CD11c(low) subset of the lamina propria cells expresses T(H)17-prone molecules, such as IL-6, IL-23p19 and transforming-growth-factor-beta-activating integrin-alphaV and -beta8, in response to ATP stimulation, and preferentially induces T(H)17 differentiation of co-cultured naive CD4(+) T cells. The critical role of ATP is further underscored by the observation that administration of ATP exacerbates a T-cell-mediated colitis model with enhanced T(H)17 differentiation. These observations highlight the importance of commensal bacteria and ATP for T(H)17 differentiation in health and disease, and offer an explanation of why T(H)17 cells specifically present in the intestinal lamina propria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Atarashi, Koji -- Nishimura, Junichi -- Shima, Tatsuichiro -- Umesaki, Yoshinori -- Yamamoto, Masahiro -- Onoue, Masaharu -- Yagita, Hideo -- Ishii, Naoto -- Evans, Richard -- Honda, Kenya -- Takeda, Kiyoshi -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 9;455(7214):808-12. doi: 10.1038/nature07240. Epub 2008 Aug 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716618" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Antigens, CD11c/metabolism ; Antigens, CD70/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/*drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Colitis/chemically induced/immunology/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Germ-Free Life ; Immunoglobulin A/analysis/immunology ; Interleukin-17/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mucous Membrane/*cytology/*drug effects/immunology/microbiology ; Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/*cytology/*drug effects/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Lack of exposed ice inside lunar south pole Shackleton Crater (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-25
    Description: The inside of Shackleton Crater at the lunar south pole is permanently shadowed; it has been inferred to hold water-ice deposits. The Terrain Camera (TC), a 10-meter-resolution stereo camera onboard the Selenological and Engineering Explorer (SELENE) spacecraft, succeeded in imaging the inside of the crater, which was faintly lit by sunlight scattered from the upper inner wall near the rim. The estimated temperature of the crater floor, based on the crater shape model derived from the TC data, is less than approximately 90 kelvin, cold enough to hold water-ice. However, at the TC's spatial resolution, the derived albedo indicates that exposed relatively pure water-ice deposits are not on the crater floor. Water-ice may be disseminated and mixed with soil over a small percentage of the area or may not exist at all.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haruyama, Junichi -- Ohtake, Makiko -- Matsunaga, Tsuneo -- Morota, Tomokatsu -- Honda, Chikatoshi -- Yokota, Yasuhiro -- Pieters, Carle M -- Hara, Seiichi -- Hioki, Kazuyuki -- Saiki, Kazuto -- Miyamoto, Hideaki -- Iwasaki, Akira -- Abe, Masanao -- Ogawa, Yoshiko -- Takeda, Hiroshi -- Shirao, Motomaro -- Yamaji, Atsushi -- Josset, Jean-Luc -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 7;322(5903):938-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1164020. Epub 2008 Oct 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-85105, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18948501" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cold Temperature ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Moon ; Spacecraft
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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