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  • Earth Resources and Remote Sensing  (4)
  • Extraterrestrial Environment
  • Mice
  • Solar Physics
  • 2015-2019  (3)
  • 2000-2004  (7)
  • 2018  (3)
  • 2004  (7)
  • 1
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    What can progeroid syndromes tell us about human aging? (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-09
    Description: Human genetic diseases that resemble accelerated aging provide useful models for gerontologists. They combine known single-gene mutations with deficits in selected tissues that are reminiscent of changes seen during normal aging. Here, we describe recent progress toward linking molecular and cellular changes with the phenotype seen in two of these disorders. One in particular, Werner syndrome, provides evidence to support the hypothesis that the senescence of somatic cells may be a causal agent of normal aging.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kipling, David -- Davis, Terence -- Ostler, Elizabeth L -- Faragher, Richard G A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1426-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Cell Aging ; Cell Division ; DNA Helicases/genetics/physiology ; Exodeoxyribonucleases ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; RecQ Helicases ; Telomere/metabolism ; *Werner Syndrome/genetics/pathology/physiopathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Localization and physical properties experiments conducted by Spirit at Gusev Crater (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The precise location and relative elevation of Spirit during its traverses from the Columbia Memorial station to Bonneville crater were determined with bundle-adjusted retrievals from rover wheel turns, suspension and tilt angles, and overlapping images. Physical properties experiments show a decrease of 0.2% per Mars solar day in solar cell output resulting from deposition of airborne dust, cohesive soil-like deposits in plains and hollows, bright and dark rock coatings, and relatively weak volcanic rocks of basaltic composition. Volcanic, impact, aeolian, and water-related processes produced the encountered landforms and materials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arvidson, R E -- Anderson, R C -- Bartlett, P -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Blaney, D -- Christensen, P R -- Chu, P -- Crumpler, L -- Davis, K -- Ehlmann, B L -- Fergason, R -- Golombek, M P -- Gorevan, S -- Grant, J A -- Greeley, R -- Guinness, E A -- Haldemann, A F C -- Herkenhoff, K -- Johnson, J -- Landis, G -- Li, R -- Lindemann, R -- McSween, H -- Ming, D W -- Myrick, T -- Richter, L -- Seelos, F P 4th -- Squyres, S W -- Sullivan, R J -- Wang, A -- Wilson, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):821-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297662" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Volcanic Eruptions ; Water ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Dietary cholesterol consumption and intestinal cholesterol absorption contribute to plasma cholesterol levels, a risk factor for coronary heart disease. The molecular mechanism of sterol uptake from the lumen of the small intestine is poorly defined. We show that Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1(NPC1L1) protein plays a critical role in the absorption of intestinal cholesterol. NPC1L1 expression is enriched in the small intestine and is in the brush border membrane of enterocytes. Although otherwise phenotypically normal, NPC1L1-deficient mice exhibit a substantial reduction in absorbed cholesterol, which is unaffected by dietary supplementation of bile acids. Ezetimibe, a drug that inhibits cholesterol absorption, had no effect in NPC1L1 knockout mice, suggesting that NPC1L1 resides in an ezetimibe-sensitive pathway responsible for intestinal cholesterol absorption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Altmann, Scott W -- Davis, Harry R Jr -- Zhu, Li-Ji -- Yao, Xiaorui -- Hoos, Lizbeth M -- Tetzloff, Glen -- Iyer, Sai Prasad N -- Maguire, Maureen -- Golovko, Andrei -- Zeng, Ming -- Wang, Luquan -- Murgolo, Nicholas -- Graziano, Michael P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1201-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cardiovascular/Endocrine Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033-0539, USA. scott.altmann@spcorp.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976318" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology ; Azetidines/pharmacology ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; Cholesterol, Dietary/*metabolism ; Cholic Acid/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Computational Biology ; Enterocytes/*metabolism ; Ezetimibe ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; *Intestinal Absorption/drug effects ; Intestine, Small/metabolism ; Jejunum/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Localization and physical property experiments conducted by Opportunity at Meridiani Planum (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The location of the Opportunity landing site was determined to better than 10-m absolute accuracy from analyses of radio tracking data. We determined Rover locations during traverses with an error as small as several centimeters using engineering telemetry and overlapping images. Topographic profiles generated from rover data show that the plains are very smooth from meter- to centimeter-length scales, consistent with analyses of orbital observations. Solar cell output decreased because of the deposition of airborne dust on the panels. The lack of dust-covered surfaces on Meridiani Planum indicates that high velocity winds must remove this material on a continuing basis. The low mechanical strength of the evaporitic rocks as determined from grinding experiments, and the abundance of coarse-grained surface particles argue for differential erosion of Meridiani Planum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arvidson, R E -- Anderson, R C -- Bartlett, P -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Christensen, P R -- Chu, P -- Davis, K -- Ehlmann, B L -- Golombek, M P -- Gorevan, S -- Guinness, E A -- Haldemann, A F C -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Landis, G -- Li, R -- Lindemann, R -- Ming, D W -- Myrick, T -- Parker, T -- Richter, L -- Seelos, F P 4th -- Soderblom, L A -- Squyres, S W -- Sullivan, R J -- Wilson, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1730-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. arvidson@wunder.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576608" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Spacecraft ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Determining the Optimum Post Spacing of LIDAR-Derived Elevation Data in Varying Terrain for Flood Hazard Mapping Purposes in North Carolina and Texas (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: The major flood events in the United States in the past few years have made it apparent that many floodplain maps being used by State governments are outdated and inaccurate. In response, many Stated have begun to update their Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps. Accurate topographic data is one of the most critical inputs for floodplain analysis and delineation. Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) altimetry is one of the primary remote sensing technologies that can be used to obtain high-resolution and high-accuracy digital elevation data suitable for hydrologic and hydraulic (H&H) modeling, in part because of its ability to "penetrate" various cover types and to record geospatial data from the Earth's surface. However, the posting density or spacing at which LIDAR collects the data will affect the resulting accuracies of the derived bare Earth surface, depending on terrain type and land cover type. For example, flat areas are thought to require higher or denser postings than hilly areas to capture subtle changes in the topography that could have a significant effect on flooding extent. Likewise, if an area has dense understory and overstory, it may be difficult to receive LIDAR returns from the Earth's surface, which would affect the accuracy of that bare Earth surface and thus would affect flood model results. For these reasons, NASA and FEMA have partnered with the State of North Carolina and with the U.S./Mexico Foundation in Texas to assess the effect of LIDAR point density on the characterization of topographic variation and on H&H modeling results for improved floodplain mapping. Research for this project is being conducted in two areas of North Carolina and in the City of Brownsville, Texas, each with a different type of terrain and varying land cover/land use. Because of various project constraints, LIDAR data were acquired once at a high posting density and then decimated to coarser postings or densities. Quality assurance/quality control analyses were performed on each dataset. Cross sections extracted form the high density and then the decimated datasets were individually input into an H&H model to determine the model's sensitivity to topographic variation and the effect of that variation on the resulting water profiles. Additional analysis was performed on the Brownsville, Texas, LIDAR data to determine the percentage of returns that "penetrated" various types of canopy or vegetative cover. It is hoped that the results of these studies will benefit state and local communities as they consider the post spacing at which to acquire LIDAR data (which affects cost) and will benefit FEMA as the Agency assesses the use of different technologies for updating National Flood Insurance Program and related products.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: SSTI-2220-0003-ESAD
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  • 6
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    Toward Integrated Seasonal Predictions of Land and Ocean Carbon Flux: Lessons from the 2015-16 El Nino (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Seasonal forecasts made by coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (GCMs) are increasingly able to provide skillful forecasts of climate anomalies. At some centers, the capabilities of these models are being expanded to represent carbon-climate feedbacks including ocean biogeochemistry (OB), terrestrial biosphere (TB) interactions, and fires. These advances raise the question of whether such models can support skillful forecasts of carbon fluxes.Here, we examine whether land and ocean carbon flux anomalies associated with the 2015-16 El Nino could have been predicted months in advance. This El Nino was noteworthy for the magnitude of the ocean temperature perturbation, the skill with which this perturbation was predicted, and the extensive satellite observations that can be used to track its impact. We explore this topic using NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model, which routinely produces an ensemble of seasonal climate forecasts, and a suite of offline dynamical and statistical models that estimate carbon flux processes. Using GEOS forecast fields from 2015-16 to force flux model hindcasts shows that these models are able to reproduce significant features observed by satellites. Specifically, OB hindcasts are able to predict anomalies in chlorophyll distributions with lead times of 3-4 months. The ability of TB hindcasts to reproduce NDVI anomalies is driven by the skill of the climate forecast, which is greatest at short lead times over tropical landmasses. Statistical fire forecasts driven by ocean climate indices are able to predict burned area in the tropics with lead times of 3-12 months. We also integrate the ocean and land hindcast fluxes into the GEOS GCM to examine the magnitude of the atmospheric carbon dioxide anomaly and compare with satellite and ground-based observations.While seasonal forecasting remains an active area of research, these results demonstrate that forecasts of carbon flux processes can support a variety of applications, potentially allowing scientists to understand carbon-climate feedbacks as they happen and to capitalize on more flexible satellite technologies that allow areas of interest to be targeted with lead times of weeks to months. We also provide a first glimpse at the spring 2019 carbon forecast using the GEOS-based forecasting system.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: B51E-1990 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN64286 , American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting; Dec 10, 2018 - Dec 14, 2018; Washington, D.C.; United States
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  • 7
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    New Thematic Solar System Exploration Products for Scientists and Educators (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The next several years are an exciting time in the exploration of the solar system. NASA and its international partners have a veritable armada of spaceships heading out to the far reaches of the solar system. We'll send the first spacecraft beyond our solar system into interstellar space. We'll launch our first mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt and just our second to Mercury (the first in 30 years). We'll continue our intensive exploration of Mars and begin our detailed study of Saturn and its moons. We'll visit asteroids and comets and bring home pieces of the Sun and a comet. This is truly an unprecedented period of exploration and discovery! To facilitate access to information and to provide the thematic context for these missions NASA s Solar System Exploration Program and Solar System Exploration Education Forum have developed several products.
    Keywords: Solar Physics
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV: Education Programs Demonstations; LPI Contribution No. 1197
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  • 8
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    Cloud Products from the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC): Algorithms and Initial Evaluation (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-13
    Description: This paper presents the physical basis of the EPIC cloud product algorithms and an initial evaluation of their performance. Since June 2015, EPIC has been providing observations of the sunlit side of the Earth with its 10 spectral channels ranging from the UV to the near-IR. A suite of algorithms has been developed to generate the standard EPIC Level 2 Cloud Products that include cloud mask, cloud effective pressure/height, cloud optical thickness, etc. The EPIC cloud mask adopts the threshold method and utilizes multichannel observations and ratios as tests. Cloud effective pressure/height is derived with observations from the O2 A-band (780 nm and 764 nm), and B-band (680 nm and 688 nm) pairs. The EPIC cloud optical thickness retrieval adopts a single channel approach where the 780 nm and 680 nm channels are used for retrievals over ocean and over land, respectively. Comparison with co-located cloud retrievals from geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) and low earth orbit (LEO) satellites shows that the EPIC cloud product algorithms are performing well and are consistent with theoretical expectations. These products are publicly available at the Atmospheric Science Data Center at the NASA Langley Research Center for climate studies and for generating other geophysical products that require cloud properties as input.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66606 , Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (ISSN 1867-1381) (e-ISSN 1867-8548); 12; 3; 2019-2031
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  • 9
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    The Surface Density Distribution in the Solar Nebula (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: The commonly used minimum mass power law representation of the pre-solar nebula is reanalyzed using a new cumulative-mass-model. This model predicts a smoother surface density approximation compared with methods based on direct computation of surface density. The density is quantified using two independent analytical formulations. First, a best-fit transcendental function is applied directly to the basic planetary data. Next a solution to the time-dependent disk evolution equation is parametrically adapted to the solar nebula data. The latter model is shown to be a good approximation to the finite-size early Solar Nebula, and by extension to other extra solar protoplanetary disks.
    Keywords: Solar Physics
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  • 10
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    Satellite Sensor Requirements for Monitoring Essential Biodiversity Variables of Coastal Ecosystems (2018)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The biodiversity and high productivity of coastal terrestrial and aquatic habitats are the foundation for important benefits to human societies around the world. These globally distributed habitats need frequent and broad systematic assessments, but field surveys only cover a small fraction of these areas. Satellite-based sensors can repeatedly record the visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra that contain the absorption, scattering, and fluorescence signatures of functional phytoplankton groups, colored dissolved matter, and particulate matter near the surface ocean, and of biologically structured habitats (floating and emergent vegetation, benthic habitats like coral, seagrass, and algae). These measures can be incorporated into Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs), including the distribution, abundance, and traits of groups of species populations, and used to evaluate habitat fragmentation. However, current and planned satellites are not designed to observe the EBVs that change rapidly with extreme tides, salinity, temperatures, storms, pollution, or physical habitat destruction over scales relevant to human activity. Making these observations requires a new generation of satellite sensors able to sample with these combined characteristics: (1) spatial resolution on the order of 30 to 100-m pixels or smaller; (2) spectral resolution on the order of 5 nm in the visible and 10 nm in the short-wave infrared spectrum (or at least two or more bands at 1,030, 1,240, 1,630, 2,125, and/or 2,260 nm) for atmospheric correction and aquatic and vegetation assessments; (3) radiometric quality with signal to noise ratios (SNR) above 800 (relative to signal levels typical of the open ocean), 14-bit digitization, absolute radiometric calibration less than 2%, relative calibration of 0.2%, polarization sensitivity less than 1%, high radiometric stability and linearity, and operations designed to minimize sunglint; and (4) temporal resolution of hours to days. We refer to these combined specifications as H4 imaging. Enabling H4 imaging is vital for the conservation and management of global biodiversity and ecosystem services, including food provisioning and water security. An agile satellite in a 3-d repeat low-Earth orbit could sample 30-km swath images of several hundred coastal habitats daily. Nine H4 satellites would provide weekly coverage of global coastal zones. Such satellite constellations are now feasible and are used in various applications.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN56078 , Ecological Applications (ISSN 1051-0761); 28; 3; 749-760
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