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  • Articles  (59)
  • *Ecosystem  (40)
  • Transfection
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (59)
  • 2000-2004  (59)
  • 2001  (59)
  • Biology  (59)
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  • Articles  (59)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (59)
Years
  • 2000-2004  (59)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2001-04-17
    Description: During the next 50 years, which is likely to be the final period of rapid agricultural expansion, demand for food by a wealthier and 50% larger global population will be a major driver of global environmental change. Should past dependences of the global environmental impacts of agriculture on human population and consumption continue, 10(9) hectares of natural ecosystems would be converted to agriculture by 2050. This would be accompanied by 2.4- to 2.7-fold increases in nitrogen- and phosphorus-driven eutrophication of terrestrial, freshwater, and near-shore marine ecosystems, and comparable increases in pesticide use. This eutrophication and habitat destruction would cause unprecedented ecosystem simplification, loss of ecosystem services, and species extinctions. Significant scientific advances and regulatory, technological, and policy changes are needed to control the environmental impacts of agricultural expansion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tilman, D -- Fargione, J -- Wolff, B -- D'Antonio, C -- Dobson, A -- Howarth, R -- Schindler, D -- Schlesinger, W H -- Simberloff, D -- Swackhamer, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):281-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. tilman@lter.umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303102" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Eutrophication ; Fertilizers ; Forecasting ; Fresh Water ; Nitrogen ; Pesticides ; Phosphorus ; Regression Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: Within the endemic invertebrate faunas of hydrothermal vents, five biogeographic provinces are recognized. Invertebrates at two Indian Ocean vent fields (Kairei and Edmond) belong to a sixth province, despite ecological settings and invertebrate-bacterial symbioses similar to those of both western Pacific and Atlantic vents. Most organisms found at these Indian Ocean vent fields have evolutionary affinities with western Pacific vent faunas, but a shrimp that ecologically dominates Indian Ocean vents closely resembles its Mid-Atlantic counterpart. These findings contribute to a global assessment of the biogeography of chemosynthetic faunas and indicate that the Indian Ocean vent community follows asymmetric assembly rules biased toward Pacific evolutionary alliances.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Dover, C L -- Humphris, S E -- Fornari, D -- Cavanaugh, C M -- Collier, R -- Goffredi, S K -- Hashimoto, J -- Lilley, M D -- Reysenbach, A L -- Shank, T M -- Von Damm, K L -- Banta, A -- Gallant, R M -- Gotz, D -- Green, D -- Hall, J -- Harmer, T L -- Hurtado, L A -- Johnson, P -- McKiness, Z P -- Meredith, C -- Olson, E -- Pan, I L -- Turnipseed, M -- Won, Y -- Young, C R 3rd -- Vrijenhoek, R C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 26;294(5543):818-23. Epub 2001 Sep 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA. cindy_vandover@wm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557843" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/classification/isolation & purification ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Decapoda (Crustacea)/classification/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Euryarchaeota/classification/isolation & purification/physiology ; Geography ; *Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Hot Temperature ; Invertebrates/classification/microbiology/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mollusca/classification/physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater ; Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2001-10-27
    Description: The ecological consequences of biodiversity loss have aroused considerable interest and controversy during the past decade. Major advances have been made in describing the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem processes, in identifying functionally important species, and in revealing underlying mechanisms. There is, however, uncertainty as to how results obtained in recent experiments scale up to landscape and regional levels and generalize across ecosystem types and processes. Larger numbers of species are probably needed to reduce temporal variability in ecosystem processes in changing environments. A major future challenge is to determine how biodiversity dynamics, ecosystem processes, and abiotic factors interact.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Loreau, M -- Naeem, S -- Inchausti, P -- Bengtsson, J -- Grime, J P -- Hector, A -- Hooper, D U -- Huston, M A -- Raffaelli, D -- Schmid, B -- Tilman, D -- Wardle, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 26;294(5543):804-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire d'Ecologie, UMR 7625, Ecole Normale Superieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, F-75230 Paris Cedex 05, France. Loreau@ens.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679658" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Plant Physiological Phenomena
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: Planning and decision-making can be improved by access to reliable forecasts of ecosystem state, ecosystem services, and natural capital. Availability of new data sets, together with progress in computation and statistics, will increase our ability to forecast ecosystem change. An agenda that would lead toward a capacity to produce, evaluate, and communicate forecasts of critical ecosystem services requires a process that engages scientists and decision-makers. Interdisciplinary linkages are necessary because of the climate and societal controls on ecosystems, the feedbacks involving social change, and the decision-making relevance of forecasts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, J S -- Carpenter, S R -- Barber, M -- Collins, S -- Dobson, A -- Foley, J A -- Lodge, D M -- Pascual, M -- Pielke, R Jr -- Pizer, W -- Pringle, C -- Reid, W V -- Rose, K A -- Sala, O -- Schlesinger, W H -- Wall, D H -- Wear, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):657-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA. jimclark@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Decision Making ; Disease Outbreaks ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Epidemiology ; *Forecasting ; Humans ; Policy Making ; Population Growth ; Stochastic Processes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2001-09-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pimm, S L -- Ayres, M -- Balmford, A -- Branch, G -- Brandon, K -- Brooks, T -- Bustamante, R -- Costanza, R -- Cowling, R -- Curran, L M -- Dobson, A -- Farber, S -- da Fonseca, G A -- Gascon, C -- Kitching, R -- McNeely, J -- Lovejoy, T -- Mittermeier, R A -- Myers, N -- Patz, J A -- Raffle, B -- Rapport, D -- Raven, P -- Roberts, C -- Rodriguez, J P -- Rylands, A B -- Tucker, C -- Safina, C -- Samper, C -- Stiassny, M L -- Supriatna, J -- Wall, D H -- Wilcove, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2207-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, MC 5556, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. StuartPimm@aol.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567124" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Public Policy ; Trees
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: The deployment of electronic data storage tags that are surgically implanted or satellite-linked provides marine researchers with new ways to examine the movements, environmental preferences, and physiology of pelagic vertebrates. We report the results obtained from tagging of Atlantic bluefin tuna with implantable archival and pop-up satellite archival tags. The electronic tagging data provide insights into the seasonal movements and environmental preferences of this species. Bluefin tuna dive to depths of 〉1000 meters and maintain a warm body temperature. Western-tagged bluefin tuna make trans-Atlantic migrations and they frequent spawning grounds in the Gulf of Mexico and eastern Mediterranean. These data are critical for the future management and conservation of bluefin tuna in the Atlantic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Block, B A -- Dewar, H -- Blackwell, S B -- Williams, T D -- Prince, E D -- Farwell, C J -- Boustany, A -- Teo, S L -- Seitz, A -- Walli, A -- Fudge, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 17;293(5533):1310-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tuna Research and Conservation Center, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA. bblock@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Identification Systems ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Behavior, Animal ; Body Temperature ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diving ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Fisheries ; Male ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Swimming ; Temperature ; Tuna/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2001-06-16
    Description: Huntingtin is a 350-kilodalton protein of unknown function that is mutated in Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disorder. The mutant protein is presumed to acquire a toxic gain of function that is detrimental to striatal neurons in the brain. However, loss of a beneficial activity of wild-type huntingtin may also cause the death of striatal neurons. Here we demonstrate that wild-type huntingtin up-regulates transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a pro-survival factor produced by cortical neurons that is necessary for survival of striatal neurons in the brain. We show that this beneficial activity of huntingtin is lost when the protein becomes mutated, resulting in decreased production of cortical BDNF. This leads to insufficient neurotrophic support for striatal neurons, which then die. Restoring wild-type huntingtin activity and increasing BDNF production may be therapeutic approaches for treating HD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zuccato, C -- Ciammola, A -- Rigamonti, D -- Leavitt, B R -- Goffredo, D -- Conti, L -- MacDonald, M E -- Friedlander, R M -- Silani, V -- Hayden, M R -- Timmusk, T -- Sipione, S -- Cattaneo, E -- E.0840/Telethon/Italy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 20;293(5529):493-8. Epub 2001 Jun 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/biosynthesis/*genetics/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/cytology/*metabolism/pathology ; Exons ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; Huntington Disease/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Nerve Degeneration ; Nerve Growth Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Neurons/*metabolism/pathology ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: B cell homeostasis has been shown to critically depend on BAFF, the B cell activation factor from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. Although BAFF is already known to bind two receptors, BCMA and TACI, we have identified a third receptor for BAFF that we have termed BAFF-R. BAFF-R binding appears to be highly specific for BAFF, suggesting a unique role for this ligand-receptor interaction. Consistent with this, the BAFF-R locus is disrupted in A/WySnJ mice, which display a B cell phenotype qualitatively similar to that of the BAFF-deficient mice. Thus, BAFF-R appears to be the principal receptor for BAFF-mediated mature B cell survival.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, J S -- Bixler, S A -- Qian, F -- Vora, K -- Scott, M L -- Cachero, T G -- Hession, C -- Schneider, P -- Sizing, I D -- Mullen, C -- Strauch, K -- Zafari, M -- Benjamin, C D -- Tschopp, J -- Browning, J L -- Ambrose, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2108-11. Epub 2001 Aug 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biogen, 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA., The Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Cell Activating Factor ; B-Cell Activation Factor Receptor ; B-Cell Maturation Antigen ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism/*physiology ; Cell Line ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 ; Cloning, Molecular ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Ligands ; Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred A ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Transmembrane Activator and CAML Interactor Protein ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2001-10-27
    Description: Plant diversity and niche complementarity had progressively stronger effects on ecosystem functioning during a 7-year experiment, with 16-species plots attaining 2.7 times greater biomass than monocultures. Diversity effects were neither transients nor explained solely by a few productive or unviable species. Rather, many higher-diversity plots outperformed the best monoculture. These results help resolve debate over biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, show effects at higher than expected diversity levels, and demonstrate, for these ecosystems, that even the best-chosen monocultures cannot achieve greater productivity or carbon stores than higher-diversity sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tilman, D -- Reich, P B -- Knops, J -- Wedin, D -- Mielke, T -- Lehman, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 26;294(5543):843-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. tilman@umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679667" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; *Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/growth & development ; Minnesota ; *Plant Development ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Regression Analysis ; Seasons
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Vpr expression halts the proliferation of human cells at or near the G2 cell-cycle checkpoint. The transition from G2 to mitosis is normally controlled by changes in the state of phosphorylation and subcellular compartmentalization of key cell-cycle regulatory proteins. In studies of the intracellular trafficking of these regulators, we unexpectedly found that wild-type Vpr, but not Vpr mutants impaired for G2 arrest, induced transient, localized herniations in the nuclear envelope (NE). These herniations were associated with defects in the nuclear lamina. Intermittently, these herniations ruptured, resulting in the mixing of nuclear and cytoplasmic components. These Vpr-induced NE changes probably contribute to the observed cell-cycle arrest.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Noronha, C M -- Sherman, M P -- Lin, H W -- Cavrois, M V -- Moir, R D -- Goldman, R D -- Greene, W C -- KO8 AI01866/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 MH59037/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI145234/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 2;294(5544):1105-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691994" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism/virology ; Cyclin B/metabolism ; Cyclin B1 ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; *G2 Phase ; Gene Products, vpr/genetics/*physiology ; HIV-1/*physiology ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; *Lamin Type B ; Lamins ; Macrophages/virology ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Microscopy, Video ; Mitosis ; Mutation ; Nuclear Envelope/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection ; Virus Integration ; cdc25 Phosphatases/metabolism ; vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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