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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 1660-1663 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present the design and construction of a diagnostic system of the plasma parameters by means of electrical probes. The novelties of the system are the protection provided to the electrical probe with a guard, thus minimizing the probe deterioration, and the automatic positioning device associated with the probe. This system consists of: the electronic instrumentation for the electrical probe bias; two control systems, one for the guard's motion, and another for the positioning of the electrical probe; and finally, a data acquisition system. During the system's operation, and based on the data measured by the electrical probe at different positions where the data acquisition is carried out, the following parameters are available in real time: floating voltage, ion saturation voltage and current, electron temperature, and plasma's voltage and density. The motion of the guard and electrical probe array is programmable up to a maximum speed of 1 cm/s, and the time required for the bias of the probe, the measuring and storing of the signal, and the generation of an ASCII data file is approximately 10 ms. With this system, the duty cycle of the probe is extended due to the shielding provided by the guard. Likewise, the reduction of deposits of spurious materials on the probe results in a more reliable measuring process of the plasma parameters. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 3323-3325 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel coil system is described that enables the magnetic angle-changing technique to be used at higher energies. The system consists of coils of wire that are combined with specially shaped iron cores in such a way as to preserve localization of the magnetic field. The system extends the operational energy range of previous systems consisting of solenoids alone by a factor of 25. Measurements of the electron impact excitation of the n=2 states of helium are presented as an example of the use of the device. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 119 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The scald susceptible barley cultivar ‘Clipper’ and a third-backcross (BC3) line homozygous for the Rrs14 scald resistance gene that originally came from Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum were grown in replicated field trials. The level of resistance that Rrs14 confers against field populations of the pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis, the causal agent of scald disease, was evaluated. The Rrs14 BC3 line exhibited 80% and 88% less leaf damage than ‘Clipper’ in 1995 and 1996, respectively. Given this effectiveness of Rrs14, research was undertaken to identify a linked marker locus suitable for indirect selection of Rrs14. Based on linkage to a set of previously mapped loci, Rrs14 was positioned to barley chromosome 1H between the seed storage protein (hordein) loci Hor1 and Hor2, approximately 1.8 cM from the latter locus. The Hor2 locus is thus an ideal codominant molecular marker for Rrs14. The tight linkage between Rrs14 and Hor2 and the availability of alternative biochemical and molecular techniques for scoring Hor2 genotypes, permits simple indirect selection of Rrs14 in barley scald resistance breeding programmes.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 16 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 23 (2000), S. 501-529 
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two fundamental aspects of frequency analysis shape the functional organization of primary auditory cortex. For one, the decomposition of complex sounds into different frequency components is reflected in the tonotopic organization of auditory cortical fields. Second, recent findings suggest that this decomposition is carried out in parallel for a wide range of frequency resolutions by neurons with frequency receptive fields of different sizes (bandwidths). A systematic representation of the range of frequency resolution and, equivalently, spectral integration shapes the functional organization of the iso-frequency domain. Distinct subregions, or "modules," along the iso-frequency domain can be demonstrated with various measures of spectral integration, including pure-tone tuning curves, noise masking, and electrical cochlear stimulation. This modularity in the representation of spectral integration is expressed by intrinsic cortical connections. This organization has implications for our understanding of psychophysical spectral integration measures such as the critical band and general cortical coding strategies.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Comparative analyses of aspects of the carbon (C) physiology and the expression of C transporter genes in birch (Betula pendula Roth.) colonized by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. were performed using mycorrhizal (M) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants of similar foliar nutrient status. After six months of growth, the biomass of M plants was significantly lower than that of NM plants. Diurnal C budgets of both sets of plants revealed that M plants exhibited higher rates of photosynthesis and root respiration expressed per unit dry weight. However, the diurnal net C gain of M and NM plants remained similar. Ectomycorrhizal roots contained higher soluble carbohydrate pools and increased activity of cell wall invertase, suggesting that additional C was allocated to these roots and their ectomycorrhizal fungi consistent with an increased sink demand for C due to the presence of the mycobiont. In M roots, the expression of two hexose and one sucrose transporter genes of birch were reduced to less than one-third of the expression level observed in NM roots. Analysis using a probe against the birch ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region revealed that M roots contained 22% less plant RNA than NM roots. As the expression of birch hexose and sucrose transporter genes was reduced to a much greater extent, this suggests that these specific genes were down-regulated in response to alterations in C metabolism within M roots.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Ecology of freshwater fish 9 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0633
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract – Fish assemblages in three rivers of eastern Cape York Peninsula, northern Australia, were sampled during the early part of the monsoonal dry season, and the diet of 23 species was quantified. Spatial variation (between-river) in diet was, in general, not pronounced. Sufficient specimens were collected to enable examination of ontogenetic changes in the diet of four species. Interspecific and ontogenetic variation in diet were most strongly related to differences in body size and mouth gape, with larger species or age classes feeding on fish and large aquatic invertebrates. Other gradients upon which dietary differences were arranged included gradients in detritivory and reliance on terrestrial invertebrates. Significant trophic separation was evident in the fauna despite aquatic invertebrates being the most important food item in most species. Seven, and possibly eight, trophic groups were recognized. Notable features of the trophic organization were the prevalence of omnivory and piscivory and relatively small representation by detritivores. Planktivores were essentially absent. Much of the observed trophic structure within the fishes of Cape York Peninsula could be ascribed to the effects of phylogenetic determinants of body size, morphology and foraging mode. The trophic structure within rivers of eastern Cape York Peninsula is compared to other aquatic systems in tropical northern Australia./〉
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Journal of applied ichthyology 16 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0426
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Journal of applied ichthyology 16 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0426
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: There is a current need to establish scientific guidelines for Best Environmental Practice for the regulation and monitoring of marine aquaculture throughout the European Union. This paper will demonstrate how the ‘MARAQUA’ Concerted Action will address this need using several methods including a comprehensive literature review and production of a computerized bibliography, establishment of a ‘Register of Experts’ and a worldwide website, circulation of a newsletter and a series of workshops. A brief comparison of the regulations and monitoring programmes associated with marine aquaculture in European countries is briefly outlined. These issues are described in depth in the individual country reviews presented in this special edition of the Journal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Austral ecology 25 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1442-9993
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of plant-derived smoke and of heat on the emergence of seedlings from seeds were assessed. Seeds had been stored in forest topsoil used for mine site rehabilitation. The study was carried out in a dry sclerophyll, spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), forest community at the Mount Owen open-cut coal mine in the Hunter Valley region of New South Wales. Samples of the surface 2.5 cm of topsoil were either exposed to cool smoke from eucalypt foliage for 60 min, heated to 80°C, or left untreated. Seedling emergence from the seed bank in this soil was then monitored in a glasshouse. Within the first month, smoke alone promoted a 4.3-fold increase in the density of seedlings relative to control. There were 540 emergents per m2 in the control and 2309 per m2 in the smoke treated topsoil. Many annual and perennial herbs emerged but grasses responded most strongly to smoke. Germination in seven of the 20 grass species was promoted by smoke. Smoke promoted the germination of some introduced species as well as native species, and accelerated the rate at which seedlings emerged, although these differences sometimes declined with time. Heat also stimulated germination but smoke and heat stimuli appeared to be complementary in their promotion of seedling emergence from the topsoil seed bank. Each treatment increased the density of different species, enhanced the species richness of different components of the seed bank, and had different effects on the rate of emergence. The results suggest that increased seed germination in the field immediately following a moderate intensity fire may sometimes be the result of smoke stimulation and sometimes the result of heat stimulation of the soil seed bank. These findings may have important implications for minesite revegetation programs where topsoils are replaced after mining and rapid germination of seeds stored in these soils is required during short periods when conditions are favourable for germination.
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