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  • Springer  (10)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (7)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (2)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1995-1999  (19)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1965-1969
  • 1999  (19)
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  • 1995-1999  (19)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1965-1969
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organic semiconductor heterointerfaces containing bathocuproine (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 4515-4519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The four organic–organic heterointerfaces formed by depositing the organic semiconductor bathocuproine on tris(8-hydroxy-quinoline)aluminum (Alq3), N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,1′ biphenyl-4,4″ diamine (α-NPD), 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazolyl-biphenyl (CBP), and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) have been studied using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The relative positions of the vacuum levels and highest occupied molecular orbital levels of the organics were measured at each interface. Within our experimental uncertainty of 100 meV, the vacuum levels were found to align at all four interfaces. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371395
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic states and effective negative electron affinity at cesiated p-GaN surfaces (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 3209-3212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electronic structure of, and the effects of cesium (Cs) and oxygen (O) adsorption on, the p-GaN(001) surface are investigated via photoemission spectroscopy. Bulk- and surface-sensitive photoemission measurements, and oxygen exposure of clean surfaces, demonstrate the existence of filled surface states which extend ∼0.6 eV above the valence band maximum. The valence band maximum measured after the removal of the surface states gives a downward band bending and electron affinity equal to 1.2±0.2 and 3.3±0.2 eV, respectively. The surface dipole layer induced by exposure to oxygen followed by Cs deposition lowers the vacuum level by 2.8±0.3 eV with respect to the valence and conduction band edges. Under these conditions, the vacuum level is approximately 0.7 eV below the conduction band minimum of the bulk, corresponding to the effective negative electron affinity at this surface. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371191
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Negative electron affinity at the Cs/AlN(0001) surface (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 1433-1435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effects of cesium (Cs) adsorption on band bending and electron affinity at the AlN(0001)-1×1 surface are investigated via ultraviolet and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The movement of the Fermi level indicates an initial interaction between Cs and empty surface states, followed by an increase in band bending presumably linked to metallization. The electron affinity, χ, of the clean AlN surface is positive and equal to 1.9±0.3 eV. The Cs-surface dipole layer decreases χ by 2.6±0.3 eV, leading to evidence of true negative electron affinity at the surface of this important material. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123573
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transparent stacked organic light emitting devices. I. Design principles and transparent compound electrodes (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 4067-4075 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Vertical stacking of organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) that emit the three primary colors is a means for achieving full-color flat panel displays. The physics, performance, and applications of stacked OLEDs (SOLEDs) are discussed in this and the following paper (Papers I and II, respectively). In Paper I, we analyze optical microcavity effects that can distort the emission colors of SOLEDs if not properly controlled, and describe design principles to minimize these parasitic effects. We also describe the fabrication and operating characteristics of transparent contacts that are an integral part of SOLEDs. We demonstrate that both metal-containing and metal-free transparent electrodes can serve as efficient electron and hole injectors into the stacked organic semiconductor layers. Two different transparent SOLED structures (metal-containing and metal-free) that exhibit sufficient performance for many full-color display applications will be discussed in Paper II. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371331
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined photoemission/in vacuo transport study of the indium tin oxide/copper phthalocyanine/N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(l-naphthyl)-1,1′biphenyl-4,4″diamine molecular organic semiconductor system (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 2116-2122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) was used to study the indium tin oxide/copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and CuPc/N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(l-naphthyl)-1,1′biphenyl-1-4,4″diamine interfaces, which are commonly used as an anode/hole injection layer/hole transport layer combination in organic light emitting devices. In order to assess the validity of the transport barriers measured using UPS, in vacuo I–V measurements have been performed on simple devices grown and measured in the same system as the samples studied using UPS. I–V characteristics were modeled using numerical simulations. The parameters used in the simulated curves which best fit the measured I–V characteristics agree quantitatively with the UPS measured barriers. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371018
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time dependence of operators in anharmonic quantum oscillators: Explicit perturbative analysis (1999)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 40 (1999), S. 4658-4663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: An explicit, order-by-order perturbative solution, valid over extended time scales, for the time dependence of operators of anharmonic oscillators, is developed within the framework of the method of normal forms. The freedom of choice of the zeroth-order term and, concurrently in the higher-order corrections, is exploited to develop a minimal normal form (MNF). The expansion for the eigenvalues of the perturbed Hamiltonian in a standard form is independent of the choice. However, the simple form obtained for the time dependence of the perturbative solution is more suitable than any other choice for application to high-lying excited states, as it offers a renormalized form for the propagator. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.532995
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic states at aluminum nitride (0001)-1×1 surfaces (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 546-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We investigate the electronic structure of aluminum nitride (0001)-1×1 surfaces via direct and inverse photoemission spectroscopy. Bulk and surface sensitive measurements on clean surfaces and surfaces exposed to oxygen or cesium demonstrate the existence of filled and empty surface states which extend more than 1 eV beyond the valence- and conduction-band edges. The filled states are tentatively associated with Al dangling or back bonds. The measurement of the top of the valence band upon removal of the filled states leads to a determination of an electron affinity equal to 1.9±0.2 eV. The empty surface states are presumed to play a role in the pinning of the Fermi level in the upper part of the gap and are consistent with the anticipated metallicity of the surface. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123140
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk Perception in Context: The Savannah River Site Stakeholder Study (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 1019-1035 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: risk perception ; CRESP ; trust ; DOE Savannah River site ; risk assessment ; stakeholder ; economic dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Environmental managers are increasingly charged with involving the public in the development and modification of policies regarding risks to human health and the environment. Involving the public in environmental decision making first requires a broad understanding of how and why the public perceives various risks. The Savannah River Stakeholder Study was conducted with the purpose of investigating individual, economic, and social characteristics of risk perceptions among those living near the Savannah River Nuclear Weapons Site. A number of factors were found to impact risk perceptions among those living near the site. One's estimated proximity to the site and relative river location surfaced as strong determinants of risk perceptions among SRS residents. Additionally, living in a quality neighborhood and demonstrating a willingness to accept health risks for economic gain strongly abated heightened risk perceptions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007095808381
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Homological Approach to Two Problems on Finite Sets (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of algebraic combinatorics 9 (1999), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9192
    Keywords: extremal problem ; finite set ; Erdos-Ko-Rado Theorem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We propose a homological approach to two conjectures descended from the Erdös-Ko-Rado Theorem, one due to Chvátal and the other to Frankl and Füredi. We apply the method to reprove, and in one case improve, results of these authors related to their conjectures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018630111976
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Male-Driven Evolution Among Eoaves? A Test of the Replicative Division Hypothesis in a Heterogametic Female (ZW) System (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 49 (1999), S. 750-759 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Male-driven evolution — ZW chromosomes — male/female mutation rate (αm) — replication error — molecular clock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Because avian females are heterogametic, the reverse of mammals, avian sex chromosomes undergo significantly different patterns and numbers of DNA replications than do those in mammals. This makes the W (female-specific) and the Z chromosomes an excellent model system for the study of the replicative division hypothesis, which purports that DNA substitution rate is determined by the number of germline replications. The sex-specific chromosome in birds (the W) is predicted to change at the slowest rate of all avian chromosomes because it undergoes the fewest rounds of replication per unit of evolutionary time. Using published data on gametogenesis from a variety of sources, we estimated the ratio of male-to-female germline replications (c) in galliforms and anseriforms to be approximately 4.4. The value of c should predict the value of the ratio of male-to-female mutation rates (αm) if the replicative division hypothesis is true. Homologous DNA sequences including an intron and parts of two exons of the CHD gene were obtained from the W and the Z chromosomes in ostrich, sage grouse, canvasback duck, tundra swan, and snow goose. The exons show significantly different nucleotide composition from the introns, and the W-linked exons show evidence of relaxed constraint. The Z-linked intron is diverging ≈ 3.1 times faster than the W-linked intron. From this, αm was calculated to be approximately 4.1, with a confidence interval of 3.1 to 5.1. The data support the idea that the number of replicative divisions is a major determinant of substitution rate in the Eoavian genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006597
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