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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of Microstructure and Orientation in Solution-Deposited BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 Thin Films (1999)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Columnar and highly oriented (100) BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 thin films were prepared by a chelate-type chemical solution deposition (CSD) process by manipulation of film deposition conditions and seeded growth techniques. Randomly oriented columnar films were prepared on platinum-coated Si substrates by a multilayering process in which nucleation of the perovskite phase was restricted to the substrate or underlying layers by control of layer thickness. The columnar films displayed improvements in dielectric constant and dielectric loss compared to the fine-grain equiaxed films that typically result from CSD methods. Highly oriented BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 thin films were fabricated on LaAlO3 by a seeded growth process that appeared to follow a standard “two-step” growth mechanism that has been previously reported. The film transformation process involved the bulk nucleation of BaTiO3 throughout the film, followed by the consumption of this matrix by an epitaxial overgrowth process originating at the seed layer. Both BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 seed layers were effective in promoting the growth of highly oriented (100) BaTiO3 films. Based on the various processing factors that can influence thin film microstructure, the decomposition pathway involving the formation of BaCO3 and TiO2 appeared to dictate thin film microstructural evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb02091.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The behaviour of cellulose in hydrated melts of the composition LiXċn H2O (X=I−, NO3−, CH3COO−, ClO4−) (1999)
    Springer
    Cellulose 6 (1999), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: low temperature molten salts ; cellulose solvents ; X‐ray scattering ; molecular weight distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The dissolution behaviour of cellulose in low temperature molten salts was investigated. Depending on the chosen anions in the melt, cellulose shows different reaction behaviour in different Li+‐containing melts. Dissolution of the polymer was observed in molten LiClO4ċ3H2O and molten LiIċ2H2O. In the hydrated melts of LiCH3COOċ2H2O and LiNO3ċ3H2O a fine distribution of cellulose was stated. Cellulose can be regenerated by cooling the melt and removing the salt by dissolution in water. The structure of the recrystallized product is determined by the used low temperature molten salt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009269614096
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal Behaviour and Crystal Structure of Sodium-Containing Hemihydrates of Calcium Sulfate (1999)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 130 (1999), S. 1179-1193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Keywords. Bassanite; Crystal structure; Sodium pentasalt; Calcium sulfate hemihydrate; Thermal analysis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung.  Ein metastabiles natriumhaltiges Calciumsulfathemihydrat ((6−x) CaSO4ċxNa2SO4ċ3H2O, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) tritt als intermediäre Phase in den Systemen Na2SO4-CaSO4-H2O, NaCl-Na2SO4-CaSO4-H2O und NaCl-CaSO4-H2O auf. Die Phase mit dem höchsten Natriumionengehalt entspricht dem sogenannten Natriumpentasalz (Na2SO4ċ5CaSO4ċ3H2O). Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse, welche an einem Einkristall mit Pentasalz-Zusammensetzung durchgeführt wurde, ergab eine Überstruktur des reinen Hemihydrats (CaSO4ċ0.5H2O), wobei ein Ca2+-Ion statistisch durch zwei Na+-Ionen ersetzt ist. Die Ca2+-Substitution erfolgt nur in einer der drei CaSO4-Ketten, welche eine nahezu dreizählige Achse entlang der c-Achse bilden. Ein Ca2+-Ion wird durch ein Na+-Ion ersetzt, das zweite Na+-Ion ist in unmittelbarer Nähe zum ersten in den Wasserkanälen eingelagert. Das Hydrat kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe C121 (Nr.5) mit den Gitterparametern a=24.178(11), b=13.805(2), c=12.7074(12) Å, β=90.089(12)°. Die Dehydratationstemperatur variiert mit dem Na+-Gehalt. Je größer dieser ist, um so stärker wird der Austritt der H2O-Moleküle blockiert und zu höheren Temperaturen verschoben. Ein weiterer Unterschied im thermischen Verhalten wurde bei gleichem Na+-Gehalt für unterschiedliche Kristallitgrößen gefunden. Bei kleinen Kristallgrößen (Nadellänge 〈 20 μm) beginnt die Entwässerung früher im Vergleich zu größeren Kristallen (Nadellänge 〉 50 μm). Ein exothermer Effekt im Anschluß an die Dehydratation wird nur für kleine Kristalle beobachtet und deutet auf eine abweichende Entwässerungskinetik in Abhänigkeit von der Kristallitgröße hin.
    Notes: Summary.  A metastable sodium-containing hemihydrate ((6-x)CaSO4ċxNa2SO4ċ3H2O, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) limited by the pentasalt composition Na2SO4ċ5CaSO4ċ3H2O occurs as an intermediate solid phase in the systems Na2SO4-CaSO4-H2O, NaCl-Na2SO4-CaSO4-H2O, and NaCl-CaSO4-H2O. X-Ray structure determination of a crystal with pentasalt composition results in a super-structure of the pure hemihydrate (CaSO4ċ0.5H2O), in which one Ca2+ion is statistically replaced by two Na+ ions. One Na+ cation is situated in a Ca2+ position in only one of the three chains of CaSO4 forming an axis of nearly three fold symmetry along the c-axis. The second Na+ is located in the water channel neighbouring to the first Na+. The hydrate crystallized in a monoclinic space group C121 (No. 5) with a=24.1781(11), b=13.805(2), c=12.7074(12) Å, β=90.089(12)°. The dehydration temperature of the hydrates depends on their Na+ ion content. A high Na+ content (in water channels) blocks the water escape strongly, and the dehydration temperature increases. Thermal behaviour is also effected by the crystal sizes. The thermograms of small crystals as opposed to large ones show a exothermic effect adjoining the endothermic dehydration. This may be indicative for a change in the dehydration mechanism upon crystal size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00010180
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal resolution in olfaction III: flicker fusion and concentration-dependent synchronization with stimulus pulse trains of antennular chemoreceptor cells in the American lobster (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 427-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Olfaction ; Crustacea ; Sensory filters ; Electrophysiology ; Invertebrate ; AbbreviationsASW artificial sea water ; Hyp trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To understand how chemoreceptor organs may extract temporal information from odor plumes, we investigated the frequency filter properties of lobster chemoreceptor cells. We used rapid stimulation and high-resolution stimulus measurement for accurate stimulus control and recorded extracellular responses from chemoreceptors in the lobster lateral antennule in situ. We tested 16 hydroxyproline-sensitive cells with a series of ten 100-ms pulses at 10, 100 and 1000 μmol l−1 at stimulation frequencies from 0.5 Hz to 4 Hz. Receptor cell responses could accurately encode 10 μmol l−1, but not 100 or 1000 μmol l−1 pulses, delivered at rates of 4 Hz. Flicker-fusion frequency and synchronization with the stimulus pulse train were concentration dependent: performance rates above 1 Hz became poorer both with increasing pulse amplitude and frequency. Flicker fusion frequency was 3 Hz for 100 μmol l−1 pulses and 2 Hz for 1000 μmol l−1 pulses. Individual cells showed differences in their stimulus pulse following capabilities, as measured by the synchronization coefficient. These individual differences may form a basis for coding temporal features of an odor plume in an across-fiber pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050403
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implicit Consitutional Change-Changing the Meaning of the Constitution Without Changing the Text of the Document (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of law and economics 7 (1999), S. 197-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9990
    Keywords: Positive constitutional economics ; implicit constitutional change ; bargaining power ; judicial discretion ; independent judiciary ; commitment capability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Law , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Constitutional change is often thought of as explicit constitutional change, i.e., as change that implies a modified wording of the constitutional document. In this paper, the possibilities of implicit constitutional change, i.e., change that is not accompanied by formally changing the constitution, are analyzed. The separation of powers a la Montesquieu is taken as a starting point and it will be argued that constitutional change can be brought about by all government branches, i.e., by the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. If this argument is accepted it follows that the judiciary-even when endowed with the competence of judicial review-is not the ultimate arbiter in supervising constitutional change. It is the main hypothesis of this paper that the judiciary in bringing about implicit constitutional change is subject to a number of constraints among which the original document plays a rather marginal role. Instead, it is claimed that the current preferences of the other government organs as well as those of the population are more relevant in ascertaining the meaning of the constitution at a given point in time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008724612813
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation and Annihilation of New Donors in Ribbon Growth on Substrate Silicon (1999)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 67-68 (Apr. 1999), p. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/26/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FSSP.67-68.33.pdf
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The non-autonomous Kato class (1999)
    Springer
    Archiv der Mathematik 72 (1999), S. 454-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8938
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract. We discuss singular time dependent absorption-excitation rates for second order parabolic equations. A suitable class, the non-autonomous Kato class, is defined for the heat equation in connection with the non-autonomous Miyadera perturbation theorem. We give sufficient conditions in terms of integrability for a potential to belong to the non-autonomous Kato class.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000130050355
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An enzymatic-fluorimetric method for monitoring of ethanol in ambient air (1999)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 364 (1999), S. 100-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for the continuous monitoring of ethanol in ambient air. The system consists of a scrubber coil for enrichment of the analyte from air in an aqueous solution and a directly connected fluorescence detector. Because of using a reagent solution containing alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) for absorption, ethanol can react directly with ADH and NAD+ during air sampling, producing NADH, which can be measured by fluorescence detection. The influence of reagent concentrations, gas flow rate and scrubber solution flow rate on the performance of the instrument was tested. Possible ozone interferences can be avoided by placing a KI coated filter in front of the scrubber inlet. The response time of the system was found to be 2.3 min and the detection limit about 1 ppbV. The applicability of the developed method was demonstrated during a field campaign in Brazil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051307
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Storage and display of odour by male Saccopteryx bilineata (Chiroptera, Emballonuridae) (1999)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 47 (1999), S. 29-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key wordsSaccopteryx ; Propatagial sacs ; Emballonuridae ; Odour ; Hovering display
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx bilineata, actively fill their propatagial sacs with secretions from the genital region, the gular gland, urine and saliva. From our observations and those of Starck we deduce that propatagial sacs in S. bilineata do not have a glandular function, but are instead organs for the storage and display of odours. In addition to the already known “salting” and hovering behaviour of male S. bilineata, we describe in detail how odour is fanned to roosting individuals during the complex, stereotypic hovering displays. S. bilineata males also coat the fur of their backs with saliva using the wing tip and might scent-mark territory boundaries. “Yawning” may represent a visual as well as an olfactory cue. Odour seems to play an important role in the social communication of S. bilineata and in other emballonurids, as revealed by the broad distribution of wing sacs in this family. S. bilineata males display odour during energetically costly hovering flights in front of females. We demonstrate that the number of hovering displays increases with harem size. The mating effort of S. bilineata males comprises a multimodal signalling behaviour. Although males defend harem territories in which females gather, females seem to be able to choose the father of their progeny freely among the males of a colony. This may have led to the evolution of the complex mating displays by male S. bilineata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050646
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wideband Inhibition of Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus Type IV Units in Cat: A Computational Model (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 27 (1999), S. 73-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Hearing ; Neural models ; Parameter estimation ; Notch noise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A computational model of a portion of dorsal cochlear nucleus neural circuitry was used to investigate relationships between connectivity and response properties of type IV units. The model in this study consists of four neural populations. The pattern of convergence from one population to another and the strengths of those connections are the most important model parameters. Lumped parameter electrical circuit models represent individual cells. Interconnections are achieved by activating variable conductances in post-synaptic cells according to spike activity in pre-synaptic cells. Auditory nerve fibers are incorporated as a bank of logarithmically spaced gammatone filters that drive compartmental models of inner hair cell function. While it might be possible to configure the model without wideband inhibition to simulate type IV unit notch noise responses, the resulting parameters would likely be physiologically implausible. The model with wideband inhibition, however, shows the appropriate notch noise behavior. A wide variety of simulated rate versus cutoff-frequency plots are achieved varying three model parameters. The model was fit to physiological data by finding values of these three parameters that minimize the sum of squared errors. The results show that wideband inhibition can quantitatively account for the responses of type IV units to notch noise. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC99: 4364Bt, 8710+e
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.150
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