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  • Life Sciences (General)  (129)
  • Geophysics  (80)
  • Mice  (41)
  • Female
  • Models, Molecular
  • 2010-2014
  • 1995-1999  (292)
  • 1998  (292)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1995-1999  (292)
Year
  • 1
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    Requirement for IL-13 independently of IL-4 in experimental asthma (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-18
    Description: The pathogenesis of asthma reflects, in part, the activity of T cell cytokines. Murine models support participation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and the IL-4 receptor in asthma. Selective neutralization of IL-13, a cytokine related to IL-4 that also binds to the alpha chain of the IL-4 receptor, ameliorated the asthma phenotype, including airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil recruitment, and mucus overproduction. Administration of either IL-13 or IL-4 conferred an asthma-like phenotype to nonimmunized T cell-deficient mice by an IL-4 receptor alpha chain-dependent pathway. This pathway may underlie the genetic associations of asthma with both the human 5q31 locus and the IL-4 receptor.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897229/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897229/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grunig, G -- Warnock, M -- Wakil, A E -- Venkayya, R -- Brombacher, F -- Rennick, D M -- Sheppard, D -- Mohrs, M -- Donaldson, D D -- Locksley, R M -- Corry, D B -- 03344/PHS HHS/ -- 47412/PHS HHS/ -- K08 HL003344/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL07185/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2261-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9856950" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Allergens/immunology ; Animals ; Asthma/genetics/*immunology/pathology/physiopathology ; Bronchial Hyperreactivity ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 ; Goblet Cells/pathology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments ; Interleukin-13/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/pharmacology/*physiology ; Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit ; Interleukin-4/genetics/pharmacology/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Interleukin/genetics/immunology/physiology ; Receptors, Interleukin-13 ; Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics/physiology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology ; Th2 Cells/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Mutation of a gene encoding a protein with extracellular matrix motifs in Usher syndrome type IIa (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: Usher syndrome type IIa (OMIM 276901), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss and progressive retinitis pigmentosa, maps to the long arm of human chromosome 1q41 between markers AFM268ZD1 and AFM144XF2. Three biologically important mutations in Usher syndrome type IIa patients were identified in a gene (USH2A) isolated from this critical region. The USH2A gene encodes a protein with a predicted size of 171.5 kilodaltons that has laminin epidermal growth factor and fibronectin type III motifs; these motifs are most commonly observed in proteins comprising components of the basal lamina and extracellular matrixes and in cell adhesion molecules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eudy, J D -- Weston, M D -- Yao, S -- Hoover, D M -- Rehm, H L -- Ma-Edmonds, M -- Yan, D -- Ahmad, I -- Cheng, J J -- Ayuso, C -- Cremers, C -- Davenport, S -- Moller, C -- Talmadge, C B -- Beisel, K W -- Tamayo, M -- Morton, C C -- Swaroop, A -- Kimberling, W J -- Sumegi, J -- 5PO1 DC01813-05/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- DC03402/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- EY07003/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 12;280(5370):1753-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9624053" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 ; Cochlea/chemistry ; Epidermal Growth Factor/chemistry ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Female ; Fibronectins/chemistry ; Frameshift Mutation ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Recessive ; Glycosylation ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/*genetics ; Humans ; Laminin/chemistry ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pedigree ; Retina/chemistry ; Retinitis Pigmentosa/*genetics ; Syndrome ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    DARPP-32: regulator of the efficacy of dopaminergic neurotransmission (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-07
    Description: Dopaminergic neurons exert a major modulatory effect on the forebrain. Dopamine and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein (32 kilodaltons) (DARPP-32), which is enriched in all neurons that receive a dopaminergic input, is converted in response to dopamine into a potent protein phosphatase inhibitor. Mice generated to contain a targeted disruption of the DARPP-32 gene showed profound deficits in their molecular, electrophysiological, and behavioral responses to dopamine, drugs of abuse, and antipsychotic medication. The results show that DARPP-32 plays a central role in regulating the efficacy of dopaminergic neurotransmission.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fienberg, A A -- Hiroi, N -- Mermelstein, P G -- Song, W -- Snyder, G L -- Nishi, A -- Cheramy, A -- O'Callaghan, J P -- Miller, D B -- Cole, D G -- Corbett, R -- Haile, C N -- Cooper, D C -- Onn, S P -- Grace, A A -- Ouimet, C C -- White, F J -- Hyman, S E -- Surmeier, D J -- Girault, J -- Nestler, E J -- Greengard, P -- DA 08227/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA10044/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- F31 DA005794/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH40899/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):838-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694658" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amphetamines/pharmacology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cocaine/pharmacology ; Corpus Striatum/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Dopamine/pharmacology/*physiology ; Dopamine Agents/pharmacology ; Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Targeting ; Genes, fos ; Glutamic Acid/pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism ; *Phosphoproteins ; Phosphorylation ; Raclopride ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Salicylamides/pharmacology ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/metabolism ; *Synaptic Transmission ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Evaluation of dual-tip micromanometers during 21-day implantation in goats (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Investigative research efforts using a cardiovascular model required the determination of central circulatory haemodynamic and arterial system parameters for the evaluation of cardiovascular performance. These calculations required continuous beat-to-beat measurement of pressure within the four chambers of the heart and great vessels. Sensitivity and offset drift, longevity, and sources of error for eight 3F dual-tipped micromanometers were determined during 21 days of implantation in goats. Subjects were instrumented with pairs of chronically implanted fluid-filled access catheters in the left and right ventricles, through which dual-tipped (test) micromanometers were chronically inserted and single-tip (standard) micromanometers were acutely inserted. Acutely inserted sensors were calibrated daily and measured pressures were compared in vivo to the chronically inserted sensors. Comparison of the pre- and post-gain calibration of the chronically inserted sensors showed a mean sensitivity drift of 1.0 +/- 0.4% (99% confidence, n = 9 sensors) and mean offset drift of 5.0 +/- 1.5 mmHg (99% confidence, n = 9 sensors). Potential sources of error for these drifts were identified, and included measurement system inaccuracies, temperature drift, hydrostatic column gradients, and dynamic pressure changes. Based upon these findings, we determined that these micromanometers may be chronically inserted in high-pressure chambers for up to 17 days with an acceptable error, but should be limited to acute (hours) insertions in low-pressure applications.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Medical engineering & physics (ISSN 1350-4533); Volume 20; 6; 410-7
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  • 5
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    Intercomparison of Pulsed Lidar Data with Flight Level CW Lidar Data and Modeled Backscatter from Measured Aerosol Microphysics Near Japan and Hawaii (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Aerosol backscatter coefficient data were examined from two nights near Japan and Hawaii undertaken during NASA's Global Backscatter Experiment (GLOBE) in May-June 1990. During each of these two nights the aircraft traversed different altitudes within a region of the atmosphere defined by the same set of latitude and longitude coordinates. This provided an ideal opportunity to allow flight level focused continuous wave (CW) lidar backscatter measured at 9.11-micron wavelength and modeled aerosol backscatter from two aerosol optical counters to be compared with pulsed lidar aerosol backscatter data at 1.06- and 9.25-micron wavelengths. The best agreement between all sensors was found in the altitude region below 7 km, where backscatter values were moderately high at all three wavelengths. Above this altitude the pulsed lidar backscatter data at 1.06- and 9.25-micron wavelengths were higher than the flight level data obtained from the CW lidar or derived from the optical counters, suggesting sample volume effects were responsible for this. Aerosol microphysics analysis of data near Japan revealed a strong sea-salt aerosol plume extending upward from the marine boundary layer. On the basis of sample volume differences, it was found that large particles were of different composition compared with the small particles for low backscatter conditions.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Paper-98JD01155 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 103; D16; 19,649-19,661
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  • 6
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    Role of the CLOCK protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-11
    Description: The mouse Clock gene encodes a bHLH-PAS protein that regulates circadian rhythms and is related to transcription factors that act as heterodimers. Potential partners of CLOCK were isolated in a two-hybrid screen, and one, BMAL1, was coexpressed with CLOCK and PER1 at known circadian clock sites in brain and retina. CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimers activated transcription from E-box elements, a type of transcription factor-binding site, found adjacent to the mouse per1 gene and from an identical E-box known to be important for per gene expression in Drosophila. Mutant CLOCK from the dominant-negative Clock allele and BMAL1 formed heterodimers that bound DNA but failed to activate transcription. Thus, CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimers appear to drive the positive component of per transcriptional oscillations, which are thought to underlie circadian rhythmicity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gekakis, N -- Staknis, D -- Nguyen, H B -- Davis, F C -- Wilsbacher, L D -- King, D P -- Takahashi, J S -- Weitz, C J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 5;280(5369):1564-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA. 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9616112" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ARNTL Transcription Factors ; Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Biological Clocks ; CLOCK Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Circadian Rhythm/genetics/*physiology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cricetinae ; DNA/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Feedback ; Gene Expression ; Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs ; Male ; Mesocricetus ; Mice ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Period Circadian Proteins ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Retina/metabolism ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Structure of nitric oxide synthase oxygenase dimer with pterin and substrate (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: Crystal structures of the murine cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase oxygenase dimer with active-center water molecules, the substrate L-arginine (L-Arg), or product analog thiocitrulline reveal how dimerization, cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin, and L-Arg binding complete the catalytic center for synthesis of the essential biological signal and cytotoxin nitric oxide. Pterin binding refolds the central interface region, recruits new structural elements, creates a 30 angstrom deep active-center channel, and causes a 35 degrees helical tilt to expose a heme edge and the adjacent residue tryptophan-366 for likely reductase domain interactions and caveolin inhibition. Heme propionate interactions with pterin and L-Arg suggest that pterin has electronic influences on heme-bound oxygen. L-Arginine binds to glutamic acid-371 and stacks with heme in an otherwise hydrophobic pocket to aid activation of heme-bound oxygen by direct proton donation and thereby differentiate the two chemical steps of nitric oxide synthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crane, B R -- Arvai, A S -- Ghosh, D K -- Wu, C -- Getzoff, E D -- Stuehr, D J -- Tainer, J A -- HL58883/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 27;279(5359):2121-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9516116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arginine/chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Biopterin/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Citrulline/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Isoenzymes/chemistry/metabolism ; Ligands ; Macrophages/enzymology ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/*chemistry/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Thiourea/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    An MTP inhibitor that normalizes atherogenic lipoprotein levels in WHHL rabbits (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-23
    Description: Patients with abetalipoproteinemia, a disease caused by defects in the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), do not produce apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. It was hypothesized that small molecule inhibitors of MTP would prevent the assembly and secretion of these atherogenic lipoproteins. To test this hypothesis, two compounds identified in a high-throughput screen for MTP inhibitors were used to direct the synthesis of a highly potent MTP inhibitor. This molecule (compound 9) inhibited the production of lipoprotein particles in rodent models and normalized plasma lipoprotein levels in Watanabe-heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits, which are a model for human homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. These results suggest that compound 9, or derivatives thereof, has potential applications for the therapeutic lowering of atherogenic lipoprotein levels in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wetterau, J R -- Gregg, R E -- Harrity, T W -- Arbeeny, C -- Cap, M -- Connolly, F -- Chu, C H -- George, R J -- Gordon, D A -- Jamil, H -- Jolibois, K G -- Kunselman, L K -- Lan, S J -- Maccagnan, T J -- Ricci, B -- Yan, M -- Young, D -- Chen, Y -- Fryszman, O M -- Logan, J V -- Musial, C L -- Poss, M A -- Robl, J A -- Simpkins, L M -- Slusarchyk, W A -- Sulsky, R -- Taunk, P -- Magnin, D R -- Tino, J A -- Lawrence, R M -- Dickson, J K Jr -- Biller, S A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 23;282(5389):751-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Metabolic Diseases, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA. Wetterau_John_R@msmail.bms.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9784135" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alanine Transaminase/blood ; Animals ; Apolipoproteins B/*blood ; Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood ; Carrier Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Cholesterol/*blood ; Cricetinae ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Design ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Fluorenes/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias/blood/drug therapy ; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/*blood/drug therapy ; Lipids/blood ; Lipoproteins/blood ; Liver/metabolism ; Mice ; Piperidines/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Triglycerides/*blood/metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Genetic evaluation of suspected cases of transient HIV-1 infection of infants (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-06
    Description: Detection of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) on only one or a few occasions in infants born to infected mothers has been interpreted to indicate that infection may be transient rather than persistent. Forty-two cases of suspected transient HIV-1 viremia among 1562 perinatally exposed seroreverting infants and one mother were reanalyzed. HIV-1 env sequences were not found in specimens from 20; in specimens from 6, somatic genetic analysis revealed that specimens were mistakenly attributed to an infant; and in specimens from 17, phylogenetic analysis failed to demonstrate the expected linkage between the infant's and the mother's virus. These findings argue that transient HIV-1 infection, if it exists, will only rarely be satisfactorily documented.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frenkel, L M -- Mullins, J I -- Learn, G H -- Manns-Arcuino, L -- Herring, B L -- Kalish, M L -- Steketee, R W -- Thea, D M -- Nichols, J E -- Liu, S L -- Harmache, A -- He, X -- Muthui, D -- Madan, A -- Hood, L -- Haase, A T -- Zupancic, M -- Staskus, K -- Wolinsky, S -- Krogstad, P -- Zhao, J -- Chen, I -- Koup, R -- Ho, D -- Korber, B -- Apple, R J -- Coombs, R W -- Pahwa, S -- Roberts, N J Jr -- AI27757/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI32910/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UO1-27658/PHS HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 15;280(5366):1073-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. lfrenkel@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9582120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA, Viral/analysis/genetics ; Diagnostic Errors ; Equipment Contamination ; Female ; Genes, env ; HIV Infections/immunology/transmission/*virology ; HIV-1/*genetics/*isolation & purification ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; *Specimen Handling ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology ; Viremia/virology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Towards quantifying mesoscale flows in the troposphere using Raman lidar and Sondes (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Water vapor plays an important role in the energetics of the boundary layer processes which in turn play a key role in regulating regional and global climate. It plays a primary role in Earth's hydrological cycle, in radiation balance as a direct absorber of infrared radiation, and in atmospheric circulation as a latent heat energy source, as well as in determining cloud development and atmospheric stability. Water vapor concentration, expressed as a mass mixing ratio (g kg(exp -l)), is conserved in all meteorological processes except condensation and evaporation. This property makes it an ideal choice for studying many of the atmosphere's dynamic features. Raman scattering measurements from lidar also allow retrieval of water vapor mixing ratio profiles at high temporal and vertical resolution. Raman lidars sense water vapor to altitudes not achievable with towers and surface systems, sample the atmosphere at much higher temporal resolution than radiosondes or satellites, and do not require strong vertical gradients or turbulent fluctuations in temperature that is required by acoustic sounders and radars. Analysis of highly-resolved water vapor profiles are used here to characterize two important mesoscale flows: thunderstorm outflows and a cold front passage. The data were obtained at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Site (CART) by the groundbased Department of Energy/Sandia National Laboratories lidar (CART Raman lidar or CARL) and Goddard Space Flight Center Scanning Raman Lidar (SRL). A detailed discussion of the SRL and CARL performance during the IOPs is given by others in this meeting.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Nineteenth International Laser Radar Conference; 403-406; NASA/CP-1998-207671/PT1
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