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  • Articles  (13)
  • Springer  (13)
  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International
  • 2015-2019
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (13)
  • 1998  (13)
Collection
  • Articles  (13)
Years
  • 2015-2019
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (13)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Inventiones mathematicae 134 (1998), S. 145-176 
    ISSN: 1432-1297
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 184 (1998), S. 231-247 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; compartmentation ; myofilaments ; contraction ; ATPase ; translocase ; ventricle ; atria ; calcium sensitivity ; oxygen consumption ; oxidative capacity ; creatine ; rigor tension ; active tension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes are present in all vertebrates. An important property of the creatine kinase system is that its total activity, its isoform distribution, and the concentration of guanidino substrates are highly variable among species and tissues. In the highly organized structure of adult muscles, it has been shown that specific CK isoenzymes are bound to intracellular compartments, and are functionally coupled to enzymes and transport systems involved in energy production and utilization. It is however, not established whether functional coupling and intracellular compartmentation are present in all vertebrates. Furthermore, these characteristics seem to be different among different muscle types within a given species. This study will review some of these aspects. It has been observed that: (1) In heart ventricle, CK compartmentation and coupling characterize adult mammalian cells. It is almost absent in frogs, and is weakly present in birds. (2) Efficient coupling of MM-CK to myosin ATPase is seen in adult mammalian striated muscles but not in frog and bird heart where B-CK is expressed instead of M-CK. Thus, the functional efficacy of bound MM-CK to regulate adenine nucleotide turnover within the myofibrillar compartment seems to be specific for muscles expressing M-CK as an integral part of the sarcomere. (3) Mi-CK expression and/or functional coupling are highly tissue and species specific; moreover, they are subject to short term and long term adaptations, and are present late in development. The mitochondrial form of CK (mi-CK) can function in two modes depending on the tissue: (i) in an ≪ADP regeneration mode≫ and (ii) in an ≪ADP amplification mode≫. The mode of action of mi-CK seems to be related to its precise localization within the mitochondrial intermembrane space, whereas its amount might control the quantitative aspects of the coupling. Mi-CK is highly plastic, making it a strong candidate for fine regulation of excitation-contraction coupling in muscles and for energy transfer in cells with large and fluctuating energy demands in general. (4) Although CK isoforms show a binding specificity, the presence of a given isoform within a tissue or a species only, does not predict its functional role. For example, M-CK is expressed before it is functionally compartmentalized within myofibrils during development. Similarly, the presence of ubiquitous or sarcomeric mi-CK isoforms, is not an index of functional coupling of mi-CK to oxidative phosphorylation. (5) Amongst species or muscles, it appears that a large buffering action of the CK system is associated with rapid contraction and high glycolytic activity. On the other hand, an oxidative metabolism is associated with isoform diversity, increased compartmentation, a subsequent low buffering action and efficient phosphotransfer between mitochondria and energy utilization sites. It can be concluded that, in addition to a high variation of total activity and isoform expression, the role of the CK system also critically depends on its intracellular organization and interaction with energy producing and utilizing pathways. This compartmentation will determine the high cellular efficiency and fine specialization of highly organized and differentiated muscle cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of computer aided molecular design 12 (1998), S. 309-309 
    ISSN: 1573-4951
    Keywords: de novo design ; protein–ligand interactions ; scoring functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A dataset of 82 protein–ligand complexes of known 3D structure and binding constant Ki was analysed to elucidate the important factors that determine the strength of protein–ligand interactions. The following parameters were investigated: the number and geometry of hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions between the protein and the ligand, the size of the lipophilic contact surface, the flexibility of the ligand, the electrostatic potential in the binding site, water molecules in the binding site, cavities along the protein–ligand interface and specific interactions between aromatic rings. Based on these parameters, a new empirical scoring function is presented that estimates the free energy of binding for a protein–ligand complex of known 3D structure. The function distinguishes between buried and solvent accessible hydrogen bonds. It tolerates deviations in the hydrogen bond geometry of up to 0.25 Å in the length and up to 30 °Cs in the hydrogen bond angle without penalizing the score. The new energy function reproduces the binding constants (ranging from 3.7 × 10-2 M to 1 × 10-14 M, corresponding to binding energies between -8 and -80 kJ/mol) of the dataset with a standard deviation of 7.3 kJ/mol corresponding to 1.3 orders of magnitude in binding affinity. The function can be evaluated very fast and is therefore also suitable for the application in a 3D database search or de novo ligand design program such as LUDI. The physical significance of the individual contributions is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 17 (1998), S. 415-421 
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words RAPD-PCR ; DNA-sequencing ; Vitis vinifera L. ; retrotransposon-like sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When assaying for sequence heterogeneity within monomorphic RAPD-PCR products in grapevines (Vitis spp.), we observed partial digestibility of a marker with the restriction enzyme MspI. The degree of digestion varied reproducibly between different cultivars. To study this phenomenon, two of the amplification products were cloned and sequenced. They show 91.7% similarity to each other. The DNA analysed was found to possess high similarity to retrotransposons from higher plants. This element seems repetitive and dispersed throughout the genome. To our knowledge, this is the first report of retrotransposon-like elements in woody plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The visual computer 14 (1998), S. 488-496 
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Key words: Texture mapping ; Procedural texture ; Texture control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of software engineering 6 (1998), S. 295-321 
    ISSN: 1573-7489
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We have been applying the stakeholder win–win approach to software engineering education. The key stakeholders we are trying to simultaneously satisfy are the students; the industry recipients of our graduates; the software engineering community as parties interested in improved practices; and ourselves as instructors and teaching assistants. In order to satisfy the objectives or win conditions of these stakeholders, we have formed a strategic alliance with the USC Libraries to have software engineering student teams work with Library clients to define, develop, and transition USC digital library applications into operational use. This adds another set of key stakeholders: the Library clients of our class projects. This paper summarizes our experience in developing, conducting, and iterating the course. It concludes by evaluating the degree to which we have been able to meet the stakeholder-determined course objectives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0044-264X
    Keywords: Key words Flavonoids – flavonols – flavones – anthocyanins – bioavailability – antioxidative effects – prevention ; Schlüsselwörter Flavonoide – Flavonole – Flavone – Anthocyane – Bioverfügbarkeit – antioxidative Wirkungen – Prävention ; Abkürzungen DNA = Desoxyribonucleinsäure – LDL = Low-density lipoprotein – HPLC = Hochdruckflüssigchromatografie – IC = Inhibitory concentration – ROS = Reaktive Sauerstoffspezies – SD = Standardabweichung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Flavonoide sind nichtnutritive Pflanzenstoffe, deren Eigenschaften in den letzten Jahren hinsichtlich möglicher protektiver Einflüsse auf chronische Erkrankungen intensiv untersucht wurden. So konnte für Flavonole, Flavone und neuerdings auch Anthocyane in vitro eine teilweise erhebliche antioxidative Aktivität, die vor allem im Abfangen freier Sauerstoffradikale besteht, nachgewiesen werden. In europäischem Obst und Gemüse sind besonders Flavonole, aber auch Anthocyane weit verbreitet. Erhebliche Mengen beider Flavonoide können auch in schwarzem Tee und Rotwein enthalten sein. Diese Lebensmittel stellen mit unterschiedlichen Anteilen die wichtigsten Quellen für die Aufnahme von Flavonolen dar. Während die Absorption der Aglykone seit längerem nachgewiesen ist, konnten erst jüngste Untersuchungen die Absorption von Flavonolglykosiden aus dem Dünndarm belegen. Die durchschnittliche Aufnahme von Flavonolen in der bundesdeutschen Bevölkerung wurde anhand der Daten der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie ermittelt. Sie betrug etwa 11,5 mg pro Person und Tag und stammte überwiegend aus Obst und Gemüse, aber auch aus Tee und Rotwein. In epidemiologischen Studien wurde untersucht, ob die Höhe der Flavonolaufnahme mit dem Auftreten bestimmter Erkrankungen assoziiert ist. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß ein inverses Verhältnis zwischen tödlich verlaufenden Herzinfarkten und dem Umfang der Flavonolaufnahme besteht. Eine inverse Beziehung von Flavonoidaufnahme und dem Risiko von Krebserkrankungen ließ sich bisher in einer von drei Studien nachweisen. Diese Übersicht stellt den aktuellen Wissensstand über Vorkommen, alimentäre Aufnahme, Bioverfügbarkeit und antioxidative Eigenschaften von Flavonolen, Flavonen und Anthocyanen sowie die mit der Flavonoidaufnahme verbundenen Krankheitsrisiken dar. Die möglichen gesundheitlichen Effekte, besonders von Flavonolen, werden vor diesem Hintergrund kritisch beleuchtet und der daraus resultierende Forschungsbedarf genannt.
    Notes: Summary Flavonoids are non-nutritive compounds of plants that have been intensively investigated during the past years due to their possible protective effects against chronic diseases. In vitro studies were able to demonstrate for flavonols, flavones, and most recently also for anthocyanins a considerable antioxidative activity, mainly based on scavenging of oxygen radicals. Flavonols and anthocyanins are commonly found in European fruits and vegetables. In addition, black tea and red wine may have a high content of these compounds. Those food items are the main sources of flavonol consumption each contributing to a different degree to the overall intake. The absorption of a aglycones has been established before. However, only recently could the absorption of flavonolglycosides be demonstrated. The mean intake of flavonols of the German population was calculated using data from the National German Food Consumption Survey. According to this analysis, the daily per capita intake was about 11.5 mg flavonols, mainly derived from fruits and vegetables, but also from black tea and red wine. Epidemiological studies have been directed to investigate the association between flavonol consumption and disease risk. An inverse association between flavonol intake and mortality from myocardial infarction was observed. According to one of three studies, the flavonoid intake can be inversely correlated with cancer risk. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the occurrence, intake, bioavailability, and antioxidative properties of flavonols, flavones, and anthocyanins as well as the associations between flavonol intake and disease risks. Possible health related effects especially of flavonols are critically reflected, and the necessity of further research is outlined.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsSaccharopolyspora erythraea  ;  Erythromycin biosynthetic genes  ;  Mycarose  ;  S-adenosylmethionine-methyltransferase  ;  3 ; 5-epimerase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The gene cluster (ery) governing the biosynthesis of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin A by Saccharopolyspora erythraea contains, in addition to the eryA genes encoding the polyketide synthase, two regions containing genes for later steps in the pathway. The region 5′ of eryA that lies between the known genes ermE (encoding the erythromycin resistance methyltransferase) and eryBIII (encoding a putative S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase), and that contains the gene eryBI (orf2), has now been sequenced. The inferred product of the eryBI gene shows striking sequence similarity to authentic β-glucosidases. Specific mutants were created in eryBI, and the resulting strains were found to synthesise erythromycin A, showing that this gene, despite its position in the biosynthetic gene cluster, is not essential for erythromycin biosynthesis. A␣mutant in eryBIII and a double mutant in eryBI and eryBIII were obtained and the analysis of novel erythromycins produced by these strains confirmed the proposed function of EryBIII as a C-methyltransferase. Also, a chromosomal mutant was constructed for the previously sequenced ORF19 and shown to accumulate erythronolide B, as expected for an eryB mutant and consistent with its proposed role as an epimerase in dTDP-mycarose biosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Climatic change 38 (1998), S. 113-128 
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Compared with other large cities Vienna shows different urban development characteristics. The city has had a zero population growth during 1951–1995, a period of rapid growth elsewhere. In spite of its stagnating population of about 1,6 million Vienna has had development in other areas: a doubling of living floor space, a two and a half-fold increase in total energy consumption, a 60% rise of traffic area. In contrast, forests have been reduced by 20% and grasslands within the city borders by 30%. Of the 34 temperature recording stations in the study area of 1450 km2, nine series passed the quality tests after careful homogenization. Three of these were in the rural environment and were used as reference series for the urban temperature excess at the other six stations in the urbanized area. The urban excess temperatures vary from site to site: from 0.2 K in suburban areas up to 1.6 K in densely built-up areas. The Vienna case study illustrates two features of more than local interest which should be considered in urban climatology as well as in time series studies where the urban temperature excess is regarded as a bias. Firstly, in a city with constant population the urban heat excess shows significant to strongly significant trends of up to 0.6 K in 45 years due to changes in urban morphology and energy consumption. Secondly, the urban heat island and its trend cannot be regarded simply for the city as a whole. There are different absolute levels, different annual variations and different increases of the urban temperature excess in different parts of a city. The urban effect is more strongly influenced by the local surroundings of the site than by the city as a whole. So, if possible, urban heat islands should not be described by a two station approach only (the typical airport-downtown comparison), nor should it rely on regression between population number and heat island.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental astronomy 8 (1998), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1572-9508
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract During the forthcoming years, ESO will implement a large number of CCDs in optical instruments for the Paranal and La Silla observatories. An important step in this process is the CCD characterization and optimization that is done after the device is received from the manufacturer. In order to accommodate the new large CCDs and to interface to the new FIERA controller, ESO is building a new CCD testing facility in Garching. Among the measurements that will be made with this new facility are: quantum efficiency, conversion factor, charge transfer efficiency, dark current, read out noise and cosmetic quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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