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  • Chemistry  (8)
  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • 2020-2021
  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999  (9)
  • 1998  (9)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recombinant production and purification of novel antisense antimicrobial peptide in Escherichia coli (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 57 (1998), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: synthetic antimicrobial peptide ; prochymosin ; recombinant ; expression ; purification ; fusion protein ; inclusion bodies ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fusion protein was genetically engineered that contains an antimicrobial peptide, designated P2, at its carboxy terminus and bovine prochymosin at its amino terminus. Bovine prochymosin was chosen as the fusion partner because of its complete insolubility in Escherichia coli, a property utilized to protect the cells from the toxic effects of the antimicrobial peptide. This fusion protein was purified by centrifugation as an insoluble inclusion body. A methionine linker between prochymosin and the P2 peptide enabled P2 to be released by digestion with cyanogen bromide. Cation exchange HPLC followed by reversed-phase HPLC were used to purify the P2 peptide. The recombinant P2 peptide's molecular mass was confirmed by mass spectrometry to within 0.1% of the theoretical value (2480.9 Da), and the antimicrobial activity of the purified recombinant P2 against E. coli D31 was determined to be identical to that of the chemically synthesized peptide (minimal inhibitory concentration of 5 mg/mL). Although the yield of the fusion protein after expression by the cells was high (16% of the total cell protein), the percentage recovery of the P2 peptide in the inclusion bodies was relatively low, which appears to be due to losses in the cyanogen bromide digestion step. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 57: 55-61, 1998.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atom transfer radical copolymerization kinetics (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Rapid Communications 19 (1998), S. 371-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1022-1336
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Starting from the basic radical mechanism of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), simple expressions are derived for the description of atom transfer radical copolymerization kinetics. It is shown that kinetic parameters are interchangeable between atom transfer and conventional free-radical copolymerization, which is important for two reasons. Firstly, it enables the prediction of the average equilibrium constant (and hence average rate of polymerization) in an ATRP system with two monomers if the corresponding conventional kinetic parameters are known. Secondly, it enables the determination of the relative fractions of propagating radicals by a detailed ATRP study.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of catalytic chain transfer in the free-radical polymerisation of methyl methacrylate and styrene (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 199 (1998), S. 1697-1708 
    Details
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of catalytic chain transfer with bis(boron difluorodimethylglyoximate) cobaltate(II) (COBF) has been studied in the homopolymerisations of methyl methacrylate and styrene. The chain transfer constants were measured using both the Mayo and Chain Length Distribution (CLD) methods over a range of temperatures (40-70°C). The two methods generally agree within 10%. The high values of the chain transfer rate coefficients, ktr (∼107 for MMA), suggest the possibility that the reaction is approaching diffusion control. This is also supported by the high values obtained for the frequency factor (A ∼ 1010). The chain transfer rate coefficients for styrene are approximately two orders of magnitude lower than those obtained for MMA, which can be explained in terms of the formation of cobalt-carbon bonds and the accessibility of β-H sites for hydrogen abstraction from the two different radical chain ends in the case of styrene. High conversion, solution polymerisation experiments on methyl methacrylate in toluene reveal behaviour inconsistent with a simple catalytic mechanism and may suggest deactivation of the catalyst by solvent. On the assumption that the kinetics of catalytic chain transfer can be explained by a classical free-radical mechanism, it is possible to derive information on the chain length dependence of the average termination rate coefficient, 〈kt〉. Applying this approach to methyl methacrylate and styrene at different temperatures, we have found that the chain length effect on 〈kt〉 appears to be independent of both temperature and monomer type.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flux enhancement for membrane filtration of bacterial suspensions using high-frequency backpulsing (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 60 (1998), S. 77-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: membrane fouling ; microfiltration ; backpulsing ; cell recovery ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A promising method for reducing membrane fouling during crossflow microfiltration of biological suspensions is backpulsing. Very short backpulses (0.1-1.0 s) have been used to increase the net flux for washed bacterial suspensions and whole bacterial fermentation broths. The net fluxes under optimum backpulsing conditions for the washed bacteria are approximately 10-fold higher than those obtained during normal crossflow microfiltration operation, whereas only a 2-fold improvement in the net flux is achieved for the fermentation broths. A theory is presented that is based on external fouling during forward filtration and nonuniform cleaning of the membrane during reverse filtration. The model contains an adjustable parameter which is a measure of the cleaning efficiency during backpulsing; the cleaning efficiency found by fitting the model to the experiments increases with increasing frequency and duration of the backpulses. The theory predicts an optimum backpulsing frequency, as was observed experimentally. An economic analysis shows that crossflow microfiltration with backpulsing has lower costs than centrifugation, rotary vacuum filtration, and crossflow microfiltration without backpulsing. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 60: 77-87, 1998.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-dimensional parallel array technology as a new approach to automated combinatorial solid-phase organic synthesis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 61 (1998), S. 33-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: parallel array technology ; solid-phase organic synthesis ; hydroxamic acids ; automated synthesis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automated, 96-well parallel array synthesizer for solid-phase organic synthesis has been designed and constructed. The instrument employs a unique reagent array delivery format, in which each reagent utilized has a dedicated plumbing system. An inert atmosphere is maintained during all phases of a synthesis, and temperature can be controlled via a thermal transfer plate which holds the injection molded reaction block. The reaction plate assembly slides in the X-axis direction, while eight nozzle blocks holding the reagent lines slide in the Y-axis direction, allowing for the extremely rapid delivery of any of 64 reagents to 96 wells. In addition, there are six banks of fixed nozzle blocks, which deliver the same reagent or solvent to eight wells at once, for a total of 72 possible reagents. The instrument is controlled by software which allows the straightforward programming of the synthesis of a larger number of compounds. This is accomplished by supplying a general synthetic procedure in the form of a command file, which calls upon certain reagents to be added to specific wells via lookup in a sequence file. The bottle position, flow rate, and concentration of each reagent is stored in a separate reagent table file. To demonstrate the utility of the parallel array synthesizer, a small combinatorial library of hydroxamic acids was prepared in high throughput mode for biological screening. Approximately 1300 compounds were prepared on a 10 μmole scale (3-5 mg) in a few weeks. The resulting crude compounds were generally 〈80% pure, and were utilized directly for high throughput screening in antibacterial assays. Several active wells were found, and the activity was verified by solution-phase synthesis of analytically pure material, indicating that the system described herein is an efficient means for the parallel synthesis of compounds for lead discovery. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng (Comb Chem) 61:33-45, 1998.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the application of matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry to the determination of chain transfer coefficients in free radical polymerization (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 199 (1998), S. 2403-2408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The chain transfer coefficient (Cs) has been determined for 2-methyl-2-propanethiol (t-Bu-SH) in the solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). Three different analytical methods were investigated. The Mayo and chain length distribution (CLD) methods yielded consistent Cs values of 0.12 and 0.13, respectively, at 60°C. A third, new approach to the evaluation of Cs values was also attempted using Matrix-Assisted-Laser-Desorption-Ionisation (MALDI) Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry to analyse the end-groups of the polymer chains. The values of Cs obtained from MALDI analyses were not consistent with the other two methods and the relative intensities of the peaks with different end-groups were found to be dependent on the selection of cation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow cytometric assays to detect platelet activation and aggregation in device-implanted calves (1998)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 41 (1998), S. 312-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: bovine platelets ; platelet activation ; flow cytometry ; biocompatibility assays ; ventricular-assist devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Cardiovascular device development often relies upon large-animal models to assess blood biocompatibility prior to initiating clinical trials. Unfortunately, the amount of information gleaned from such trials is limited by simple assays that do not take full advantage of immuno-technological advances that increasingly are applied in clinical studies. Thus we have developed and tested new flow cytometric techniques for measuring circulating activated bovine platelets and platelet microaggregates. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against both activated and quiescent bovine platelets were incubated with control and PMA- or ADP-stimulated whole blood. Selected MAbs detected activated bovine platelets and platelet microaggregates in vitro with flow cytometry. Five calves implanted with one of two designs of nonpulsatile ventricular-assist devices (VADs) were followed with these assays prior to and during VAD implantation. Circulating activated bovine platelets and microaggregates increased after implantation in all animals and, alternatively, remained elevated or returned toward preimplant levels. Platelet activation percentages as detected temporally by three MAbs were correlated with one another, and platelet activation was correlated with microaggregate formation. In summary, these new methods for the sensitive measurement of circulating activated bovine platelets and microaggregates may provide valuable information for the development and assessment of future cardiovascular device designs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 41, 312-321, 1998.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The identification of peptide modifications derived from gel-separated proteins using electrospray triple quadrupole and ion trap analyses (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 19 (1998), S. 989-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Microelectrospray ; Ion trap-mass spectrometry ; Peptide modifications ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Microspray tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in combination with database search routines has become a powerful tool for the identification of proteins from femtomole amounts of material following gel electrophoresis and in-gel digestion procedures. However, artifactual modification of susceptible residues can arise during gel electrophoresis, leading to unexpected peptide mass shifts during mass analysis. Consequently, collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra generated from these derivatized peptides can defy direct interpretation by automated database search routines and remain unidentified. Here, we evaluate the MS/MS spectra of peptides carrying oxidized derivatives of tryptophane and methionine residues, and various modifications of cysteine. We demonstrate that certain of these modifications generate characteristic fragmentation patterns or “fingerprints”, during CID analysis, the knowledge of which can facilitate the interpretation of the spectra. We will show that these signature fragment ions are predominantly produced during the CID analysis of singly charged ions although they can be observed in the MS/MS spectra of the doubly charged species as well. In other cases, the CID spectrum lacks a characteristic fingerprint and the modification remains silent. However, CID spectra of related peptides, differing only by their modifications, are similar and all or part of the fragment ion spectra will have shifted by a discreet mass, which facilitates the identification of the modified residue. At the same time, the comparison of related spectra can prevent misinterpretations such as the assignment of a residue mass to the wrong amino acid or a neutral loss fragment ion to a y- or b-ion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150190614
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  • 9
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    Genome sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans: Chlamydia trachomatis (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-23
    Description: Analysis of the 1,042,519-base pair Chlamydia trachomatis genome revealed unexpected features related to the complex biology of chlamydiae. Although chlamydiae lack many biosynthetic capabilities, they retain functions for performing key steps and interconversions of metabolites obtained from their mammalian host cells. Numerous potential virulence-associated proteins also were characterized. Several eukaryotic chromatin-associated domain proteins were identified, suggesting a eukaryotic-like mechanism for chlamydial nucleoid condensation and decondensation. The phylogenetic mosaic of chlamydial genes, including a large number of genes with phylogenetic origins from eukaryotes, implies a complex evolution for adaptation to obligate intracellular parasitism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stephens, R S -- Kalman, S -- Lammel, C -- Fan, J -- Marathe, R -- Aravind, L -- Mitchell, W -- Olinger, L -- Tatusov, R L -- Zhao, Q -- Koonin, E V -- Davis, R W -- AI 39258/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 23;282(5389):754-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Infectious Diseases, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ctgenome@socrates.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9784136" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acids/biosynthesis ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Chlamydia trachomatis/classification/*genetics/metabolism/physiology ; DNA Repair ; Energy Metabolism ; Enzymes/chemistry/genetics ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Humans ; Lipids/biosynthesis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptidoglycan/biosynthesis/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transformation, Bacterial ; Virulence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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