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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (50)
  • Engineering General  (43)
  • ASTROPHYSICS
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • 1995-1999  (111)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1935-1939
  • 1996  (111)
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  • 1995-1999  (111)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1935-1939
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bone tissue-specific transcription of the osteocalcin gene: Role of an activator osteoblast-specific complex and suppressor hox proteins that bind the OC box (1996)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 61 (1996), S. 310-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: osteocalcin ; transcriptional regulation ; homeodomain protein ; Msx ; bone-specific ; OC box ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Bone-specific expression of the osteocalcin gene is transcriptionally controlled. Deletion analysis of osteocalcin promoter sequences by transient transfection of osseous (ROS 17/2.8) and nonosseous (R2 fibroblast) cells revealed that the most proximal 108 nucleotides are sufficient to confer tissue-specific expression. By gel mobility shift assays with wild-type and mutated oligonucleotides and nuclear extracts from several different cell lines we identified a novel transcription factor complex which exhibits sequence-specific interactions with the primary transcriptional element, the OC box (nt -99 to -76). This OC box binding protein (OCBP) is present only in osteoblast-like cells. Methylation interference demonstrated association of the factor with OC box sequences overlapping the Msx homeodomain consensus binding site. By assaying several mutations of the OC box, both in gel shift and transient transfection studies using ROS 17/2.8, we show the following. First, binding of OCBP correlates with osteocalcin promoter activity in ROS 17/2.8 cells. Increased binding leads to a 2-3-fold increase in transcription, while decreased binding results in transcription 30-40% of control. Second, homeodomain protein binding suppresses transcription. However, Msx expression is critical for full development of the bone phenotype as determined by antisense studies. Last, we show that one of the mutations of the OC box permits expression of osteocalcin in non-osseous cell lines. In summary, we demonstrate association of at least two classes of tissue-restricted transcription factors with the OC box element, the OCBP and Msx proteins, supporting the concept that these sequences contribute to defining tissue specificity. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OPTIMAL DESIGN FOR NON-STEADY-STATE METAL FORMING PROCESSES - I. SHAPE OPTIMIZATION METHOD (1996)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 33-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element method ; shape optimization ; sensitivity analysis ; forming process ; optimal design ; forging ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We suggest a shape optimization method for a non-linear and non-steady-state metal forming problem. It consists in optimizing the initial shape of the part as well as the shape of the preform tool during a two-step forging operation, for which the shape of the second operation is known. Shapes are described using spline functions and optimal parameter values of the splines are searched in order to produce, at the end of the forging sequence, a part with a prescribed geometric accuracy, optimal metallurgical properties and for a minimal production cost. The finite element method, including numerous remeshing operations, is used for the simulation of the process. We suggest using a least-squares-type algorithm for the unconstrained optimization method (based on external penalty) for which we describe the calculation of the derivatives of the objective function. We show that it can reduce to calculations which are equivalent to the derivative calculations of steady-state processes and to evolution equations. Therefore, the computational cost of such an optimization is quite reasonable, even for complex forging processes. Lastly, in order to reduce the errors due to the numerous remeshings during the simulation, we introduce error estimation and adaptive remeshing methods with respect to the calculation of derivatives.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR THE EXTERIOR STRUCTURAL ACOUSTICS PROBLEM: TIME-DEPENDENT RADIATION BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN TWO SPACE DIMENSIONS (1996)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 1635-1657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element method ; radiation boundary conditions ; absorbing boundary conditions ; discontinuous Galerkin method ; structural acoustics ; wave equation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A time-discontinuous Galerkin space-time finite element method is formulated for the exterior structural acoustics problem in two space dimensions. The problem is posed over a bounded computational domain with local time-dependent radiation (absorbing) boundary conditions applied to the fluid truncation boundary. Absorbing boundary conditions are incorporated as ‘natural’ boundary conditions in the space-time variational equation, i.e. they are enforced weakly in both space and time. Following Bayliss and Turkel, time-dependent radiation boundary conditions for the two-dimensional wave equation are developed from an asymptotic approximation to the exact solution in the frequency domain expressed in negative powers of a non-dimensional wavenumber. In this paper, we undertake a brief development of the time-dependent radiation boundary conditions, establishing their relationship to the exact impedance (Dirichlet-to-Neumann map) for the acoustic fluid, and characterize their accuracy when implemented in our space-time finite element formulation for transient structural acoustics. Stability estimates are reported together with an analysis of the positive form of the matrix problem emanating from the space-time variational equations for the coupled fluid-structure system. Several numerical simulations of transient radiation and scattering in two space dimensions are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the space-time method.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OPTIMAL DESIGN FOR NON-STEADY-STATE METAL FORMING PROCESSES - II. APPLICATION OF SHAPE OPTIMIZATION IN FORGING (1996)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 51-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element method ; shape optimization ; sensitivity analysis ; forging ; preform design ; optimal design ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper is the second part of a two-part article about shape optimization of metal forming processes. This part is focused on numerical applications of the optimization method which has been described in the first paper. The main feature of this work is the analytical calculations of the derivatives of the objective function for a non-linear, non-steady-state problem with large deformations. The calculations are based on the differentiation of the discrete objective function and on the differentiation of the discrete equations of the forging problem. Our aim here is to show the feasibility and the efficiency of such a method with numerical examples. We recall the formulation and the resolution of the direct problem of hot axisymmetrical forging. Then, a first type of shape optimization problem is considered: the optimization of the shape of the initial part for a one-step forging operation. Two academic problems allow for checking the accuracy of the analytical derivatives, and for studying the convergence rate of the optimization procedure. Both constrained and unconstrained problems are considered. Afterwards, a second type of inverse problem of design is considered: the shape optimization of the preforming tool, for a two-step forging process. A satisfactory shape is obtained after few iterations of the optimization procedure.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A VELOCITY BASED APPROACH INCLUDING ACCELERATION TO THE FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTATION OF VISCOPLASTIC PROBLEMS (1996)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 3439-3451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element computation ; viscoplastic Norton-Hoff law ; metal forming ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We present a velocity based approach including acceleration to the finite element computation of metal forming problems, based on the viscoplastic Norton-Hoff law. In order to reduce computational cost, we suggest substituting the classical solution procedure based on standard Newton-Raphson method for solving the set of non-linear equations, with a new one which needs only one computation inside a time step and which is based on the linearization of the non-linear equations over time. The new procedure was introduced as an option in the existing computer code FORGE2©. Some examples are used for comparison between the classical procedure and the new one. They show that the new procedure is stable and accurate, and in comparison to the classical one it reduces the total number of resolutions of linear systems. Therefore, significant computer time reduction can be expected for 3-D problems.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermally Stable Self-assembling Open-Frameworks: Isostructural Cs+ and (CH3)4N+ Iron Germanium Sulfides (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 129 (1996), S. 283-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Self-assembling frameworks ; Thermal stability ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Here we report on investigations that have revealed for the first time that the Cs+ ion templates the same metal germanium sulfide open-framework as (CH3)4N+ (TMA+), and that metal complexing agents enhance crystal size by at least two orders of magnitude. The synthesis, structures and thermal properties of Cs2FeGe4S10 ·× H2O and TMA2FeGe4S10 are also described. Both have 3D zinc blende-type open-framework structures. These materials have the same connectivity as TMA2MnGe4S10. The tetrahedral sites in the lattice are alternately substituted by pseudo-tetrahedral Fe2+ and adamantanoid Ge4S104- building blocks, covalently linked together by Fe(μ-S)Ge bridge bonds, to give a tetragonal unit cell. The charge-balance of the anionic framework [Fe-Ge4S10]2- is maintained by either Cs+ or TMA+ ions in the cavity spaces. Synthesis of these materials demonstrates an interesting example of a self-assembly process in which a 3D framework is built from molecular precursors. Water adsorption-desorption cycling from room temperature to 200 °C reveals framework flexibility between larger and smaller tetragonal unit cell 14 isotypes. The compound TMA2FeGe4S10 is stable in nitrogen at 350 °C and under vacuum at 450 °C. The corresponding temperatures for Cs2FeGe4S10 are 530 °C and 630°C; it is stable on cooling to room temperature under vacuum, and after subsequent exposure to air. Six hundred thirty degrees celsius is the highest recorded temperature at which the integrity of a non-oxide framework has been maintained. The framework stability and flexibility of “all-inorganic” Cs2FeGe4S10 provides an encouraging example for researchers interested in developing sulfide-based framework materials with practical applications.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19961290307
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Synthetic and Theoretical Study of the Aggregation of Amidoaluminium Hydrides: Solid-State Structure of the Trimethylamine Adduct [(Me3Si)2NA1(Cl)(H) · NMe3] (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 129 (1996), S. 545-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alane ; Association ; Hydride ; Amido ; Amide ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The amidoaluminium hydride complexes [(Me3Si)2NA1(X)(H) · NMe3], X = H (1), Cl (2), were prepared by the metallation of bis(trimethylsilyl)amine by Al(X)(H)2 · NMe3 (X = H and Cl). The molecular structure of 2 as a monomeric Lewis base adduct with four-coordinate aluminium centres and terminal amido groups was confirmed by X-ray crystal structure determination. We also find that bis(trimethylsilyl)amine forms a thermally stable adduct of alane, (Me3Si)2N(H) · AlH3 (3). Ab initio molecular orbital calculations on the possible products arising from these reactions yielding 1 and 2 revealed that the amido-bridged species, {(μ-H2N)Al(X)H}2 (X = H and Cl), are favoured over nitrogen donor Lewis base adduct formation, H2NAl(X)(H) · NH3 (X = H and Cl), and then chloro-bridged, {H2NAl(μ-X)(H)}2, (X = Cl only), and hydrido-bridged species, {H2NAl(X)(μ-H)}2 (X = H and Cl).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19961290511
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Catalytic Ring-opening Cyclooligomerization (ROC) of Thietane by the Complexes M(CO)5L (M = Cr and W; L = CO, thietane and 1,5,9-Trithiacyclododecane) (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 129 (1996), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Thietane ; Catalysis ; Tungsten ; Macrocycle ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The following four compounds have been synthesized: M(CO)5L (3 and 4, where M = Cr and W, and L = H2), W(CO)5(12S3) (5, where 12S3 = 1,5,9-trithia-cyclododecane), and [W(CO)5]2(12S3) (6). The molecular structures of 4 and 5 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Both compounds contain a W(CO)5 group coordinated to one of the sulfur atoms of the hetero-cycle. The ability of the compounds M(CO)6, 1 and 2 (M = Cr and W), and 3 - 5 to catalytically produce ring opening cyclooligomerization (ROC) of thietane into 12S3 and 24S6, (24S6 = 1,5,9,13,17,21-hexathiacyclotetracosane) has been investigated. Compounds 1 - 3 have relatively low activity. Compounds 4 and 5 have the highest activity and selectivity for 12S3 formation. Crystal Data for 4: space group = P212121, a = 12.906(2) Å, b = 13.730(4) Å, c = 6.427(1) Å, Z = 4, 1306 reflections, R = 0.033; for 5: space group = P1¯, a = 12.703(1) Å, b = 13.510(2) Å, c = 5.833(1) Å, α = 101.75(1)°, β = 97.54(1)°, γ = 101.70(1)°, Z = 2, 2225 reflections, R = 0.023.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19961290311
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    A dual reciprocity formulation for elasticity problems with body forces using augmented thin plate splines (1996)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 209-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: boundary element method ; dual reciprocity ; radial basis functions ; augmented thin plate splines ; body forces ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a novel dual reciprocity formulation for elasticity problems with body forces in which the approximating functions are given in terms of augmented thin plate splines (ATPS). It is shown that the ATPS approximation is capable of correctly representing gravitational and centrifugal body forces, and provides superior accuracy for general load cases.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    A least-squares finite element scheme for the RLW equation (1996)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1996), S. 795-804 
    Details
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: RLW equation ; finite element methods ; Petrov-Galerkin ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The RLW equation is solved by a least-squares technique using linear space-time finite elements. In simulations of the migration of a single solitary wave this algorithm is shown to have higher accuracy and better conservation than a recent difference scheme based on cubic spline interpolation functions. In addition, for very small amplitude waves (≤ 0.09) it has higher accuracy than an approach using quadratic B-spline finite elements within Galerkin's method. The development of an undular bore is modelled.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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