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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strain Tolerant Porous Silicon Nitride (1997)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An approach to material strain tolerance, which basically makes it possible to lower the elastic modulus while retaining strength, was experimentally confirmed using as an example a porous silicon nitride composed of oriented anisotropic grains and pores. The porous structure consisting of tightly tangled rodlike grains and anisotropic pores was obtained by using β-Si3N4 whiskers. This material exhibited a low Youngs modulus while retaining a relatively high fracture stress, even though it contained 14.4% porosity. Consequently, the strain to failure of silicon nitride was appreciably increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb02856.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deterring nuclear weapons proliferation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 17 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the wake of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the problem of nuclear proliferation has become one of the primary issues of strategic concern The proliferation problem is an old one, but the problem today is very different from that of even a few years ago. calling for new approaches. By considering demand and supply factors, the old approaches that rely on limits on the technology or supply appear inadequate in the current situation Rather, the best approaches today are those that influence demand, making it less attractive for nations to develop nuclear weapons. The constraints on the United States that inhibit it from using its nuclear weapons to threaten new nuclear states make both nuclear deterrence and guarantees to countries not acquiring such weapons ineffectual in preventing further proliferation. The use of conventional forces to prevent proliferation or to protect threatened nations may also be politically difficult unless there are clear national interests at stake.A possible way out of this dilemma is to develop a system of conventional deterrence using precision guided munitions and other recent technological developments that have increased the accuracy of weapons delivery systems. Such a system of conventional deterrence could play an important role in making nuclear weapons of less perceived value to potentially proliferating nations and in protecting regions that these nations threaten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00051
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Femtosecond dynamics of the optical Stark effect in semiconductor-doped glass (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 1093-1095 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report the observation of the optical Stark shift in CdSxSe1−x semiconductor-doped glass excited under nonresonant below gap condition and probed with femtosecond optical pulses. An ultrafast and pure light-induced shift of the band edge is observed. The measured dependence of the band edge shift with the pump pulse peak intensity is linear for pump intensities up to 0.3 GW/cm2. Above this value, departure from linearity is observed. For a pump intensity of 3 GW/cm2, the band shifts by 11 meV. The response of the shift tracks the profile of the pumping pulse. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.115723
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auger decay of the molecular field split S 2p core excited states in HS radical (1997)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 106 (1997), S. 18-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using synchrotron radiation, very high resolution electron spectra at the 2p→6a1 and 2p→3b2 resonances of H2S have been recorded. Auger transitions from molecular field split S 2p hole states of HS* fragment, created by fast dissociation of the core excited H2S, are found to reveal different partial rates depending on the symmetry of the final state. The experiments have made it possible to determine, for the first time, the molecular field splitting of the core levels in a free radical. The molecular field splitting between the 3σ1/2 and 1π3/2 ("2p3/2'') levels in the HS* fragment is found to be 90(5) meV, which significantly differs from the molecular field splitting of the "S 2p3/2'' levels in the H2S molecule. Resonant Auger decay in the molecule before dissociation is also observed. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.473035
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Site-selective participator decay of core-excited butadiene (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 105 (1996), S. 10719-10724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The decay of core-excited electronic states in free 1,3 trans butadiene molecules has been studied using high-resolution synchrotron radiation and electron spectrometry. The core-level energy shift between the terminal and central carbon atoms is 0.64 eV making selective excitation of core electrons from these atoms possible. Resonant excitation to the au(π*) valence state leads to autoionizing decay channels which proceed according to the atomic site in the molecule. The radiationless decay is localized, and certain molecular orbitals are excluded from the decay depending upon the site of the core hole. This phenomenon is confirmed by semiempirical INDO calculations based upon the equivalent core approximation. The vibrational structure of the resonances below the carbon K edge has been measured and fit to extract vibrational energies and intensities, chemical shifts, and the lifetimes of the centrally and terminally excited states. The C 1s spectrum is also measured with vibrational resolution and the energies of the normal vibrational modes are extracted. The bond lengths are derived by application of a linear coupling analysis. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.472874
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experiments on Joule heating and the dissipation of energy in the Earth's core (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 127 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: We present measurements of Joule heat production in a fluid gallium vortex permeated by a uniform transverse magnetic field. We find that the Joule heat production increases as the square of the imposed field intensity for weak and moderately strong magnetic fields and magnetic Reynolds numbers up to about one. For stronger magnetic fields. Lorentz forces destroy the 2-D structure of the vortex and the Joule heat production becomes nearly independent of the intensity of the imposed magnetic field. We derive scaling laws relating fluid velocity in the vortex, imposed magnetic field intensity and Joule heat production, for both low and high magnetic Reynolds number regimes. Application of these laws to magnetic induction in the Earth's fluid core indicates that Joule heat production by this mechanism is large enough to limit the intensity of magnetic fields within the core.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb04724.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Relative Cost Structures of Competing Grocery Supply Chains (1996)
    Bradford : Emerald
    The @international journal of logistics management 7 (1996), S. 49-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0957-4093
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Traditionally, research into supply chain management has focused on increasing the availability of products and reducing the cost of doing so by concentrating on coordination between supply chain members. Significant improvements have been made in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of supply chains. In this paper we compare the relative costs of different supply chains for grocery products. There appear to be fewer opportunities for improvement in supply chain management by improving availability or reducing logistics costs and more in examining the internal costs of individual supply chain members. Data on one product type, margarine, is used to illustrate the substantial differences in supply chain costs for similar products depending upon the type of manufacturer and type of retail format in competing supply chains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09574099610805430
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    3,3,6,6-Tetramethyl-9-(2-nitrophenyl)-3,4,5,6,9,10-hexahydroacridine-1,8(2H,7H)-dione (1996)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 52 (1996), S. 2811-2814 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270196008530
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N-(5-Nitro-2-pyrrolidinylphenyl)trifluoroacetamide (1997)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 53 (1997), S. 492-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270196014679
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isothermal Structural Evolution of SnO2 Monolithic Porous Xerogels (1997)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 30 (1997), S. 664-669 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Monolithic samples of SnO2 xerogel were produced by careful control of the gelation and drying steps of material preparation. In these samples, small and nanoporous aggregates stick together, yielding a monolithic (nonpowdered) material. The material was analyzed by in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) during isothermal treatment at temperatures ranging from 473 to 773 K. At 473 K, the SAXS intensity does not change significantly with time. All experimental scattering intensity functions for T 〉 473 K are composed of two wide peaks, which evolve with increasing time. Each of them was associated with one of the modes of a bimodal distribution of pore sizes corresponding to a fine (intra-aggregate) and a coarse (inter-aggregate) porosity. The SAXS intensities of the maxima of both peaks increase with increasing treatment time, while the position of their maxima, associated with an average correlation distance, decreases. The time dependences of the SAXS intensity corresponding to both families of pores qualitatively agree with those expected for a two-phase separating system exhibiting dynamic scaling properties. The time evolutions of the several moments of the structure function of samples heat treated at 773 K exhibit a good quantitative agreement with the theory of dynamic scaling for systems evolving by a coagulation mechanism. The kinetic parameters are the same for both peaks, indicating that the same mechanism is responsible for the structural evolution of both families of pores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889897002434
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