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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (257)
  • 1995-1999  (257)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1995  (257)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 1995-12-15
    Description: The crystal structure of the V alpha domain of a T cell antigen receptor (TCR) was determined at a resolution of 2.2 angstroms. This structure represents an immunoglobulin topology set different from those previously described. A switch in a polypeptide strand from one beta sheet to the other enables a pair of V alpha homodimers to pack together to form a tetramer, such that the homodimers are parallel to each other and all hypervariable loops face in one direction. On the basis of the observed mode of V alpha association, a model of an (alpha beta)2 TCR tetramer can be positioned relative to the major histocompatibility complex class II (alpha beta)2 tetramer with the third hypervariable loop of V alpha over the amino-terminal portion of the antigenic peptide and the corresponding loop of V beta over its carboxyl-terminal residues. TCR dimerization that is mediated by the alpha chain may contribute to the coupling of antigen recognition to signal transduction during T cell activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fields, B A -- Ober, B -- Malchiodi, E L -- Lebedeva, M I -- Braden, B C -- Ysern, X -- Kim, J K -- Shao, X -- Ward, E S -- Mariuzza, R A -- AI31592/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM52801/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Dec 15;270(5243):1821-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8525376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/*chemistry/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1995-08-04
    Description: Phosphoinositide-3 kinase activity is implicated in diverse cellular responses triggered by mammalian cell surface receptors and in the regulation of protein sorting in yeast. Receptors with intrinsic and associated tyrosine kinase activity recruit heterodimeric phosphoinositide-3 kinases that consist of p110 catalytic subunits and p85 adaptor molecules containing Src homology 2 (SH2) domains. A phosphoinositide-3 kinase isotype, p110 gamma, was cloned and characterized. The p110 gamma enzyme was activated in vitro by both the alpha and beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins (G proteins) and did not interact with p85. A potential pleckstrin homology domain is located near its amino terminus. The p110 gamma isotype may link signaling through G protein-coupled receptors to the generation of phosphoinositide second messengers phosphorylated in the D-3 position.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stoyanov, B -- Volinia, S -- Hanck, T -- Rubio, I -- Loubtchenkov, M -- Malek, D -- Stoyanova, S -- Vanhaesebroeck, B -- Dhand, R -- Nurnberg, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Aug 4;269(5224):690-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Research Unit in Growth Factor Signal Transduction, Medical Faculty, University of Jena, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7624799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Cloning, Molecular ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*physiology ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/pharmacology ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Phosphatidylinositols/metabolism ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1995-12-22
    Description: A physical map has been constructed of the human genome containing 15,086 sequence-tagged sites (STSs), with an average spacing of 199 kilobases. The project involved assembly of a radiation hybrid map of the human genome containing 6193 loci and incorporated a genetic linkage map of the human genome containing 5264 loci. This information was combined with the results of STS-content screening of 10,850 loci against a yeast artificial chromosome library to produce an integrated map, anchored by the radiation hybrid and genetic maps. The map provides radiation hybrid coverage of 99 percent and physical coverage of 94 percent of the human genome. The map also represents an early step in an international project to generate a transcript map of the human genome, with more than 3235 expressed sequences localized. The STSs in the map provide a scaffold for initiating large-scale sequencing of the human genome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hudson, T J -- Stein, L D -- Gerety, S S -- Ma, J -- Castle, A B -- Silva, J -- Slonim, D K -- Baptista, R -- Kruglyak, L -- Xu, S H -- Hu, X -- Colbert, A M -- Rosenberg, C -- Reeve-Daly, M P -- Rozen, S -- Hui, L -- Wu, X -- Vestergaard, C -- Wilson, K M -- Bae, J S -- Maitra, S -- Ganiatsas, S -- Evans, C A -- DeAngelis, M M -- Ingalls, K A -- Nahf, R W -- Horton, L T Jr -- Anderson, M O -- Collymore, A J -- Ye, W -- Kouyoumjian, V -- Zemsteva, I S -- Tam, J -- Devine, R -- Courtney, D F -- Renaud, M T -- Nguyen, H -- O'Connor, T J -- Fizames, C -- Faure, S -- Gyapay, G -- Dib, C -- Morissette, J -- Orlin, J B -- Birren, B W -- Goodman, N -- Weissenbach, J -- Hawkins, T L -- Foote, S -- Page, D C -- Lander, E S -- HG00017/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG00098/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Dec 22;270(5244):1945-54.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead-MIT Center for Genome Research, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8533086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; *Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast ; Databases, Factual ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Markers ; *Genome, Human ; *Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Hybrid Cells ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Sequence Tagged Sites
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1995-05-12
    Description: The borders of human visual areas V1, V2, VP, V3, and V4 were precisely and noninvasively determined. Functional magnetic resonance images were recorded during phase-encoded retinal stimulation. This volume data set was then sampled with a cortical surface reconstruction, making it possible to calculate the local visual field sign (mirror image versus non-mirror image representation). This method automatically and objectively outlines area borders because adjacent areas often have the opposite field sign. Cortical magnification factor curves for striate and extrastriate cortical areas were determined, which showed that human visual areas have a greater emphasis on the center-of-gaze than their counterparts in monkeys. Retinotopically organized visual areas in humans extend anteriorly to overlap several areas previously shown to be activated by written words.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sereno, M I -- Dale, A M -- Reppas, J B -- Kwong, K K -- Belliveau, J W -- Brady, T J -- Rosen, B R -- Tootell, R B -- EY07980/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- MH47035/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NICHD22614/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 May 12;268(5212):889-93.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0515, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7754376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping/*methods ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Cortex/anatomy & histology/*physiology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1995-02-17
    Description: Skeletal muscle differentiation entails the coordination of muscle-specific gene expression and terminal withdrawal from the cell cycle. This cell cycle arrest in the G0 phase requires the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb). The function of Rb is negatively regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), which are controlled by Cdk inhibitors. Expression of MyoD, a skeletal muscle-specific transcriptional regulator, activated the expression of the Cdk inhibitor p21 during differentiation of murine myocytes and in nonmyogenic cells. MyoD-mediated induction of p21 did not require the tumor suppressor protein p53 and correlated with cell cycle withdrawal. Thus, MyoD may induce terminal cell cycle arrest during skeletal muscle differentiation by increasing the expression of p21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halevy, O -- Novitch, B G -- Spicer, D B -- Skapek, S X -- Rhee, J -- Hannon, G J -- Beach, D -- Lassar, A B -- F32ARO8214-01A1/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- N01-HD-6-2915/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Feb 17;267(5200):1018-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7863327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Carrier Proteins ; *Cell Cycle ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Cyclins/*biosynthesis/genetics ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; E2F Transcription Factors ; G0 Phase ; Humans ; Mice ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics ; Muscle, Skeletal/*cytology/metabolism ; MyoD Protein/*physiology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Retinoblastoma Protein/physiology ; Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1 ; Transcription Factor DP1 ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/physiology ; *Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1995-02-03
    Description: Members of the myocyte enhancer binding factor-2 (MEF2) family of MADS (MCM1, agamous, deficiens, and serum response factor) box transcription factors are expressed in the skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle lineages of vertebrate and Drosophila embryos. These factors bind an adenine-thymidine-rich DNA sequence associated with muscle-specific genes. The function of MEF2 was determined by generating a loss-of-function of the single mef2 gene in Drosophila (D-mef2). In loss-of-function embryos, somatic, cardiac, and visceral muscle cells did not differentiate, but myoblasts were normally specified and positioned. These results demonstrate that different muscle cell types share a common myogenic differentiation program controlled by MEF2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lilly, B -- Zhao, B -- Ranganayakulu, G -- Paterson, B M -- Schulz, R A -- Olson, E N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Feb 3;267(5198):688-93.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7839146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics ; Cell Differentiation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila/*embryology/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Homeobox ; Genes, Insect ; Genes, Regulator ; Genetic Complementation Test ; MEF2 Transcription Factors ; Mesoderm/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscles/cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Mutagenesis ; Myogenic Regulatory Factors ; Myosins/biosynthesis/genetics ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Transcription Factors/analysis/*genetics/physiology
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1995-01-27
    Description: There has been a long history of unexplained anomalous absorption of solar radiation by clouds. Collocated satellite and surface measurements of solar radiation at five geographically diverse locations showed significant solar absorption by clouds, resulting in about 25 watts per square meter more global-mean absorption by the cloudy atmosphere than predicted by theoretical models. It has often been suggested that tropospheric aerosols could increase cloud absorption. But these aerosols are temporally and spatially heterogeneous, whereas the observed cloud absorption is remarkably invariant with respect to season and location. Although its physical cause is unknown, enhanced cloud absorption substantially alters our understanding of the atmosphere's energy budget.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cess, R D -- Zhang, M H -- Minnis, P -- Corsetti, L -- Dutton, E G -- Forgan, B W -- Garber, D P -- Gates, W L -- Hack, J J -- Harrison, E F -- Jing, X -- Kiehi, J T -- Long, C N -- Morcrette, J J -- Potter, G L -- Ramanathan, V -- Subasilar, B -- Whitlock, C H -- Young, D F -- Zhou, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Jan 27;267(5197):496-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17788783" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1995-07-28
    Description: There are two stereochemical classes of hydratase-dehydratase enzymes. Those that catalyze the addition of water to alpha, beta-unsaturated thioesters give syn addition-elimination stereochemistry, whereas those that catalyze the addition of water to conjugated carboxylate substrates give anti stereochemistry. This dichotomy could reflect different adaptive advantages or contingencies of separate evolutionary histories. Determination of the nonenzymatic stereochemistry of deuterium oxide addition to fumarate and to S-crotonyl N-acetylcysteamine has provided direct evidence for the importance of the contingencies of evolutionary history, rather than chemical efficiency, in the pathways of these hydratase-dehydratase enzymes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mohrig, J R -- Moerke, K A -- Cloutier, D L -- Lane, B D -- Person, E C -- Onasch, T B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Jul 28;269(5223):527-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7624773" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Catalysis ; Cysteamine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry ; Deuterium Oxide/chemistry ; Enoyl-CoA Hydratase/metabolism ; Fumarate Hydratase/metabolism ; Fumarates/chemistry ; Hydro-Lyases/*metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; Molecular Conformation ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1995-06-16
    Description: Analysis of data collected on 131 species of primates, bats, and insectivores showed that the sizes of brain components, from medulla to forebrain, are highly predictable from absolute brain size by a nonlinear function. The order of neurogenesis was found to be highly conserved across a wide range of mammals and to correlate with the relative enlargement of structures as brain size increases, with disproportionately large growth occurring in late-generated structures. Because the order of neurogenesis is conserved, the most likely brain alteration resulting from selection for any behavioral ability may be a coordinated enlargement of the entire nonolfactory brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finlay, B L -- Darlington, R B -- NS19245/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Jun 16;268(5217):1578-84.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Uris Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777856" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology/cytology/growth & development ; Cell Division ; Chiroptera/anatomy & histology ; Databases, Factual ; Humans ; Insectivora/anatomy & histology ; Mammals/*anatomy & histology ; Models, Neurological ; Models, Statistical ; Neurons/*cytology ; Primates/anatomy & histology ; Regression Analysis ; Species Specificity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1995-12-15
    Description: The widely used antitumor drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin or cis-DDP) reacts with DNA, cross-linking two purine residues through the N7 atoms, which reside in the major groove in B-form DNA. The solution structure of the short duplex [d(CAT-AGCTATG)]2 cross-linked at the GC:GC site was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The deoxyguanosine-bridging cis-diammineplatinum(II) lies in the minor groove, and the complementary deoxycytidines are extrahelical. The double helix is locally reversed to a left-handed form, and the helix is unwound and bent toward the minor groove. These findings were independently confirmed by results from a phase-sensitive gel electrophoresis bending assay. The NMR structure differs markedly from previously proposed models but accounts for the chemical reactivity, the unwinding, and the bending of cis-DDP interstrand cross-linked DNA and may be important in the formation and repair of these cross-links in chromatin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, H -- Zhu, L -- Reid, B R -- Drobny, G P -- Hopkins, P B -- GM32681/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM45804/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Dec 15;270(5243):1842-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8525382" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antineoplastic Agents/*pharmacology ; Base Sequence ; Cisplatin/*pharmacology ; DNA/*chemistry/drug effects ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Solutions
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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