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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial population dynamics related to temporal variations in nitrification in three arable fields (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: It seems possible that soil potential nitrification rates (PNRs) are determined by the size and structure of both the eubacterial and nitrifier populations. We have examined this possibility by comparing the structure of the eubacterial community with the subcomponents and dynamics of the ammonium-oxidizer population, within and between three arable fields. PNRs were significantly different between the three fields and also showed significantly different temporal patterns within each field. The use of eubacterial primers in polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (PCR–DGGE) analyses indicated that the bacterial community structure in each field was significantly different from that in the others, and that the bacterial components of these communities changed with time through the season. In contrast, PCR–DGGE analyses specific to ammonium oxidizers suggested that the populations in all three fields were similar in types and did not vary with time. Competitive PCR suggested that there were large and biologically significant differences in the size of the nitrifier population between the three fields, but that within each individual field populations did not change over time. Sequencing identified the ammonium oxidizers in the Nitrosospira spp. cluster. There was also no relation between the size of the nitrifier populations and PNR. Functional expression, as PNR, apparently responded to changes in eubacterial community structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0558.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The implications of controlling grazed sward height for the operation and productivity of upland sheep systems in the UK: 6. The effect of reducing stocking rate and application of fertilizer nitrogen in Wales (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The implications for the agricultural productivity of the UK upland sheep systems of reducing nitrogen fertilizer application and lowering stocking rates on perennial ryegrass/white clover swards were studied over 4 years at a site in Wales. The system involved grazing ewes and lambs from birth to weaning on swards maintained at a constant height with surplus herbage made into silage, thereafter ewes and weaned lambs grazed on separate areas until the onset of winter with adjustments to the size of the areas grazed and utilizing surplus pasture areas for silage. Four stocking rates [SR 18, 15, 12 and 9 ewes ha−1 on the total area (grazed and ensiled)] and two levels of annual nitrogen fertilizer application (N 200 and 50 kg ha−1) were studied in five treatments (N200/SR18, N200/SR15, N50/SR15, N50/SR12 and N50/SR9). Average white clover content was negatively correlated with the level of annual nitrogen fertilizer application. White clover content of the swards was maintained over the duration of the experiment with an increasing proportion of clover in the swards receiving 50 kg N ha−1. Control of sward height and the contribution from white clover resulted in similar levels of lamb liveweight gain from birth to weaning in all treatments but fewer lambs reached the slaughter live weight by September at the higher stocking rates and with the lower level of fertilizer application. Three of the five treatments provided adequate winter fodder as silage (N200/SR15, N50/SR12 and N50/SR9). Because of the failure to make adequate winter fodder and the failure of white clover to fully compensate for reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application, it is concluded that nitrogen fertilizer can only be reduced on upland sheep pastures if accompanied by reduced stocking rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2003.00356.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal responses of Arabidopsis root architecture to phosphate starvation: evidence for the involvement of auxin signalling (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ability of the root system architecture to respond to nutrient availability is a key adaptative behaviour allowing plants to cope with environmental conditions. On the basis of single time point comparisons, the response to phosphate deprivation was previously shown to involve both the primary and lateral roots of Arabidopsis. In this work, the temporal pattern of Arabidopsis root responses to phosphate starvation was investigated. Daily scanning of roots showed that changes in architecture were largely due to the alterations of time-based growth parameters, namely a decrease in the elongation rate of the primary root opposed to an increase in the elongation rate of lateral roots and a decrease in the number of initiated lateral roots. In addition, another identified response was a decrease in the proportion of lateral roots showing early growth arrest. All these changes occurred within a short period of approximately 3 d. In addition, the root morphology comparison with the auxin-resistant mutant axr4, the auxin-treatment of phosphate-starved plants and a limited transcriptome analysis supported the conclusion that auxin signalling was involved in the adaptive response of the root system architecture to phosphate deprivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01030.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of pikeperch in relation to lake characteristics: total phosphorus, water colour, lake area and depth (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 63 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The growth of pikeperch Sander lucioperca was studied in 41 lakes in central Finland. The backcalculated average total length of 3 year-old pikeperch was used as an indicator of growth. The growth correlated positively with total phosphorus and water colour and negatively with lake area and depth. The reason for differences in growth may be differences in the amount of suitable food, foraging success or temperature dynamics in different lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00249.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural and electrophysiological responses to F-prostaglandins, putative spawning pheromones, in three salmonid fishes (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 62 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Behavioural and electro-olfactogram (EOG) responses to synthetic F-prostaglandins (PGFs) were recorded in the three salmonids: brown trout Salmo trutta, lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Exposure to 10−8 M PGF2α and 13, 14-dihydro-PGF2α increased swimming activity in individually exposed brown trout in a flow-through tank. Digging and nest probing behaviours were further observed in brown trout females exposed to PGF2α. Lake whitefish exposed to 10−8 M PGF2α and 15-keto-PGF2α also increased their locomotion. In rainbow trout, the absence of behavioural responses to PGFs correlates with a lack of olfactory sensitivity to these chemicals. PGFs triggered behavioural responses distinct from the feeding stimulant in brown trout. EOG measurements demonstrated that brown trout were most sensitive to PGF2α, with a threshold concentration of 10−11 M. Lake whitefish were most sensitive to both 15-keto-PGF2α and 13, 14-dihydro-PGF2α. Cross-adaptation and binary mixture experiments suggest that only one olfactory receptive mechanism is involved in PGFs detection. The behavioural and olfactory responses observed with exposure to PGF2α and its metabolites suggest these compounds function as reproductive pheromones in brown trout and lake whitefish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00020.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental challenge of post-smolts with IPNV: mortalities do not depend on population density (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00456.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the susceptibility of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolated from turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.) (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The susceptibility of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was tested. Juvenile halibut of approximately 5 g weight were subjected to challenge by intraperitoneal injection, cohabitation and immersion to a VHSV isolate from an outbreak of the disease in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.). The intraperitoneal injection gave the highest mortality rate of 28% after 50 days. The cohabitee group suffered 19% mortality rate and the immersion group only 2%. Control groups included turbot exposed either by intraperitoneal injection or immersion which suffered mortality rates of 93 and 50%, respectively. The results suggest that halibut are markedly less susceptible to VHSV than turbot.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00445.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Botryosphaeria dothidea causing stem spots on Hylocereus undatus in Mexico (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 52 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2003.00912.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in composition of macroinvertebrate communities with invasive and native Gammarus spp. (Crustacea: Amphipoda) (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 48 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY 1. Assessing the effects on communities of invasive species is often confounded by environmental factors. In Irish rivers, the introduced amphipod Gammarus pulex replaces the native G. duebeni celticus in lowland stretches. The two amphipods are associated with different macroinvertebrate communities, which may in part be the result of natural longitudinal physicochemical change. However, this hinders assessment of any direct community impacts of the invasive as compared with the native species. Here, we report on a fortuitous circumstance that allowed us to uncouple the community effects of Gammarus species from environmental differences.2. The lowland stretch of the River Lissan is dissected by a weir, which has slowed the upstream invasion by G. pulex. We took physicochemical measurements and macroinvertebrate samples from three contiguous 150 m reaches of this stretch with G. pulex only, mixed Gammarus and G. d. celticus only communities.3. We found no biologically significant differences in physicochemistry among the three reaches. Overall invertebrate densities did not differ among reaches. However, G. pulex numerically dominated its reach, whilst G. d. celticus abundance was relatively low in its reach. The G. pulex reach had significantly higher overall biomass because of high invader abundance. In addition, both diversity and species richness of macroinvertebrate communities were lower in the G. pulex than the G. d. celticus reach, with the mixed Gammarus reach intermediate.4. Ordination indicated distinctly different associations of invertebrate community samples and taxa that were best explained by the distributions of the Gammarus species. Again, the mixed Gammarus species samples were intermediate.5. This study indicates that the invasive G. pulex has a greater impact on macroinvertebrate community composition than the native G. d. celticus, probably through biotic interactions such as predation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.00977.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of Arabidopsis CBF1 regulated by an ABA/stress inducible promoter in transgenic tomato confers stress tolerance without affecting yield (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Modern-day plants are subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses thereby limiting plant productivity and quality. It has previously been reported that the use of a strong constitutive 35S cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) promoter to drive the expression of Arabidopsis CBF1 in tomato improved tolerance to cold, drought and salt loading, at the expense of growth and yield under normal growth conditions. Hence in the present study, the suitability of expressing the Arabidopsis CBF1 driven by three copies of an ABA-responsive complex (ABRC1) from the barley HAV22 gene in order to improve the agronomic performance of the transgenic tomato plants was investigated. Northern blot analysis indicated that CBF1 gene expression was induced by chilling, water-deficit and salt treatment in the transgenic tomato plants. Under these tested stress conditions, transgenic tomato plants exhibited enhanced tolerance to chilling, water-deficit, and salt stress in comparison with untransformed plants. Under normal growing conditions the ABRC1-CBF1 tomato plants maintained normal growth and yield similar to the untransformed plants. The results demonstrate the promise of using ABRC1-CBF1 tomato plants in highly stressed conditions which will in turn benefit agriculture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01048.x
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