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  • Chemistry  (600)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (229)
  • Chemical Engineering  (77)
  • 1990-1994  (600)
  • 1991  (600)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly(sodium acrylamidoalkanoate) s: Syntheses and solution properties in relation to flocculation study in water treatment (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 (1991), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The micelle-forming monomers of sodium 6-acrylamidocaproate (Na 6-AAC), sodium 11-acrylamidoundecanoate (Na 11-AAU), sodium 11-(N-methylacrylamido) undecanoate (Na 11-MAAU), and sodium 11-(N-ethylacrylamido) undecanoate (Na 11-EAAU) have been synthesized and polymerized. Except poly(Na 6-AAC), the molecular weights of the other three poly(sodium acrylamidoalkanoate) s were over 106. They behave as strong anionic polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions. Their solution properties, such as viscosity, charge density, and radius of gyration, were investigated. The performance of these anionic polyelectrolytes as coagulant aids in water treatment were assessed by jar test. Poly(Na 6-AAC) and poly (Na 11-AAU) were superior to poly (Na 11-MAAU) and poly (Na 11-EAAU) in terms of flocs settling. All these four anionic polyelectrolytes tested in water treatment are as effective as a commercially available cationic polyamine organic coagulant (Hyperfloc CP 753).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070420127
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of copper and cobalt by biopolymer gels (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 37 (1991), S. 266-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The recovery of copper from synthetic aqueous media circulating in a loop fluidized bed reactor operated batchwise was investigated by using the following biopolymer systems: (1) a viscous solution of sodium alginate (from kelp) dispensed directly into the reactor fluid containing dissolved copper (sulfate salt) at initial concentrations of 60-200 ppm, (2) partially coagulated calcium alginate spheres for absorbing dissolved copper at initial concentrations of 10-40 ppm, and (3) a mixture of green algae Microcystis and sodium alginate dispensed directly into the reactor fluid. The recovery of copper and cobalt, a strategic metal, from cobalt ore leachate was achieved by a two-step approach: direct dispensing of sodium alginate to absorb the bulk of metals followed by the addition of partially coagulated calcium alginate spheres to “polish” the leachate. Metal binding capacity and conditional stability constant of each biopolymer system as well as the effective diffusivity of cupric ion in the matrix of biopolymer gels are reported.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260370309
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsion polymerization of butadiene, 3.Part 2: cf.2. Kinetic effects of stirring conditions and monomer/water ratio (1991)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 192 (1991), S. 1993-2008 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The stirring speed n influences the emulsion polymerization of butadiene, (1) by reducing the effective emulsifier concentration [E]eff available for particle nucleation and stabilization at high n, and (2) by limiting diffusion of monomer to the latex particles at low n. The large density difference between butadiene and water promotes the breaking up of droplets at high n, while the same condition constitutes a large driving force for (partial) phase separation at low n. Increasing the monomer/water ratio at constant [E] decreases [E]eff, and thus the final particle number. At monomer volume fractions 〉0,6 mixed emulsions are likely to be formed initially, reducing [E]eff even further. In the presence of mixed emulsions, polymerization in the monomer phase may no longer be neglected, giving rise to a complex kinetic behaviour.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1991.021920909
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsion polymerization of butadiene, 4.Part 3: cf. P. A. Weerts, J. L. M. van der Loos, A. L. German, Makromol. Chem. 192, 1993 (1991), preceding article. Effect of thiols (1991)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 192 (1991), S. 2009-2019 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The role of thiols of low water solubility, commonly used in the emulsion polymerization of butadiene, has been considered. The following effects have become apparent: (1) dodecanethiols act as efficient chain transfer agents in limiting the formation of heavily cross-linked polymer networks; (2) the monomer concentration within the particles is not influenced by such thiols; (3) C12-thiol radicals do not desorb because of their extremely low water solubility. The ‘promoting effect’ of thiols in emulsion polymerizations of diene-hydrocarbons is still poorly understood, but it appears to be related to impurities present in the emulsifier, as it was found completely absent in emulsifier-free polymerizations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1991.021920910
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model reaction for an epoxy resin cured with an aromatic amine (1991)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 29 (1991), S. 599-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1991.080290417
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of an applied potential on the activity of carbonic anhydrase immobilized on graphite rods (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 37 (1991), S. 491-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: potentiostatic control of enzyme activity ; immobilized enzyme ; graphite ; conducting support ; specific anion inhibition ; carbonic anhydrase ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of both a positive and a negative applied potential on the p-NPA hydrolysis activity of bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) immobilized on graphite rods has been investigated. Background experiments show that the pH-activity profile for BCA free in solution is not affected by either a negative or a positive potential applied to graphite rods placed in the same solution. However, the activity of BCA immobilized by covalent attachment to a graphite rod is influenced by a potential externally applied to the graphite rod. An overall increase in activity (as determined by the initial rate of the p-NPA hydrolysis reaction) is observed in the presence of a -0.2 V (Ag/AgCl) applied potential, while decreased activity is evident at +0.6 V (Ag/AgCl). This is indicative of an electrolyte anion effect rather than a local pH effect. In the presence of the specific anion inhibitors Cl- and SCN-, the relative BCA activity increases at -0.2 V (Ag/AgCl) and decreases at +0.6 V (Ag/AgCl) are consistent with the different BCA inhibition constants for Cl- and SCN-. Accelerated loss of immobilized BCA activity also accompanies the application of the external potentials, particularly at +0.6 V (Ag/AgCl). Results described here represent an early example of potentiostatic control of nonredox enzyme activity. Several possible mechanisms are discussed including specific anion inhibition, enzyme surface charge/charged support material interactions, and charged product inhibition. It is likely that a combination of such mechanisms is operational in this system. The implications of external potentials affecting the activity of immobilized enzymes in the design of stable immobilized enzyme electrodes are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260370511
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased protein productivity from immobilized recombinant yeast (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 37 (1991), S. 1029-1036 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: immobilization ; protein production ; continuous culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; plasmid stability ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Mc16/p520 has an unstable plasmid, p520, which directs production of a wheat α-amylase. The effects of immobilizing this microorganism on the plasmid stability and the specific productivity of the secreted α-amylase were investigated. Small gelatin beads were used as the support in both fluidized and packed bed configurations, and the yeast cells were attached by covalent cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. These data were then compared to those for nonimmobilized, suspension cells.Plasmid stability was increased for the immobilized cells during continuous culture at dilution rates both above and below washout. Continuous suspension cultures were not stable and rapidly lost the plasmid. Immobilization caused an increase in specific and volumetric productivity during continuous culture, with a packed bed design resulting in the highest specific productivity.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260371107
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of simulated voids in cement slurries (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1895-1899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690371213
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrodynamic shear stress and mass transport modulation of endothelial cell metabolism (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 38 (1991), S. 588-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: endothelium ; genetic expression ; protein synthesis ; shear stress ; signal transduction ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mammalian cells responds to physical forces by altering their growth rate, morphology, metabolism, and genetic expression. We have studied the mechanism by which these cells detect the presence of mechanical stress and convert this force into intracellular signals. As our model systems, we have studied cultured human endothelial cells, which line the blood vessels and forms the interface between the blood and the vessel wall. These cell responds within minutes to the initiation of flow by increasing their arachidonic acid metabolism and increasing the level of the intracellular second messengers inositol trisphosphate and calcium ion concentration. With continued exposure to arterial levels of wall shear stress for up to 24 h, endothelial cells increase the expression of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and tPA messenger RNA (mRNA) and decrease the expression of endothelin peptide and endothelin mRNA. Since the initiation of flow also causes enhanced convective mass transfer to the endothelial cell monolayer, we have investigated the role of enhanced convection of adenosine trisphosphate (ATP) to the cell surface in eliciting a cellular response by monitoring cytosolic calcium concentrations on the single cell level and by computing the concentration profile of ATP in a parallel-plate flow geometry. Our result demonstrate that endothelial cells respond in very specific ways to the initiation of flow and that mass transfer and fluid shear stress can both play a role in the modulation of intracellular signal transduction and metabolism.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260380605
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic NMR imaging of rapid depth filtration of clay in porous media (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1900-1903 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690371214
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