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  • GEOPHYSICS  (25)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (14)
  • 1990-1994  (39)
  • 1990  (39)
  • 1
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    Interannual and decade fluctuations in the earth's rotation (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The main findings of a study of earth rotation changes on the longer interannual and decade range of time scales are summarized. The earth rotation data provide important constraints on models of the internal structure and dynamics of the core and lower mantle. Torques at the core-mantle interface are due to time varying fluid motions in the core. A torque of about 0.2 Hadley units is found in the axial component during the 1980 period.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 2
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    Carbon monoxide over the Amazon Basin during the wet season (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements of the distribution of carbon monoxide in the lower atmosphere (150-5000 m) over the Amazon region of Brazil during the wet season, taken in conjunction with the 1987 NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment/Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE 2B), are analyzed. About 100 hr of airborne, in situ CO measurements were obtained using a tunable diode laser system, providing insights into factors influencing the basin-scale distribution of CO in the Amazonian troposphere during wet season conditions. Distribution of CO over the altitudes 0.15-4.5 km was influenced by such factors as surface emissions from biological sources and long-range transport of pollutants from Northern Hemisphere sources. It is noted that the disruption of mixed layer growth and decay processes has a particularly important influence on CO concentration in the daytime lower troposphere and that the correlation of CO with O3 was positive under conditions influenced by Northern Hemisphere air and negative under all other conditions observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 16927-16
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  • 3
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    Peroxyacetyl nitrate measurements during CITE 2 - Atmospheric distribution and precursor relationships (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results are reported from airborne PAN measurements obtained at altitudes 0-6 km over the continental U.S. and the eastern Pacific during the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation 2 (CITE 2) in summer 1986. The CITE 2 flights and instrumentation are described, and the results are presented in extensive graphs and characterized in detail. It is shown that PAN is an important reactive N-containing species in the troposphere. Although the PAN mixing ratios were highly variable, in general high mixing ratios of 100-300 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) were found at 4-6 km, and very low ratios (5-20 pptv) were detected in the marine boundary layer. Good correlation was seen between the CITE 2 PAN values and those for O3, NO(y), NO(x), HNO3, C2H6, CO, and CFCl3.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 10163-10
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  • 4
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    An increase of early rains in southern Israel following land-use change? (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Rains at the onset of the October-April rainy season in southern Israel have steeply increased in the last 25 years relative to the previous 20 years, and are accompanied by an appreciable general increase of rainy-season rainfall. This increase in precipitation is specifically attributable to an intensification of the convection and advection processes due to afforestation and increased cultivation-induced enhancement of the daytime sensible heat flux from the generally dry surface; the enhancement proceeds from both the reduced surface albedo and the reduced soil heat flux in October, when insolation is strong. Greater daytime convection can lead to penetration of inversions capping the planetary boundary layer, while strengthened advection can furnish moist air from the Mediterranean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology (ISSN 0006-8314); 53; 333-351
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  • 5
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    Vertical structure and characteristics of 23-60 day (zonal) oscillations over the tropical latitudes during the winter months of 1986 - Results of equatorial wave campaign-II (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results are presented of the equatorial wave campaign-II, a meteorological rocket study which was part of the Indian Middle Atmosphere Program. The equatorial wave campaign-II was conducted from Shar, India (13.7 deg N, 80.2 deg E) from January 15-February 28, 1986. By means of high altitude balloon and the RH-200 meteorological rocket, winds were measured from ground level up to 60 km altitude once each day during the 45-day period. The oscillation frequencies of the deviations in the east-west component of the winds from their mean at each 1-km height interval are obtained by the maximum entropy method. The phases and amplitudes of these frequencies are determined by use of the least squares method on the wind variation time series. Enhanced wave activity is shown to take place in the troposphere and lower mesosphere. The tropospheric waves observed suggest themselves to be Rossby waves of extratropical origin penetrating to tropical latitudes. The observed stratospheric/mesospheric waves appear to emanate from a source around the stratopause.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: (ISSN 0253-4126); 99; 413-423
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  • 6
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    A survey of upwelling ion event characteristics (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Quasi-static electric field data collected by the DE-1 spacecraft were used to study ionospheric ion upwelling events observed in the vicinity of the dayside cleft. Bulk plasma parameters such as ion-species density and field-aligned bulk velocity and flux were derived at points within several upwelling ion events for the H(+), He(+), O(+), and O(2+), and the ion-species bulk parameters near the source altitude were compared. It was found that O(+) ions comprise about 90 percent of the upwelling particle density, followed by H(+) at less than 10 percent; He(+) and O(2+) contribute about 1 percent each. The upwelling O(+) flux is also dominant, followed by upward H(+) flux, which is relatively more significant than the fractional H(+) density, due to its high upward flow velocity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 18969-18
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  • 7
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    Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate measurements over the Brazilian Amazon Basin during the wet season - Relationships with nitrogen oxides and ozone (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis is presented on the distribution and variability of PAN as well as its relationship with measured chemical and meteorological parameters. The chemicals of most interest for which measurements were available are PAN, NO(x), O3, CO, and C2Cl4. PAN was measured by the electron capture gas chromatographic technique, and the technique for calibrations and measurements are detailed. Data show that significant concentrations of PAN (5-125 ppt) are present during the wet season and this PAN is 1-5 times more abundant than NO(x). PAN levels at different atmospheric locations are discussed, and it is noted that PAN shows evidence of a possible latitudinal gradient in the free troposphere, with values falling rapidly from the northern midlatitudes toward the equator. High correlations between O3 and PAN levels suggest that nonmethane hydrocarbons may contribute significantly to high O3 in the free troposphere. Evidence indicates that virtually all of the NO(x) above 4 km could result from PAN decomposition.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 16945-16
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  • 8
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    Denitrification of the polar winter stratosphere - Implications of SAM II cloud formation temperatures (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The SAM II extinction profiles and the associated temperature profiles are used to determine the amount of denitrification of the winter polar stratospheres. Clear evidence of the denitrification process in the Antarctic data is seen. There are indications in the Arctic data that denitrification mechanisms may be at work there also. At the latitudes observed by the SAM II satellite system, denitrification begins before the formation of extensive ice clouds and may be due to sedimentation of nitric acid particles. However, the possibility of dinitrification by type II PSCs at latitudes not observed by SAM II cannot be excluded.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters, Supplement (ISSN 0094-8276); 17; 441-444
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  • 9
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    Aerosol nucleation in the winter Arctic and Antarctic stratospheres (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The formation rate of sulfuric-acid-water aerosol particles is calculated as a function of altitude for the conditions of the winter Arctic and Antarctic stratospheres. The theoretical results indicate that sulfate particle formation can occur in the polar winter stratosphere. Conditions for new particle formation are increasingly favorable as the altitude increases between 20 and 30 km because of the decrease in surface area of preexisting particles and increasing sulfuric-acid vapor supply. The theoretical predictions are consistent with observations of a high-altitude CN layer over Antarctica in the spring. Available vapor-pressure data indicate that ternary particles composed of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and water are not thermodynamically stable under winter stratospheric conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters, Supplement (ISSN 0094-8276); 17; 417-420
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  • 10
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    Airborne lidar observations in the wintertime Arctic stratosphere - Ozone (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Large-scale distributions of ozone (O3) were measured with an airborne lidar system as part of the 1989 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition. Measurements of O3 distributions were obtained between January 6 and February 15, 1989, on 15 long-range flights into the polar vortex from the Solar Air Station, Norway. The observed O3 distribution was found to clearly indicate the edge of the polar vortex and to be an effective tracer of dynamical processes in the lower stratosphere. On the last two flights of the expedition, large regions with reduced O3 levels were observed by the lidar inside the polar vortex. Ozone had decreased by as much as 17 percent in the center of these areas, and using the in situ measurements made on the ER-2 aircraft, it was concluded that this decline was due to chemical O3 destruction.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters, Supplement (ISSN 0094-8276); 17; 325-328
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