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  • yield  (5)
  • Cadmium  (4)
  • 42.55
  • Springer  (11)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • 1980-1984  (11)
  • 1981  (11)
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (11)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
Years
  • 1980-1984  (11)
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Vigna radiata ; mungbean ; adaptation ; yield ; flowering time ; G x E interaction ; two-way classification analysis ; cluster analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two-way classification analysis, combined with analysis of variance and linear regression techniques, was applied to a set of yield data from twenty-one genotypes grown at twelve locations for two years in International Mungbean Nursery trials. Genotypes and environments with similar yield response patterns were grouped and differences between groups identified. Genotypes were also grouped on the basis of flowering time and the relation between days to flower and yield was examined. It was concluded that cluster and associated analyses are of value in determining response patterns of mungbean genotypes to a wide range of environments, and a useful aid in the selection of materials and locations for mungbean evaluation. In particular we note the adaptation of genotypes M409 and M1134 to high elevation locations, and the positive yield response of M374 (MG50-10A) to high yielding environments. Highest yielding lines were also the earliest to flower. Disease resistance was considered the most important breeding objective for mungbean yield improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 161-167 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 52.80 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new magnetic discharge stabilization technique for coaxial laser systems is described. The approach utilizes crosses electric and magnetic fields to create and maintain a large and rapidly rotating plasma volume which does not experience glow-to-arc transitions. Very high cw specific discharge power loadings have been achieved even without the benefit of external gas cooling or circulation. Performance is insensitive to gas composition and pressure such that high power coaxial discharges have been run in CO2 laser gas mixtures up to several hundred torr. Stable cw discharges have also been obtained in mixtures containing several torr of SF6. The technique appears to be readily scalable to give very large excited volumes in systems with comparatively small overall physical dimensions.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 33-51 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: energy ; models ; N-fixation ; nutrients ; re-cycling ; yield ; food production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cereal yield per ha in the different countries of the world is almost proportional to the rate of fertilizer application. Yields in countries where most people live are severely limited by nutrient deficiencies. Unless steps are taken to rectify these deficiencies, crop yields will always be very poor, even if other improved agronomic practices are adopted. Much fertilizer is at present wasted because of difficulties in forecasting how to adjust levels and methods of application for differences in conditions. More widespread adoption of ‘mechanistic’ approaches to studying the problems than hitherto offers opportunities for improvement. Considerable scope also exists for saving fertilizer by more re-cycling of nutrients, by greater biological-N fixation and by the adoption of better cropping sequences. Only a minute fraction of the present consumption of fossil energy in the world is needed to manufacture all the required fertilizer. Adequate supplies of potassium and phosphate minerals probably exist to meet demand. The major problems in the future are likely to arise from the fact that essential resources are very unevenly distributed in relation to where they are needed to grow food.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 381-386 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A tunable diode laser and a multipass optical cell are used to investigate the feasibility of performing radiocarbon dating by means of infrared spectroscopy. We show that the detection of14CO2 at concentrations of14C/12C≲10−12 is not limited by interferences from the background of normal CO2 molecules, provided the gas sample is cooled. Using short-time constants, the present sensitivity of the infrared technique is comparable to that of an ideal disintegration counter. The experimental results are extrapolated to long time constants to demonstrate that radiocarbon dating by infrared spectroscopy is feasible, and that carbon samples with a mass of less than 1 gm can be dated by this technique.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 191-205 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Pollutant toxicity ; Water Quality Criteria ; Microbemediated ecological processes ; Ecological dosage 50% (EcD50) ; Cadmium ; Phenol ; Physicochemical environmental factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The physicochemical characteristics of the recipient environment into which chemical contaminants are deposited may influence their chemical speciation, mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity. In formulating Water Quality Criteria, the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (EPA) considered the modifying effect of abiotic environmental factors on pollutant toxicity in an innovative regulatory approach. Scientific knowledge of the interactions and correlations between pollutant toxicity and abiotic factors remains limited. Recognition of the influence of the physicochemical characteristics of the recipient environment on pollutant toxicity has implications for the eventual formulation of regional, rather than uniform and national, criteria. In addition, in developing Water Quality Criteria that incorporate the effects of pollutants on “aquatic life,” EPA primarily focused on toxicity to aquatic animals and plants (including unicellular algae). The effects of pollutants on microbe-mediated ecological processes that are necessary for maintaining the state and quality of the ecosphere (such as biogeochemical cyclings, litter decomposition, and mineralization) were not included in the formulation of the Water Quality Criteria. To facilitate the recognition and quantification of adverse effects of pollutants on these ecological processes, the development of a computation, termed the “ecological dosage 50%” (EcD50) is recommended. Such a formulation could also be applied to setting environmental quality criteria for terrestrial ecosystems.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 24 (1981), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: growth ; yield ; fertilizer mixes ; solubilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The growth of potato plants and yield of tubers were poor in plots fertilized with rock phosphate alone but the addition of pyrites so improved its efficacy that it outyielded superphosphate in one season. A mixture of rock phosphate and superphosphate, in equal proportions on a P basis, was found to be 85–93% as effective as suerphosphate in increasing tuber yield.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 24 (1981), S. 289-299 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: seedlings ; first clonal year ; second clonal year ; yield ; tuber shape ; number of tubers ; stolon length ; peculiar types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Vergleich zwischen verschiedenen Personen in der Auslese (Selektoren) angestellt, die die gleichen Kartoffelklone in S, C1 und C2 (Sämling, erstes und zweites Klonjahr) zweier Familien, B4 (Home Guard×M85/3) und B34 (Foxton×Pentland Ivory) auszulesen hatten. Es wurde angenommen, dass die Familie B4 einen hohen Anteil an früh refenden Typen enthalte, während von Familie B34 vor allem mittelfrühe Typen erwartet wurden. Beide ausgelesenen und ein Muster der verworfenen Klone wurden zurückbehalten und im folgenden Jahr angebaut, so dass die Brauchbarkeit der Auslese beurteilt werden konnte. Bei der S-Generation stimmten die zwei Selektoren (A und B) in der Sämlingsauslese der Familie B4 weitgehend überein. Von B34 behielt ein Selektor jedoch ungefähr zweimal soviel Sämlinge als der andere. Bei der C1-Generation stimmten zwei Selektoren (A und C) bei jenen Klonen, die sowohl von Familie B4 als auch von Familie B34 behalten werden sollten, weitgehend überein. Kleiner Ertrag war der von den Selektoren angegebene Hauptgrund für die Verwerfung von Sämlingen und Klonen. Eine Prüfung (Tabelle 1) der Herkunft von in C1 ausgelesenen Klonen zeigte, dass gewöhnlich mehr von den ausgelesenen Sämlingen als von den verworfenen Sämlingen ausgelesen wurde, aber dieser Unterschied war oftmals nicht sehr gross und nicht signifikant beim Stand von P〈0,05. Die Selektoren schienen in ihrer Fähigkeit, Sämlinge auszulesen, voneinander abzuweichen. In ähnlicher Weise zeigte eine Prüfung der Herkunft der in C2 (Tabellen 2 und 3) ausgelesenen Klone, dass die Auslese in S und C1 oft nicht sehr erfolgreich war, da ein grosser Anteil der in C2 ausgelesenen Klone von verworfenen Sämlingen und verworfenen C1-Pflanzen stammte. Der Erfolg der Auslese durch Selektoren sowohl in S als auch in C1, verglichen mit jener durch verschiedene Selektoren in der C2-Generation, ist in den Tabellen 4 und 5 dargestellt. Wiederum wurde festgestellt, dass viele in C2 ausgelesenen Klone von entweder in S oder in C1 verworfenen Klonen stammten. Bei Familie B34 bestand ein grosser Unterschied (Tabelle 5) zwischen Selektor A und den Selektoren B und C; der Selektor A las in C2 ungefähr die gleiche Anzahl von in den beiden vorhergehenden Generationen ausgelesenen oder mindestens einmal verworfenen Klonen aus, während die Selektoren B und C viel mehr Klone aus jenen auslasen, die in die beiden früheren Generationen selektiert worden waren. Ein Leistungstest der Selektoren unter Verwendung von Kontrollklonen (Tabelle 6) zeigte auch, dass die Selektoren B und C erfolgreicher zu sein schienen als Selektor A. Schliesslich wird darauf hingewiesen, dass ein beträchtliches Risiko besteht, viele potentiell brauchbare Klone in den ersten beiden Jahren der Auslese (S und C1) zu verlieren, wenn sehr subjektive und flüchtige Beurteilungen vorgenommen werden. Es besteht die Notwendigkeit einer besseren Definition der Merkmale, auf welche die Auslese in diesen frühen Stadien eines Züchtungsprogrammes gemacht werden kann.
    Abstract: Résumé Une comparaison a été faite entre différents obtenteurs sélectionnant les mêmes clones en S, C1 et C2 (semis, première et deuxième année de clonage), ceux-ci étant issus de deux familles: B4 (Home Guard×M85/3) et B34 (Foxton×Pentland Ivory). La famille B4 était présumée contenir une forte proportion de types précoces tandis que la famille B34 se caractérisait par ses qualités culturales. Les clones sélectionnés et des échantillons de clones éliminés ont été retenus et cultivés les années suivantes pour évaluer la manière dont la sélection pouvait être réalisée. Dans la génération S, deux obtenteurs (A et B) acceptaient volontiers les semis sélectionnés de la famille B4 mais en ce qui concerne B34 un obtenteur prenait environ deux fois plus de semis que l'autre. A la génération C1, deux obtenteurs (A et C) acceptaient volontiers les clones retenus dans les familles B4 comme B34. Le faible rendement était la principale raison d'élimination des semis et des clones donnée par ceux-ci. Un examen (tableau 1) de l'origine des clones sélectionnés en C1 a montré que, dans l'ensemble, plus de matériel a été retenu pour les semis sélectionnées que pour celles issues de semis éliminés, mais la différence n'était souvent pas très grande et non significative (P〈0,05). Les sélectionneurs se montraient différents dans leurs compétences à sélectionner les semis. De même, un examen de l'origine des clones sélectionnés en C2 (tableaux 2 et 3) a montré que la sélection en S et C n'était souvent pas très efficace; une forte proportion de clones sélectionnés en C2 provenant de semis et de plantes éliminées en C1. L'efficacité de la sélection en S et C1, comparée pour les différents obtenteurs, est montrée dans les tableaux 4 et 5. On observe que de nombreux clones sélectionnés en C2 ont pour origine des clones éliminés en S et en C1. Il existe une grande différence de jugement en ce qui concerne la famille B34 (tableau 5) entre l'obtenteur A et les obtenteurs B et C; l'obtenteur A a sélectionné en C2 un nombre égal de clones sélectionnés et éliminés dans les deux générations précédentes; les obtenteurs B et C ont retenu beaucoup plus de clones issus de clones sélectionnés dans les générations antérieures. Un test de compétence dans le contrôle des clones, effectué sur les obtenteurs (tableau 6) a montré que B et C se montrent plus efficients que A. En conclusion, il est suggéré qu'il y a un risque considérable pour les clones potentiellement valables d'être perdus dans les deux premières années de la sélection (S et C1) lorsque des déterminations subjectives et éphémères sont faites. Ceci dénote le besoin d'une meilleure définition des caractères sur lesquels la sélection peut être réalisée au cours des premiers stades du programme d'hybridation.
    Notes: Summary Considerable differences occurred between selectors in intensity of selection when selecting the same potato clones in S, C1 and C2 (seedling, first clonal and second clonal years). Comparing clones selected or discarded in one year with clones selected or discarded in previous years indicated the effectiveness of selection and large differences were shown between different selector combinations. In some cases a highly significant improvement in the population was obtained; in others selection gave no improvement. A high proportion of the clones selected in C2 would always have been discarded in S or C1.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 223-236 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Cadmium ; Lead ; Nickel ; Tissue concentration ; Yield depressions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), cv. Iroquois, was grown in the greenhouse in soils amended with additions of either lead, cadmium, or nickel. Metals, at rates varying from 0–250 ppm, were not uniformly mixed but were placed close to the soil surface so as to simulate surface deposition. In one series of experiments the sulphate salt of each metal and two soils were used. In a second series of experiments the nitrate salts and one soil were used. Neither salt of lead significantly depressed alfalfa yields. Both salts of either cadmium or nickel significantly depressed yields. Additions of all metals to the soil resulted in both increased metal uptake and concentrations in alfalfa tissue, particularly for cadmium and nickel. The highest tissue concentrations of cadmium and nickel were associated with plant stunting and necrosis. However, at rates of 125 ppm and less, substantial increases in cadmium and nickel concentrations were obtained frequently without serious yield reductions. Generally, metal concentrations were greatest in the first harvest following metal application. Concentration and uptake of lead and cadmium were greater when the metal was applied to the soil as nitrate than when applied as the sulphate salt.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 81-89 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Lead ; Nickel ; Oats ; Ryegrass ; Tissue concentration ; Yield depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A 24 factorial experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. Factors and levels in the experiment were soil pH at 4.5 and 6.4, and cadmium, lead, and nickel added to the soil to provide soil concentrations of 50, 250, and 50 ppm, respectively, above background levels. Two species were grown in succession in the same experimental pots. Ryegrass (Lolium hybridum Hausskn. cv. Tetrelite) was harvested three times and then one crop of oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Garry) was grown and harvested. Plant tissue concentrations of cadmium, lead, and nickel were monitored throughout the experiment. Addition of cadmium to the soil lowered the dry matter yields in all three ryegrass harvests and also reduced the yield of oat grain. The application of lead nitrate to the soil enhanced the yield of ryegrass obtained at the first harvest and also increased the yield of oat grain. Nickel, added to the soil at 50 ppm, was relatively innocuous to ryegrass and oats. The presence of added cadmium, lead, or nickel to the soil resulted in enhanced tissue concentrations of these metals in both ryegrass and oats. This effect was particularly enhanced by a soil pH of 4.5. A single exception to this observation was that lead was not detected, under any of the conditions of this experiment, in oat grain. The presence of lead in the soil enhanced cadmium concentrations in ryegrass tissues. The presence of cadmium in the soil decreased lead tissue concentrations in ryegrass and oat straw. Soil pH interacted with both nickel and lead in the second ryegrass harvest with subsequent changes in tissue cadmium concentrations. At a soil pH of 4.5, the presence of added lead or nickel to the soil significantly increased the ryegrass tissue cadmium concentration beyond that observed at a soil pH of 6.4 with or without enhanced nickel or lead concentrations.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum sp. ; tetraploid wheats ; semi-dwarfism ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A genetic study of a range of NORIN 10 based semi-dwarf durum wheats showed that only Gai/Rht 1, located on chromosome 4A, was present. No varieties carrying a second Gai/Rht allele were identified and deliberate attempts to introduce Gai/Rht2 into tetraploid wheats have so far been unsuccessful. In a spaced plant trial of homozygous random F3 lines from two tall x semi-dwarf crosses, the semi-dwarfs has lower ear yields, due mainly to reduced kernel weight, but had higher tiller numbers than the tall genotypes. Although there was no difference in overall plant yield between talls and semi-dwarfs, an analysis of character associations within the semi-dwarf F3's showed positive height-yield and height-kernel weight correlations indicating that selection for ‘tall dwarfs’ may be a useful breeding strategy in tetraploid wheats.
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