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  • Articles  (15)
  • Nitrogen fixation  (15)
  • Springer  (15)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1980-1984  (15)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1984  (9)
  • 1981  (6)
Collection
  • Articles  (15)
Publisher
  • Springer  (15)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
Years
  • 1980-1984  (15)
  • 1975-1979
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 139-142 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legumes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Winged beans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Only legumes of the cowpea cross-inoculation group, including the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) were found to form nodules in a temperate zone soil with no previous history of legume cropping. Isolates from root nodules from uninoculated winged beans grown in the field only nodulated legumes in the cowpea cross-inoculation group.Rhizobium japonicum formed ineffective nodules with the winged bean.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 152 (1981), S. 544-552 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonium assimilation ; Lichens ; Nitrogen fixation ; Peltigera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Nostoc in the cephalodia of the lichen Peltigera aphthosa Willd. fixed 15N2 and the bulk of the nitrogen fixed was continuously transferred from it to its eukaryotic partners (a fungus and a green alga, Coccomyxa sp.). Kinetic studies carried out over the first 30 min, after exposure of isolated cephalodia to 15N2, showed that highest initial 15N2-labelling was into NH 4 + . After 12 min little further increase in the NH 4 + label occurred while that in the amide group of glutamine and in glutamate continued to increase. The 15N-labelling of the amino group of glutamine and of aspartate increased more slowly, followed by an increase in the labelling of alanine. When total incorporation of 15N-label was calculated, the overall pattern was found to be rather similar except that, throughout the experiment, the total 15N incorporated into glutamate was about six times greater than that into the amide group of glutamine. Pulse chase experiments, in which 14N2 was added to cephalodia previously exposed to 15N2, showed that the NH 4 + pool rapidly became depleted of 15N-label, followed by decreases in the labelling of glutamate, the amide group of glutamine and aspartate. The 15N-labelling of alanine, however, continued to increase for a period. When isolated cephalodia were treated with L-methionine-SR-sulphoximine, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), and azaserine, an inhibitor of glutamate synthase (EC 2.6.1.53), there was no detectable labelling in glutamine although the 15N-labelling of glutamate increased unimpaired. On treating the cephalodia with amino-oxyacetate, an inhibitor of aminotransferase activity, the alanine pool decreased. Evidence was obtained that glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase were located in the Nostoc, and that glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4) and various amino-transferases were located in the cephalodial fungus. Possible implications of these findings are discussed.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Regulation ; Guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Addition of ammonium to N2 fixing cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Clostridium pasteurianum rapidly reduced the intracellular levels of guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp) by 70–90%. This change might reflect a regulatory role of ppGpp in nitrogen metabolism.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium trifolii ; Symbiosis ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiotic genes ; Reiterated sequences ; Plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Rhizobium trifolii symbiotic plasmid specific gene library was constructed and the physical organisation of regions homologous to nifHDK, nifA and nod genes was determined. These symbiotic gene regions were localised to u 25 kb region on the sym-plasmid, pPN1. In addition four copies of a reiterated sequence were identified on this plasmid, with one copy adjacent to nifH. No rearrangement of these reiterated sequences was observed between R. trifolii bacterial and bacteroid DNA. Analysis of a deletion derivative of pPN1 showed that these sequences were spread over a 110 kb region to the left of nifA.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Alnus nitrida ; Frankia ; Host-specificity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different strains, An 1 and An 2, were obtained from root nodules ofAlnus nitida Endl., collected from one locality in the area of its natural habitat near Bahrin, District Swat, Pakistan. The light and electron microscopy of the isolates revealed the occurrence of septate and branched hyphae bearing sporangia and vesicles. The strains differed in their growth requirements, nitrogen-fixing ability and production of extracellular pigments, thus indicating the existence of more than oneFrankia strain in the same locality. In the absence of combined nitrogen in the medium strain An 1 formed vesicles and fixed N2 (up to 200 nmol C2H4. mg protein−1.h−1), while strain An 2 under the experimental conditions formed only few vesicles and fixed N2 at a very low rate (ca 10 nmol C2H4. mg protein−1 .h−1). The nitrogenase activity of strain An 1 was strongly affected by the O2 concentration.Frankia An 1 and An 2 were infective and effective onA. nitida andA. glutinosa but not onDatisca cannabina andElaeagnus umbellata. Both An 1 and An 2 strains were more infective and effective onA. glutinosa thanFrankia strains AvcIl and CpI1.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizas ; Alnus nitida ; Amino acid composition ; Datisca cannabina ; Hydrogen uptake ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nodulation and the morphology and physiology of the nodules were studied onDatisca cannabina, a perennial herb from northern Pakistan andAlnus nitida, a nodulated tree in the same locality. Both species bear coralloid clusters of actinorhizal nodules. The main free amino acid inD. cannabina nodules was arginine while the predominant free amino acid inA. nitida nodules was citrulline. The infectivity of crushed nodules of both types of plants on their respective host was about 106 infective particles per gram of nodule fresh wt. In cross-inoculation experiments crushed nodule inoculum fromA. nitida failed to induce nodulation onD. cannabina seedlings but the crushed nodule inoculum fromD. cannabina caused low nodulation on seedlings ofA. nitida (103 infective particles. g. nodule fresh wt.). The activity of nitrogenase, hydrogenase and respiration (O2 uptake) were measured in detached nodules, nodule homogenates and the 20 μm residue and 20 μm filtrate preparations from the nodules of both species. Both species showed similar patterns of activities except that only the nodule homogenate and 20 μm residue preparations fromD. cannabina showed pronounced enhancement of the O2 uptake by succinate which was further stimulated by ADP. This has in part been explained by the presence of mitochondria in close connection with the endophyte.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Datisca cannabina ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The fine structures of the microsymbiont inside the root nodules ofDatisca cannabina have been studied by light, by transmission- and by scanning-electron microscopy. The endophyte is prokaryotic and actinomycetal in nature. The hyphae are septate and branched, diameter 0.3–0.5 μm. The tips of hyphae are swollen to form electron-dense, clubshaped to filamentous vesicles, ranging in diameter: 0.4–1.4 μm. The endophyte penetrates through walls of the cortial cells. The infected zone is kidney shaped and confined to one side of the acentric stele. The orientation of infection is reversed from other actinorhizae exceptCoriaria. The hyphae are near the host cell wall and vesicles are directed towards the central vacuole. Vesicles are aseptate and no collapsing of the vesicle cell wall (void area) has been observed. Vesicle clusters structures are globular with an opening at one side of the cluster. The host cell is multinucleate or contains a lobed nucleus. Groups of mitochondria are located in between the hyphae, suggesting a strong association between the host and the endophyte for energy supply and amino acid production. The consequences of the inability to separate the mitochondria from the vesicle clusters in nodule homogenates in physiological studies have been discussed. Isolated vesicles clusters showed dehydrogenase activity, indicated by the presence of formazan crystals, after incubation with NADH and NBT. Strongest reducing activity was found within the vesicles. The possible role of filamentous vesicles in nitrogen fixation has been discussed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Actinomycete-nodulated ; Legume ; Lime ; Mine spoil ; Nitrogen fixation ; Reclamation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An acid mine spoil in Southern Indiana was amended with lime (CaCO3) (0.0, 12.5, 25 and 39t/ha) and planted withElaegnus umbellata Thunb.,Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,Robinia fertilis Ashe, ‘Arnot’,Myrica pensylvania Lois,Caragana arborescens L. andShepherdia argentea Nutt. Survival and soil data were collected periodically and plants were harvested 15 months after planting. Nodule and top dry weights were determined and acetylene reduction assays performed on the nodules. Addition of lime caused significant increases in pH, and 39 t/ha of lime were required to maintain a pH above 5.5. Survival of plant material was greatest at the highest lime addition, although response of individual species varied.Elaeagnus umbellata, R. pseudoacacia, R. fertilis ‘Arnot’, andA. glutinosa appeared more tolerant of the harsh conditions. OnlyC. arborescens showed a linear increase in top dry weight due to lime addition.Alnus glutinosa andS. argentea achieved statistically the same growth regardless of pH, andR. fertilis ‘Arnot’ andE. umbellata did not increase in top dry weight above an addition of 25 t/ha.Robinia pseudoacacia achieved maximum top dry weight at 25 t/ha, whereasM. pensylvanica growth declined with increasing pH. Nodule dry weights increased with increasing pH; however,S. argentea showed greater nodule dry weights at lower lime levels. Acetylene reduction rates increased with lime addition.Elaegnus umbellata did not respond above 25 t/ha lime, whereasA. glutinosa did not show an increase until this point.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Asian-type soybean ; Fast-growingRhizobium japonicum ; Glycine max ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium japonicum ; Rhizobium physiology ; Root nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Physiological and symbiotic characteristics were identified in fast-growing (FG)Rhizobium japonicum. Carbon nutritional patterns linked these rhizobia to other FG rhizobia. They were able to use hexoses, pentoses, disaccharides, trioses, and organic acids for growth, but they were unable to use dulcitol or citrate. These rhizobia produced acid with all carbon sources except intermediates of the Krebs cycle. FGR. japonicum showed no vitamin requirements and were tolerant to 1% NaCl but not to 2%. They nodulated cowpea, pigeon pea, and mung bean but not peanut. Effective, nitrogen-fixing symbioses were observed only with cowpea and pigeon pea. In addition, FGR. japonicum formed effective symbioses with Asian-type soybeans. We concluded that although the physiological characteristics of FGR. japonicum were similar to other FG rhizobia, their symbiotic properties were similar to slow-growing rhizobia of the cowpea miscellany.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Assimilates distribution ; 14CO2 and15N2 labelling ; Glycine max L. Merrill ; Nitrogen fixation ; Respiration costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Distribution and use of photoassimilated carbon by nodulated soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown in natural conditions have been studied during two consecutive years by successive and simultaneous exposures of the plants to14CO2 and15N2 during one day. This method, together with detailed analysis of CO2 efflux by root systems made it possible to follow the fate of carbon in relation to dinitrogen fixation. The results showed that the stage of development at which the plants were labelled exerted a high influence on the initial distribution of carbon. The growing organs always attracted more of the recently assimilated carbon. So, the reproductive parts accumulated increasing proportions and by day 100 about 70% of the current net production was recovered in pods and seeds. Nodules stored from 3 to 5% of the daily production, from day 50 to day 100, when their fixation activity already dropped by day 85. During the period of optimal fixation the amount of carbon lost as CO2 due to the only process of N2 reduction ranged between 2.5 and 7 mg per mg of N2 fixed. This was equivalent to the amount of carbon directed towards roots and nodules structures during the same time. Secondary transfers by remobilization occurred from leaves and pods to the grains but mainly from the carbon assimilated during the podfilling stage (after day 80). However, these amounts were small indicating that grain development is mainly supported by current assimilates.
    Notes: Resumé La distribution et l'utilisation du carbone photoassimilé par des sojas (Glycine max L. Merr.) nodulés, cultivés en conditions naturelles ont été suivies durant deux années consécutives par expositions répétées et simultanées de plantes à du14CO2 et15N2 pendant une journée. Cette méthode couplée à une analyse détaillée des flux respiratoires au niveau des systèmes racinaires a permis de suivre le devenir du carbone en relation avec l'activité fixatrice d'azote. Les résultats montrent que le stade de développement des plantes au moment du marquage exerce une forte influence sur la distribution initiale du carbone. Ce sont les organes en forte croissance qui attirent le plus d'assimilats récents. Ainsi les organes reproducteurs, accumulent des quantités croissantes à partir de leur formation si bien qu'aux environs du jour 100, ils attirent près de 70% de la production nette. Les nodules eux stockent da 3 à 5% de cette production journalière entre les jours 50 et 100 alors que leur activité fixatrice chute déjà fortement dès le jour 85. Pendant la phase d'activité fixatrice optimale, les quantités de carbone perdues sous forme de CO2, pour le seul processus de réduction du N2, varient entre 2,5 et 7 mg par mg d'azote fixé. Ceci équivaut à la quantité de carbone destinée aux structures “racines et nodules”. Les transferts secondaires d'organes à organes se font à partir des organes végétatifs et puis des gousses vers les graines, mais essentiellement à partir de carbone assimilé durant la phase de remplissage des gousses (après le jour 80). Cependant, les quantités remobilisées sont faibles, ce qui indique que la croissance des graines dépend surtout d'une alimentation directe à partir de la photosynthèse.
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