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  • Springer  (17)
  • 1980-1984  (17)
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  • 1980  (17)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 27-41 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Orientation and theological fibre strength during spinning of monofilaments from the melted mass are investigated in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient. The analysis is based in free convection on six series of measurements published in the literature on PET and PA6, and forced convection in one range of measurements, kindly made available by the courtesy of Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main. In the fibre strength and spinning orientation, the molecular weight of the polymere reduces during fibre formation. In order to find the dynamic viscosity in the polymere jet the equation $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ was introduced, which is based on the measured values of the dynamic viscosity depending on the molecular weight and the temperature of the polymere melted mass. Equations are given for calculation of the exponentsa andb.The equation for ∌ p, is extended to an average temperature $$\bar t_p $$ in the polymere jet. There thus results in respect of this an average viscosity of $$\bar \eta _p $$ . This is identical with the fibre tension a during fibre formation processes. The spinning orientation results directly proportionally as $$\bar \eta _p $$ or a respectively. Fibre diameter $$\bar d$$ , heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , spinning pathx s , until the glass transformation temperature tG is reached in fibre and volume V of the polymere jet are calculated with equations published at an earlier date. A variable νω, which corresponds for each number the expression of specific weight · volume/throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the monofilament and which is equated with the quotient from the average speed in the jet and fibre removal speed, characterizes the flow reaction during fibre formation and is used in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation. PET resulted in $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ and PA6 in $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ .f corresponds with the theological fibre strength at the polymere jet,k 2 the valueq Me · In 10/g andk 3 the valueq Me · loge/g.q Me is the mechanical heat equivalent of a gram calory andg the gravitation constant. The fibre strength, which results from the measurement of the spinning orientation and calculation of the heat transmission coefficient, is given for all numbers in the measuring series 1 to 7 in the tables 5 to 11. Spinning orientation depending on the spinning normalityS corresponds with the relationk 4 ·f · S z . Numerical valuesk 4, and exponent z of each measuring series are summarized in table 12. Fibre strength and spinning orientation in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient are investigated in section 14. With PET there results the fibre strength $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ and spinning orientation $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y.} $$ The exponent y is a function of the spinning normality. For the measuring series 1 to 4, which apply to free convection and PET, the data for calculation ofy is summarized as table 13. For forced convection with PET, in which the fibre is blown transverse to the running direction,y has the value 3. Thereafter applicable to forced convection $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ with an average fluctuationɛs = ± 8.9% for the numbers 36 to 41. With PA6, measuring series 6 there resulted for the exponenty, in addition to the spinning normality, an influence exerted by the fibre removal speed. Equations are given for calculation of y for the measuring series 6 and 7. A reduction ofy signifies an increase in fibre strength with increasing fibre removal speed. With PA6 the equations $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ are applicable. The average fluctuation of they value for all measuring values in every series of measurements in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation with the equations given lies with PET between ± 5.3% and 14.7%, and with PA6 between ± 5.0% and 18.2% and the numerical value 3 +y between 5 and 6. The exponent y shows the tendency to drop with increasing molecular weight. A high spinning orientation during fibre formation results from lower molecular weight $$\bar M_n $$ , low value of the quotient νω arising from average speed $$\bar w_p $$ in the polymere jet and fibre removal speedω, high polymere temperaturet p at ejection from the nozzle, greater heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , lower diameter of the capillary boreD and smaller spinning normalityS, which exists with lower throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the elementary fibre and higher fibre removal speed ω.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Orientierung und rheologische Fadenkraft beim Erspinneu monofiter Fäden aus der Schmelze werden abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl untersucht. Die Analyse beruht bei der freien Konvektion auf sechs Meßreihen, die in der Literatur für PET und PA6 veröffentlicht sind, und bei der erzwungenen Konvektion auf einer Meßreihe,, welche die Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main dankenswerterweise zur Verfügung gestellt hat. In die Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung geht bei der Fadenbildung das Molekulargewicht des Polymers ein. Um die dynamische Viskosität im Polymerstrahl zu finden, wird die Gleichung $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ eingeführt, die auf Meßwerten der dynamischen Viskosität abhängig vom Molekulargewicht und von der Temperatur der Polymerschmelze beruht. Zur Rechnung der Exponenten a und b sind Gleichungen angegeben. Die Gleichung für∌ p wird auf eine mittlere Temperatur $$\bar t_p $$ im Polymerstrahl erweitert. Daraus folgt für ihn eine mittlere dynamische Viskosität $$\bar \eta _p $$ . Diese ist mit der Fadenspannung abeim Fadenbildungsvorgang identisch. Die Spinnorientierung ergibt sich zu $$\bar \eta _p $$ bzw.σ direkt proportional. Fadendurchmesser $$\bar d$$ , Wärmeübergangszahl $$\bar \alpha $$ , Spinnwegx s bis zum Erreichen der Glasumwandlungstemperaturt G im Faden und Volumen V des Polymerstrahles sind mit früher veröffentlichten Gleichungen gerechnet. Eine veränderliche Größe νω, die für jede Nummer dem Ausdruck spezifisches Gewicht · Volumen/Durchsatzmenge $$\dot m$$ des monofilen Fadens entspricht und dem Quotienten aus mittlerer Geschwindigkeit im Strahl und Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit gleichgesetzt ist, charakterisiert den Fließvorgang bei der Fadenbildung und findet bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung Anwendung. Für PET hat sich $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ und für PA6 $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ ergeben.f entspricht der theologischen Fadenkraft am Polymerstrahl,k 2 dem Wertq Me , · In 10/g undk 3 dem Wertq Me , · loge/g.q Me , ist das mechanische Wärmeäquivalent einer Grammkalorie und g die Gravitationskonstante. Die Fadenkraft, die sich aus der Messung der Spinnorientierung und der Rechnung der Wärmeübergangszahl ergeben hat, ist für alle Nummern der Meßreihen 1 bis 7 in den Tabellen 5 bis 11 angegeben. Die Spinnorientierung abhängig vom Spinntiter S entspricht der Beziehungk 4, ·f · νω/g -S z. Zahlenwertk 4 und Exponent z jeder Meßreihe sind in der Tabelle 12 zusammengestellt. Im Abschnitt 14 wird die Fadenkraft abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl, ebenso die Spinnorientierung unter sucht. Bei PET ergibt sich die Fadenkraft $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und die Spinnorientierung $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ . Der Exponenty ist eine Funktion des Spinntiters. Für die Meßreihen 1 bis 4, die für freie Konvektion und PET gelten, sind die Angaben zur Rechnung vony als Tabelle 13 zusammengestellt. Die mittlere Schwankung für alle Meßwerte jeder Meßreihe bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung mit den vorstehenden Gleichungen liegt zwischen ± 6,8 und ± 14,7%, und der Zahlenwert 3 +y zwischen 5 und 6. Für die erzwungene Konvektion mit PET, bei der die Fäden quer zur Ablaufrichtung angeblasen sind, haty den Wert 3. Danach gilt für die erzwungene Konvektion $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 und\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ mittleren Schwankungɛ = ± 8,9% für die Nummern 36 bis 41. Bei PA6, Meßreihe 6 zeigt sich für den Exponenteny neben der Abhängigkeit vom Spinntiter ein Einfluß durch die Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Zur Rechnung vony sind für die Meßreihen 6 und 7 Gleichungen angegeben. Eine Abnahme vony bedeutet eine Zunahme der Fadenkraft bei steigender Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Bei PA6 haben die Gleichungen $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ Gültigkeit. Für die Meßreihe 6 hat sich als mittlere Schwankung der Wert ɛ = ± 5,0% und die Meßreihe 7 ɛ = ± 18,2% ergeben.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 24 (1980), S. 299-305 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 36 (1980), S. 1122-1124 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dextran, glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), alone or in combination, were used for cryoprotection of human bone marrow cells. The viability of cryopreserved cells was assessed by culture of myelopoiesis-committed stem cells (CFU-c) in vitro. A significantly better protection against freezing injury was obtained by 9% dextran in combination with 3 or 5% DMSO, and also with 5 or 10% DMSO alone, than with either 15% glycerol or 9% dextran with 1% DMSO.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 6 (1980), S. 35-35 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary pTU 100 is a hybrid plasmid constructed by cloning a 7.5 Kb EcoRI fragment (carrying the wildtype ompA gene) onto pSC 101 (Henning et al., 1979). This plasmid confers sensitivity to phages Tull* and K3h1 when present in an ompA host strain, due to the expression of the phage receptor protein II* from the plasmid ompA + gene. Plasmid mutants have been isolated that have become resistant to one or both of these phages. Restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA-sequencing studies in these plasmids demonstrate that a BamHI site and two PvuII sites are located within the ompA gene. BamHI cuts the gene at a site corresponding to residue 227 within a total of 325 amino acid residues. Neither the wildtype ompA gene nor the BamHI fragment encoding the NH2-terminal part of the protein (residues 1–227) could be transferred to a high copy number plasmid, presumably due to lethal overproduction of the protein or its NH2-terminal fragment. However, the NH2-terminal fragment derived from one of the ompA mutants of pTU100 could be transferred to the high copy number plasmid pBR322, and was expressed in the presence of the amber suppressors supD or supF. Under these conditions two new envelope proteins with apparent molecular weights of 30,000 and 24,000 were synthesized, and the cells became sensitive to phage TuII*, indicating the presence of phage receptor activity in the outer membrane. The major, 24,000 dalton protein has the molecular weight expected of a protein comprising residues 1–227 of protein II*. DNA-sequencing studies demonstrated that no termination codons are present in the DNA region immediately downstream from the BamHI site at residue 227 in this hybrid plasmid, and it is therefore likely that the 24,000-dalton protein arises from the posttranslational proteolytic cleavage of a larger polypeptide. The 30,000-dalton protein is a likely candidate for such a larger polypeptide. These results also demonstrate that the 98 CO2H-terminal residues of wildtype protein II* (resisdues 228–325) are not required either for the activity of the protein as a phage receptor or for its incorporation into the outer membrane.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 179 (1980), S. 453-455 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using a set of overlapping deletion mutants in the tetracycline-resistance transposon Tn10, it has been established that certain regions of the Tn10 genome exert a powerful inhibition on translocation of an intact Tn10 element into the bacterial genome. Such inhibition is strongly temperature dependent: at 37° C translocation is inhibited by at least a factor of 100; no inhibition of translocation is detected at 30° C.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Genetica 54 (1980), S. 127-132 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1238-1243 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The equationf = k · Δn · S is utilized for the fibre strength during spinning from the melted mass.S is the spinning titer in denier. The coefficientk is determined from measuring values in literature and is according to equation [2] and figure 1, dependent on the temperature of the polymere mass, coated during extrusion from the spinning jet. It reduces with the radiation losses of the fibre. For the calculation of the heat transmission coefficient, dependent on the spinning titer, equations are given for PET and PA6. Based on these the cubic number of the heat transmission coefficient is in reverse proportion to the spinning titer. All values from spinning orientation and fibre tension of the seven series of measurements are in sequence in the model. No anomalies were established. Under these conditions the calculation was expanded to full spinning orientation. The fibre strength is in direct proportion to spinning titer, the spinning orientation and fibre tension on the other hand in reverse proportion. The connection between spinning orientation and fibre tension are proven on three examples. For this the calculations for full spinning orientation and fibre tension was used in addition to measuring values published in literature on the subject. A quotient fibre strength /spinning orientation is required for PET or PA6 respectively, in order to determine the spinning titer assigned to each series of measurements for full spinning orientation. The fibre strength for the elementary fibre for PET is in the measuring series 1 to 5 215,67 dyn throughout and 301,56 dyn in PA6, measuring series 6 and 7. The heat transmission coefficient for all seven tests resulted in the same valueā = 216,68 .10−4 cal/cm2 s °C. The spinning titer for free convection lies at full spinning orientation and PET between 0,865 den measuring series 1 and 1,386 den measuring series 2, 3, 4 and with PA6 between 0,982 den measuring series 6 and 1,907 den measuring series 1. The spinning titer S = 5,034 den was then determined for forced convection PET measuring series 5. This lies higher than the values calculated for free convection.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für die Fadenkraft beim Erspinnen von Fäden aus der Schmelze wird die Gleichungf = k · Δn· S angewendet.S ist der Spinntiter in Denier. Der Koeffizientk wird aus Meßwerten in der Literatur ermittelt; er ist gemäßk = t p c abhängig von der Temperatur der Polymerschmelze beim Austritt aus der Spinndüse.c und somitk fallen nach Abb. 1 mit den Strahlungsverlusten des Fadens ab. Für die Rechnung der Wärmeübergangszahl abhängig vom Spinntiter sind Gleichungen für PET und PA6 angege ben. Nach ihnen ist die dritte Potenz der Wärmeübergangs zahl zum Spinntiter umgekehrt proportional. Alle Werte von Spinnorientierung und Fadenspannung der sieben Meßreihen ordnen sich in das Modell ein. Anomalien wurden nicht festgestellt. Unter dieser Bedingung wurde die Rechnung bis zur vollen Spinnorientierung erweitert. Die Fadenkraft ist zum Spinntiter direkt, Spinnorientierung und Fadenspannung dagegen sind zu ihm umgekehrt proportional. An drei Beispielen wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Spinnorientierung und Fadenspannung nachgewiesen. Hierzu werden die Rechenwerte für die volle Spinnorientierung und Fadenspannung sowie die in der Literatur veröffentlichten Meßwerte eingesetzt. Ein Quotient Fadenkraft/Spinnorientierung ist für PET bzw. PA6 erforderlich, um den Spinntiter zu ermitteln, der jeder Meßreihe für die volle Spinnorientierung zugeordnetist. Die Fadenkraft beträgt für den Elementarfaden bei PET, Meßreihen 1 bis 5 einheitlich 215,75 dyn und 301,56 dyn bei PA6, Meßreihen 6 und 7. Für alle sieben Meßreihen hat sich für die Wärmeübergangszahl der gleiche Werta = 216,68-10−4 cal/cm2 s °C ergeben. Der Spinntiter für die freie Konfektion liegt bei voller Spinnorientierung und PET zwischen 0,865 den, Meßreihe 1, und 1,386 den, Meßreihen 2, 3, 4, und bei PA6 zwischen 0,982 den, Meßreihe 6, und 1,907 den, Meßreihe 7. Für die erzwungene Konvektion, PET, Meßreihe 5 ist der SpinntiterS = 5,034 den bestimmt worden. Er liegt höher als die bei freier Konvektion gerechneten Werte. Herrn Prof. Dr.F. Horst Müller in Marburg-Marbach spreche ich auch an dieser Stelle meinen verbindlichen Dank für das stets fördernde Interesse an dieser Arbeit aus.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Conclusions We have attempted to set forth the important aspects of numerical data presentation so as to promote the usefulness of the quantitative results of scientific research. It may seem that there is an apparent conflict between these recommendations and the usual exhortations to authors by editors for brevity as well as clarity in their papers. Although these recommendations call for somewhat more detail than is commonly provided, they do not exceed what appears in the better papers today. The required statements may be terse and factual. The ideal situation is to have all the relevant information in the published article. However, if this is not practical then the supplementary material should be put in an auxiliary publication (submitted together with the shorter manuscript) and placed in a suitable depository service such as the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis at Purdue University. In any event, the details must be available to the public from some source other than the author. The means of obtaining such auxiliary information must be clearly stated in the publication.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1980-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0044-2585
    Electronic ISSN: 1865-9748
    Topics: Economics
    Published by Springer
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