ALBERT

Notes: Abstract. Uptake of [14C] adenine and [14C] cytosine into isolated pea chloroplasts has been examined by using a centrifugal-filtration technique. These chloroplasts accumulate both compounds in the sucrose-impermeable space to concentrations higher than that present in the external solution when the latter was below 1.0 mM. Competition experiments suggested that uptake is mediated by a carrier mechanism.

Notes: A root bioassay was used to determine the effect of various soils, and the chloride salts of Fe+++, Fe++, Al +++, Ca ++, K +, and Na+ on the activity of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. Mineral soils significantly reduced the inhibitory effects of glyphosate on root growth. One muck soil inactivated glyphosate, but another muck soil and bentonite clay had little effect. Soils with the greatest inactivation capabilities had high concentrations of weak-acid-extractable iron. Glyphosate inactivation showed no correlation between cation exchange capacity and organic matter of the muck soils. FeCl3, FeCl2 and AlCl3, significantly reduced the activity of glyphosate, and, when allowed to stand in solution, combinations of FeCl3 and glyphosate formed a precipitate. CaCl2, KCl and NaCl did not inactivate glyphosate. Inactivation du glyphosate par divers sols et sels métalliques Un test biologique sur racines a été utilisé pour déterminer l'action de divers sols et de sels chlorés de Fe+++, Fe++, Al++, Ca++, K +, et Na+ sur I'activité du glyphosate N-(phosphono-méthyl) glycine. Les sols minéraux ont réduit significativement les effets inhibiteurs du glyphosate sur la croissance des racines. Un sol organique a inactivé le glyphosate, mais un autre sol organique, ainsi que la bentonite. n'ont eu que peu d'effet. Les sols qui ont présenté les plus grandes possibilités d'inactivation renfermaient des concentrations élevées dc fcr extractible par des acides faibles. II n'a pas été observé, en ce qui concerne l'inactivation du glyphosate, de corrélation entre la capaeité d'échange des cations et la teneure matiére organique des sols organiques. FeCl3, FeCl2, et AlCl3 ont significativement réduit l'activité du glyphosate et, lorsqu'ils ont été mis en présenceen solution, la combinaison de FeCl3 et du glyphosate a provoqué la formation d'un précipité, CaCl2, KCl et NaCl n'ont pas inactivé le glyphosate. Die Inaktivierung von Glyphosat durch verschiedene Böden und Metallsalze Die Wirkung verschiedener Bödden und der Chloride von Fe+++, Fe++, Al+++, Ca++, K+ und Na+ auf die Aktivität von Glyphosat N-(Phosphonomethyl)glycin wurde mit einem Wurzel-Biotest festgestellt. Mineralische Böden verringerten signifkant den Hemmeffekt von Glyphosat auf das Wurzelwachstum. Durch einen der organischen Böden wurde Glyphoat inaktiviert, ein anderer und das Tonmineral Bentonit, wirkten jedoch nur wenig inaktivierend. Böden mit der stärksten Inaktivierungsfähigkeit besassen hohe Konzentrationen an mit schwacher Säure extrahierbarem Eisen. Die Inaktivierung von Glyphosat war nicht mil der Kationen-Austauschkapazität und dem Gehalt der Böden an organischer Substanz korreliert Durch FeCl3, FeCl2 und AlCl3 wurde die Aktivitat von Glyphosat signifikant verringert. Wenn FeCl3 und Glyphosat in Lösung zusammengebracht wurden, bildete sich beim Stehenlassen dieser Kombination ein Niederschlag. CaCl2, KCl und NaCl wirkten auf Glyphosat nicht inaktivierend.

Notes: Three groups of 25 hogs were selected and slaughtered using a vertical drum skinner. Weights were observed on the live animals, skins, feet, warm carcasses, and the trimmed bellies. The extent of belly damage was measured subjectively. Mean values and standard errors for the combined groups were as follows: live wt, 100.91 kg ± 16.82; percent skin (of live wt), 6.91%± 0.24; percent feet (of live wt), 1.59%± 0.01; dressing percentage (warm wt) 69.55%± 0.42; cooler shrinkage (18 hr), 1.16%± 0.64; percent of carcasses with exposed cutaneus trunci muscle, 14.67%± 21.33. Microbial counts on the exterior surface of the hams, bellies and shoulders of 40 skinned and 40 scalded carcasses were determined. Counts were significantly greater over the hams of scalded than skinned carcasses but the shoulders of skinned carcasses had significantly higher counts than those of scalded carcasses. Although the skinning process resulted in significantly less shrinkage than the scalding process, the chilling rates for the deep ham, longissimus muscle and belly were slightly retarded for 17 skinned carcasses (pulled skins) as compared to 17 scalded carcasses. Prediction equations and resultant chilling curves are shown for skinned and scalded carcasses at each of the above three locations.

Notes: A new approach to the production of protein isolates from oilseed flours with industrial ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes previously demonstrated has been further optimized for use with soy flour. The effects on membrane performance of prefiltering the flour extract feed to different degrees and processing the feed at different pH levels were examined. A wide range of industrial membrane systems embodying several configurations was tested. Prefiltration of feed to less than 100μ proved to be unnecessary for most systems. Feed at pH 7.0 processed at high permeation rates and yielded products with NSI values in excess of 90.

Notes: Samples of the tacky exudate formed on meat surfaces as a result of massaging muscle in the presence of salt and/or phosphate were removed at intervals during 24 hr of massaging and observed using a light microscope. Samples without added salt or phosphate showed broken fibers and fragments from fiber disruption. Samples with salt or phosphate showed both solubilized protein and fragments from fiber disruption. Samples with salt and phosphate showed primarily clouds of solubilized protein. Length of massaging enhanced the effects in all samples.

Notes: The granules of egg yolk were disrupted with 1.71M sodium chloride and separated into two floating and three sedimenting fractions on ultracentrifugation. The pellicle (FI) and subpellicle (FII) fractions contained most of the granular low-density material. A minor amount of low-density lipoproteins was trapped physically within the high-density matrix of sedimenting fractions. The subpellicle (FII) was particularly rich in myelin figures (MF) and uniformly-sized granule low-density lipoproteins (LDLg). Ultrafiltration, dextran sulfate-lipoprotein complexing and gel filtration techniques were evaluated for their ability to separate these two FII components in the purified form. Electron microscopy was used to assess fraction purity and the structural integrity of the particles. Sepharose 2B gel filtration was considered the best method of isolation.

Notes: To gain knowledge of the circumstances associated with the release of CO2 and better understand the mechanisms of deterioration of orange juice quality, the quantity of CO2 emitted by freeze-dried orange juice powder was measured. At the same time, quality attributes (flavor, color, ascorbic acid) were evaluated as a function of time, temperature, water content and oxygen content of the atmosphere. Results of these experiments are reported.

Notes: Myelin figures (MF) and low-density lipoprotein (LDLg) in yolk granules were isolated from the subpellicle fraction formed during the super-centrifugation of a granule dispersion in 10% NaCl (Garland and Powrie, 1978). The MF and LDLg fraction were analyzed for total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total lipid, cholesterol and phospholipids. MF fraction possessed components which were similar to those for LDLg, but concentrations of the components were different. MF contained about 86% lipid whereas the lipid content of LDLg was around 84%. The amount of total nitrogen in MF and LDLg fractions was dependent on the age of hens from which eggs were obtained. With eggs from 36-wk-old hens, the MF and LDLg fractions had % total nitrogen values of 1.29 and 1.82, respectively whereas with hens from 39 wk to 1.5 yr of age, total nitrogen values were between 2.39 and 2.52% for MF and between 2.46 and 2.51% for LDLg. The total phosphorous content of the LDLg fraction was dependent on hen age. As a proportion of the total lipid, MF fractions were found to be rich in cholesterol, about 11.5% whereas LDLg fraction contained about 3.7%. Total phospholipid content of MF and LDLg from eggs of 39-wk-old hens was approximately 30 and 26%, respectively. Phosphatidyl choline was the predominant phospholipid in both MF and LDLg, and small amounts of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine and sphingomyelin were present.

Notes: Samples of rectus femoris were collected from cured ham muscles which had been massaged for 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 or 24 hr with 0, 1, 2, or 3% of added salt in the presence or absence of 0.5% phosphate for examination with a scanning election microscope (SEM). After several hours of massaging, fiber disruption became evident. Further massaging resulted in longitudinal disruption of the fibers. Myofibrils were observed to separate and shred from the surface of the fibers. After 24 hr of massage, all treatments showed massive fiber disruption and loss of normal structural integrity. The effects of massaging were more pronounced in the presence of salts and phosphates at all time intervals.

Notes: Decimal reduction values (D values) and activation energies for destruction of pantothenic acid (PA) in KH phthalate buffer, pH 4, 5 and 6, in meat puree and in pea puree at temperatures between 118-143°C were determined using the thermal death time tube method and the Arrhenius equation, Samples were assayed according to AOAC (1975) microbiological method for pantothenic acid. Activation energies ranged from 20,000-38,000 Cal/mole. As pH increased from 4 to 7, activation energies also increased. The D1 2 1 values ranged from 4-32 hr for buffered systems and from 38-40 hr for food systems. These large D values for foods would indicate that PA is not very heat labile and is more stable in these food systems compared to buffered systems.