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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 17 (1974), S. 468-476 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Proben von Aphis fabae und Myzus persicae in Blättern von Zuckerrüben mit erblicher Blattlausresistenz bzw.-anfälligkeit wurde untersucht durch mikroskopische Durchmusterung von Speichelscheiden in Proben von ganzen Blatt. Rübenblätter wurden mit genähert drei adulten Läusen cm-2 besetzt und nach 48 Stunden quergeschnittene Streifen der Blätter in Alkohol fixiert, gefärbt und mit der Unterseite nach oben auf Objektträgern eingeschlossen. 23890 Speichelscheiden wurden registriert. Die Dichte der Scheiden von M. persicae (cm-2) und der Anteil der das Phloem erreichenden Scheiden (SRP) unterschieden sich signifikant zwischen den Rübenstämmen. Bei A. fabae ergaben sich entsprechende, aber nicht gesicherte Unterschiede. Scheidendichte und Prozentsatz SRP waren gegenläufig, zwei Rübenstämme zeigten eine hohe Scheidendichte, zwei andere hatten weniger Scheiden, aber einen höheren Prozentsatz SRP. Diese Gruppierung der Stämme korrespondierte aber nicht mit ihrer Blattlausresistenz. Aus der Scheidendichte ergab sich, dass M. persicae und A. fabae auf allen geprüften Rübenstämmen, resistenten und anfälligen, unbehindert probten, so dass jede Laus das Phloem durchschnittlich etwa viermal am Tag erreichte. Ein Klon von M. persicae, der sich an Rüben nicht entwickelt, hinterliess weniger Scheiden in den Blättern aller Stämme. Der Anteil von SRP war bei Prüfungen im März grösser als im November. Dieser Unterschied war besonders deutlich bei Scheiden von Larven, die im übrigen zu allen Zeiten das Phloem weniger oft erreichten als ihre Eltern. Messungen des Abstandes von der unteren Blattfläche zum Phloem ergaben, dass das Phloem den Läusen in Gewächshaus-Zuckerrüben immer zugänglich war. M. persicae-Larven konnten jedoch in Blättern von Freilandrüben das Phloem nicht erreichen.
    Notes: Abstract The probing of Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae in the leaves of sugar beet with inherited resistance or susceptibility to aphids was studied by microscopic examination of samples of whole leaves, prepared after 48 h exposure to adult aphids at approximately three aphids cm-2. The density of saliva stylet-sheaths left by the aphids (cm-2) and the proportion reaching phloem differed between sugar beet stocks and were inversely associated. Differences in resistance between stocks could not, however, be related directly to either. All beet stocks examined were probed freely. Seasonal differences in sugar beet grown in the glasshouse affected the proportion of sheaths reaching the phloem, but the differences between beet stocks were similar at all times. The densities of sheaths left by different clones of M. persicae corresponded with the aphids' response to sugar beet as a host plant. Among aphid clones which readily colonize sugar beet, the densities of stylet sheaths which reached phloem suggested that the adults of both A. fabae and M. persicae gained sufficient access to sieve tubes to satisfy their nutritional needs. The phloem of sugar beet from the glasshouse was always within the estimated maximum depth to which the aphids probe; but, in leaves from the field, it appeared that the phloem might be inaccessible to young M. persicae in the sugar beet crop during late summer.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 34 (1974), S. 447-452 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract On 16 June 1972, the Naval Research Laboratory's coronagraph aboard OSO-7 tracked a huge coronal cloud moving outward from the Sun. Concurrent observations of the inner corona made by the High Altitude Observatory at Mauna Loa showed bifurcation of the underlying coronal structure. Together, these observations can be interpreted as evidence for the stretching of the closed fields into a ‘magnetic bottle’, extending to at least eight radii from the center of the Sun.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 23 (1974), S. 119-133 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary Collocation with piecewise polynomial functions is used to solve a general nonlinear system of first order differential equations subject to multi-point linear constraints. Using (vector) piecewise polynomial functions of degreed, convergence of orderO(h d+1) is achieved. Moreover, Richardson's extrapolation can be applied to the solution values at mesh points for equal spacing. A numerical example which demonstrates these features is given.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 30 (1974), S. 8-12 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 119 (1974), S. 207-220 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Both uptake and incorporation of radioactivity from [3H]l-leucine into gibberellic-acid (GA3)-treated aleurone layers of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was enhanced by pretreatment with 5 mM potassium bromate. The effect of 5 mM KBrO3 on amino-acid incorporation was quantitative rather than qualitative and could be partly reversed by the addition of neutralized casein hydrolysate at 10 mg/ml. Autoradiographs of GA3-treated aleurone cells pulsed with [3H]leucine showed distribution of silver grains predominantly over the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and aleurone grains. After chasing with carrier l-leucine for 60 min, fewer silver grains were associated with the ER and aleurone grains while nearly half of the silver was associated with the ground cytoplasm of the cell. Autoradiographs were prepared from aleurone cells previously stratified by ultracentrifugation. After a 10-min pulse of label, the silver grains were found over the central ER zone of centrifuged cells; however, with an increase in duration of the chase, label was found distributed throughout the aleurone grain and spherosome region of the cell. The silver grains which were located over the central zone of centrifuged cells at the end of the pulse were almost exclusively associated with the ER. There is no evidence for association of label with dictyosomes or with vesicles derived from dictyosomes. The experimental evidence indicates that labelled amino acids are incorporated into aleurone cells on the ER and are released from these cells without the participation of a membrane-bound vesicle.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 121 (1974), S. 133-146 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The two-cell-layered endosperm of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is characterized by thick cell walls and dense cytoplasm. The periodic-acid-Schiff's(PAS)-positive cell wall forms numerous peg-like projections which extend into the cytoplasm. The dense cytoplasm contains organelles of protein and lipid storage. The protein bodies are numerous and appear to be interconnected by narrow extensions of their envelopes. Spherosomes are also numerous; they occupy a peripheral position in the cytoplasm. Other organelles typical of plant cells (nuclei with prominent nucleoli, mitochondria, microbodies, dictyosomes and various vesicles) are also found in the ground cytoplasm of the endosperm cell. Germination of the seeds began after 14 h imbibition in light, and by 24 h 35–40% of the seeds had germinated. The cell walls of endosperm from seeds germinated in light for 12–15 h were extensively broken down as shown by the decrease in PAS staining of the wall. Cell-wall breakdown increased with the duration of imbibition, with the exception of the wall adjacent to the integument which showed no evidence of digestion. The structural complexity of the endosperm cell wall is correlated with the role this tissue plays in restricting embryo growth. Cell-wall breakdown is correlated with radicle protrusion, although a causal relationship between these two events is not proved.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 47 (1974), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Disordered α-cristobalite which occurs extensively in bentonites, opals and particularly deep-sea cherts, has been previously interpreted in terms of a unidimensionally disordered structure in which cristobalite is interstratified with two-layer tridymite-like sheets. An alternative interpretation is that the structure is essentially tridymitic but that the sheets are stacked with random transverse displacement normal to the c axis, an arrangement similar to the translational, turbostratic stacking postulated for smectites. This interpretation was arrived at after a comparitive study of a silica phase in an Italian bentonite and a deep-sea chert, material which yielded an X-ray powder pattern almost identical with that of disordered α-cristobalite, but electron diffraction patterns and infrared spectra more consistent with tridymite. It is suggested that this type of silica, which has been described almost universally as cristobalite, is more appropriately referred to as disordered α-tridymite.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 119 (1974), S. 193-206 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Protein release from gibberellic acid-treated aleurone cells of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was followed in pulse-chase experiments with radioactively labelled amino acids. After a 10-min pulse of [3H]leucine or [3H]tryptophan, label was incorporated into trichloroacetic-acid (TCA)-insoluble material; some of this was released into the incubation medium during a chase with carrier amino acid. This relase of TCA-insoluble material into the incubation medium had no appreciable lag period. Precipitation with rabbit-anti-α-amylase antibody of the radioactivity released from aleurone layers into the medium during chasing indicates that as much as 70% of the radioactivity present is α-amylase. Aleurone cell homogenates were fractionated by differential centrifugation after pulsing with labelled amino acids. Radioactivity in TCA-insoluble materials was distributed equally among all sediment fractions indicating that no specific accumulation of label occurred. Tissue was also fractionated after labelling with a pulse of [3H]tyrosine and [14C]-tryptophan, and the distribution of radioactivity in various fractions also showed that no preferential sedimentation of label occurred. Altogether, no experimental evidence could be found to support the hypothesis that proteins are released from aleurone cells via discrete secretory organelles.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 94 (1974), S. 7-15 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A direct comparison of the relative sensitivity of the lateral-line system in swimming and in stationary fish was made by recording the total response of the anterior lateral-line nerve in decerebrate dogfish while the infraorbital lateral-line canals were stimulated. 2. During vigorous body movements, of the type made in “escape reactions”, the early components of the lateral-line response were attenuated by as much as 30 dB and the later components were completely abolished (Fig. 2). 3. This strong attenuation depended on two interacting factors: (i) the violent body movements created water currents which interacted destructively with the lateral-line stimulus; (ii) there was, in addition, an active reduction in sense-organ sensitivity which was attributed to the inhibitory action of the efferent lateral-line system.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 92 (1974), S. 181-200 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Gnathonemus petersii respond to each other's electric organ discharge (EOD) with an “echo” discharge of their own at a latency of about 12 msec. This response persists until interfish distances reach about 30 cm (Fig. 4). 2. Artificial electrical stimuli were used to further characterize the response. Response threshold, latency dependence on stimulus intensity, polarity characteristics (Figs. 5–7), and differential regional sensitivity indicate that “medium” electroreceptors in the anterior region of the animal underlie the response. 3. Response probability depends upon the delay of the stimulus after the last EOD and also upon the instantaneous EOD rate (Figs. 8, 9). The echo response in turn resets the EOD rhythm of the responding animal (Fig. 10). These results suggest that the echo input pathway terminates on the presumed mesencephalic command center.
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