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  • Physics  (59)
  • ASTROPHYSICS
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (93)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1940-1944
  • 1925-1929
  • 1971  (93)
Collection
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (93)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1940-1944
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 385-406 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystallization from the melt of three sharp polyethylene fractions has been studied at 5 kbar. It has been shown that the thickness of so-called extended-chain lamellae is a function of time, temperature, and molecular weight. There is by no means just the fully extended molecular configuration present. Crystallization is qualitatively similar to that of chain-folded crystals at 1 bar, giving an optimum lamellar thickness which increases with time and decreasing supercooling. Fractional crystallization is widespread and is a major cause of disparate lamellar thickness. Isothermal thickening of lamellae during crystallization has been established directly. Morphological detail suggests further that layers can increase their thickness tenfold over their initial size.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 829-839 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mobilities of polymer chain segments in mixtures of rubber and carbon black were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance. Spin-spin relaxation time (T2) measurements on cis-polybutadiene and ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) bound rubbers detected at least two relaxing regions: an immobile region and a relatively free region. The molecular motions in the relatively free region are still constrained compared to those of the pure gum.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 5 (1971), S. 453-461 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Surface reactions of aldehydes and nitriles induced by high electric fields have been studied mass spectrometrically. Some general phenomena are demonstrated for the case of surface reactions of crotonaldehyde. The field ionization (FI) mass spectra of polar substances depend strongly on whether the organic micro needles on the FI emitter have a tight or a porous structure. Proton transfer reactions are observed with most of the polar substances. They can be reduced if the emitter surface is covered with a strongly adsorbed substance which does not react with the polar substance. The originally dense micro needle structure may change to a porous structure. The FI mass spectra of polar substances may then change drastically with time because of capillary condensation or multilayer formation.Raising the emitter temperature decreases the intensity of the fragment and dimeric ions of polar substances which form multilayers on the emitter surface. Thermal desorption of the multilayers reduces the number of reactions occurring therein. Even at high temperatures (750°C) the reduction of fragment intensities due to the multilayer removal is more pronounced than the increase of fragment intensities due to thermal bond rupture, provided that the C,N,O-skeleton of the molecules is composed of strong bonds like conjugated double bonds, or that it has a cyclic structure.It is shown that the FI mass spectra of benzonitrile are much simpler than those of some aliphaticnitriles, and that the mechanisms of field polymerization are different in both cases.
    Notes: Oberflächenreaktionen von Aldehyden und Nitrilen bei hoher elektrischer Feldstärke wurden rnassenspektrometrisch untersucht. Einige allgemeine Erscheinungen werden für den Fall von Oberflächenreaktionen von Crotonaldehyd aufgezeigt. Die Feldionisations Massenspektren (FI) polarer Substanzen hängen stark davon ab, ob die organischen Mikronadeln auf dem FI-Emitter eine dichte oder eine poröse Struktur hahen. Protonentransfer-Reaktionen werden mit den meisten polaren Substanzen beobachtet. Sie können reduziert werden, wenn die Emitteroberfläche mit einer stark adsorbierten Substanz bedeckt wird, die nicht mit der polaren Substanz reagiert. Die ursprünglich dichte Struktur der Mikronadel kann sich zu einer porösen Struktur wandeln. Die FI-Massenspektren polarer Substanzen können sich dann im Laufe der Zeit wegen Kapillarkondensation oder der Bildung von Multischichten drastisch verändern.Die Erhöhung der Emittertemperatur verringert die Intensität der Fragment- und dimeren Ionen der polaren Substanzen, die Multischichten auf der Emitteroberfläche bilden. Thermische Desorption der Multischichten verringert die Anzahl der in ihnen vorkommenden Reaktionen. Selbst bei hohen Temperaturen (750° C) ist die Reduzierung von Fragmentintensitäten infolge des Abbaus der Multischichten ausgeprägter als diezunahmevon Fragmentintensitäten infolge thermischer Bindungsbrüche, vorausgesetzt daß das C, N, O-Gerüst der Moleküle entweder aus starken Bindungen, wie konjugierten Doppelbindungen zusammengesetzt ist, oder da13 es eine zyklische Striktur hat.Es wird gezeigt, daß die FI-Massenspektren der Benzonitrile wesentlich einfacher sind als die einiger aliphatischer Nitrile, und daß die Mechanismen der Feldpolyrnerisation in beiden Fällen verschieden sind.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 9 (1971), S. 2079-2083 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 543-555 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Photocurrents developed in polyethylene in the wavelength range 360-180 nm have been measured. The action spectra show features which can be related to the corresponding features in the absorption spectrum, and in addition there is electron injection from the metal electrode at a wavelength determined by the electrode material. The time dependence of the response indicates that a long-lived space charge is formed in the material.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 1777-1791 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ozone has been used as a selective oxidizing agent for degrading polyethylene single crystals at room temperature in order to confirm and extend results on surface structure obtained by use of fuming nitric acid at temperatures above 60°C. The surfaces of the crystals were rendered highly accessible to the ozone gas by preparing the crystalline material in a highly expanded form; the solvent in which the crystals were suspended was removed by sublimation from the solid state. The extent and nature of the reaction were studied by measuring the increase in weight and in density, by direct chemical analyses, and by making use of infrared spectroscopy and gel-permeation chromatography. It was found that the surfaces of the crystals are attacked at room temperature by ozone, with resulting chain scission, and the broad features of the chemical reaction were established. Some folded chains are found to be as long as the original thickness of the crystal, and once folds have been cut, continuing reaction shortens the chains. In the early stages of the degradation, during which most of the weight increase takes place, the density of the crystals increases, and the magnitude of the increase is that expected from the increase in weight alone, i.e., assuming no increase in effective volume.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 2009-2021 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The storage (G′) and loss (G″) shear moduli have been measured in the frequency range from 0.04 to 630 Hz for solutions of narrow distribution polystyrenes with molecular weights (M) 19,800 to 860,000, and a few of poly(vinyl acetate), M = 240,000. The concentration (c) range was 0.014-0.40 g/ml and the viscosities of the solvents (diethyl phthalate and chlorinated diphenyls) ranged from 0.12 to 70 poise. Data at different temperatures (0-40°C) were combined by the method of reduced variables. Two types of behavior departing from the usual frequency dependence describable by the Rouse-Zimm-Tschoegl theories were observed. First, for M ≅ 20,000, the ratio (G″ - ωηs)/G′ in the neighborhood of ωτ1 = 1 was abnormally large and the steady-state compliance Je0 was abnormally small, especially at the lowest concentrations studied. Here ω is circular frequency, ηs solvent viscosity, and τ1 terminal relaxation time. Related anomalies have been observed by others in undiluted polymers at still lower molecular weights. Second, at the highest concentrations and molecular weights, a “crossover” region of the logarithmic frequency scale appeared in which G″ - ωηs 〈 G′. The width of this region is a linear function of log c; the frequency dependence under these conditions can be represented by a sequence of Rouse relaxation times grafted on to a sequence of Zimm relaxation times. For each molecular weight, the terminal relaxation time τ1 was approximately a single function of c for different solvents of widely different ηs. At lower concentrations, τ1 was close to the Rouse prediction of 6ηM/π2cRT, where η is the steady-flow viscosity; but at higher concentrations, τ1 was proportional to η/c2 and corresponded, according to a recent theory of Graessley, to an average molecular weight of 20,000 between entanglement coupling points in the undiluted polymer.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 645-658 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Fourier transform method of Vonk and Kortleve for the analysis of small-angle x-ray diffraction (SAXRD) from semicrystalline polymers has been compared with a modified direct method, originally due to Tsvankin. SAXRD data for three melt-crystallized polyethylene samples have been analyzed in terms of the mean true periodicity, mean crystal length, and mean length of amorphous segments. The two methods of analysis yield substantially equivalent results for all three samples. Calibration curves for the Tsvankin analysis are tabulated, and the relative merits of the two methods of analysis are discussed. With either method, information about the diffracting structure may be deduced that is not available from a simple measurement of the position of the SAXRD maximum. In fact, direct application of the Bragg law to any but the sharpest maximum yields a spacing (the long period) that lacks direct physical significance.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 999-1024 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Electron spin resonance spectroscopy has been used to study the effects of 15 MeV electrons, x-rays, and ultraviolet radiation on poly-4-methylpentene-1 (TPX) both at 77°K and at room temperature. At least seven identifiably different paramagnetic species are observable in unstabilized oxygen-free TPX after irradiation, and additional species exist in the stabilized grades. The species which predominates under most conditions is interpreted as being due to the loss of hydrogen from a main-chain tertiary carbon atom; interpretations of most of the other species are also given. Oxygen is found to diffuse rapidly into the polymer and to react with the free radicals to form peroxy species. In the absence of oxygen the radiation damage is expected to lead ultimately to crosslinking or double-bond formation, or with oxygen to degradation. The general nature of the free radicals produced by electron or x-ray irradiation is the same, but there are significant differences for ultraviolet irradiation. The observed spectra for irradiated TPX and their interpretations are in good agreement with the spectra and later interpretations for irradiated polypropylene, but are in less satisfactory agreement with the published papers on polybutene-1 and poly-3-methylbutene-1.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 115-126 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The apparent specific volumes, φ2, of a series of poly(propylene glycol) and poly(ethyleneglycol) oligomers in aqueous solution were determined as a function of temperature from 4 to 25°C. The slope, dφ2/dT, was taken as a measure of the extent of interaction between the hydrophobic portions of the oligomer and water, higher values of dφ2/dT representing diminished hydrophobic interaction. It is suggested that the observed increase in dφ2/dT with chain length for the poly(propylene glycol) oligomers can be attributed to the previously proposed disk coiled conformation of the chain which reduces the degree of contact between the side-chain methyl groups and water as the chain length increases. This interpretation is supported by (1) the direct relationship between the difference in the thermal expansion behavior of the two oligomer series and the accessibility of the methyl groups in the poly(propylene glycol) disk-coil, and (2) the agreement between the calculated volume changes on mixing for the methyl groups and the values predicted for the disk-coil model from the Némethy and Scheraga theory.
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