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  • Chemistry  (72)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984
  • 1955-1959  (72)
  • 1955  (72)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of chain length by light scattering without knowledge of concentration (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 17 (1955), S. 133-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120178315
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The crystal structure of polycaproamide: Nylon 6 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 17 (1955), S. 159-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystal structure of nylon 6 (—NH (CH2)5CO—)p has been determined by interpretation of the x-ray diffraction patterns given by drawn, rolled fibers. The determination was part of a program to investigate the relation between structure and physical properties, in particular melting point. Nylon 6 melts 50°C. lower than its isomer nylon 66 (—NH (CH2)6NH·CO (CH2)4CO—)p; it had been suggested that this was due to deficient hydrogen-bond formation in nylon 6 crystallites. The unit cell contains eight chemical units (—NH (CH2)5CO—) and is monoclinic with a = 9.56 A., b = 17.24 A., c = 8.01 A., and β = 671/2°. Calculated density = 1.23. Observed density for a drawn monofilament = 1.16. The structure consists of planar chains of CH2 groups and amide groups tilted 7° from the (001) plane. Alternate chains in this plane are oppositely directed, an arrangement which allows all hydrogen bonds to be made perfectly. The hydrogen-bonded sheets of atoms are packed in an “up-and-down” staggered configuration along the c-axis. Distances between atoms in neighboring molecules are all normal van der Waals contact distances. It appears, from a general survey of polyamide melting points published elsewhere, that the determining factor is the number of CH2 groups between the amide “anchor points” - polymers with odd numbers of CH2 groups melt lower than those with even numbers. The present work shows that the odd number of CH2 groups in this polymer does not lead to deficient hydrogenbond formation, and that the lower melting point of nylon 6 as compared with nylon 66 must be ascribed to some other cause, possibly connected with the propagation of vibrations along odd-numbered chain segments.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120178401
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infrared study of oxidation of elastomersContribution No. 215 from the Research Laboratory of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 15 (1955), S. 51-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Infrared absorption spectra were used to study the structural changes resulting from oxidation in a number of unvulcanized, purified polymers under a variety of experimental conditions. The results showed that as oxidation progressed, the structural changes which were detected were qualitatively the same for all of the polymers under all of these experimental conditions. Correlation of volumetric measurements with spectral data indicated that considerably more oxygen was absorbed by the polymer samples before structural changes could be detected than the minimum amount required for the initial detection of the hydroxyl and carbonyl structures. From the interpretation of information from the absorption spectrum, it is believed that the structural evidence is in substantial agreement with current theories on autoxidation. Although the initial hydroperoxide formation is not observed in the spectrum, it is quite probable that this reaction takes place with almost immediate decomposition which results in a net hydroperoxide concentration so low as to make infrared methods insensitive for its detection. Correlation of physical properties with structural studies indicate that little change in these properties take place until the hydroxyl and carbonyl structures become evident in the infrared spectrum.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120157905
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorine-containing polymers. II. 1, 1-dihydroperfluoroalkyl acrylates: Preparation of monomersContribution No. 57 from the Central Research Department, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. We wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Wright Air Development Center, Air Material Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (Dayton, Ohio), for the work reported here.1 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 15 (1955), S. 515-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Acrylate esters of seven n-1,1-dihydroperfluoroalkanols have been synthesized. The esters are: 1,1-dihydroperfluoroethyl-; 1,1-dihydroperfluoropropyl-; 1,1-dihydroperfluorobutyl-; 1,1-dihydroperfluoropentyl-; 1,1-dihydroperfluorohexyl-; 1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl-; and 1,1-dihydroperfluorodecyl acrylates. Since these alcohols were difficult to esterify using conventional procedures, acrylyl chloride or acrylic acid plus perfluoroacetic anhydride have been empolyed in this work.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1955.120158018
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neues Verfahren zur Auswertung von Chromatogrammen und Elektrophorese-Streifen (1955)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 27 (1955), S. 214-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Für die photometrische Registrierung angefärbter Chromatogramme und Elektrophorese-Streifen wird ein halblogarithmisches Diagrammpapier empfohlen, bei dem sich durch Auszählen der von der Kurve umschlossenen Diagramm-Rechtecke direkt der prozentuale Anteil der einzelnen Fraktionen ergibt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330270410
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of heat transfer to fluidized beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 374-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to determine the nature of the resistance controlling heat transfer between fluidized beds and surfaces in contact with them, heat transfer measurements were made on the same solid constituents with several different fluidizing gases. The heat transfer coefficients obtained with fluidized beds are found to be proportional to the square root of the thermal conductivity of the quiescent beds. This result indicates that the process controlling fluidized heat transfer may be considered to be an unsteady-state diffusion of heat into mobile elements of quiescent bed material.This picture is analyzed mathematically to yield an equation for the heat transfer coefficient h = h \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ h = \sqrt {{\rm K}_{\rm m} \rho _{\rm m} cS} $\end{document} wherein the effects of the bed thermal properties are separated from the effects of the stirring factor S, which accounts for bed motion and geometry. The mass transfer analogue is also derived and shown to correlate existing mass and heat transfer data reasonably well.It is concluded that the proposed mechanism yields a satisfactory picture of the fluidized heat transfer process and may provide the beginnings of a rational approach to the correlation and prediction of fluidized heat transfer in engineering work.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010317
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient behavior of single-phase natural-circulation loop systems (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 417-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A useful method is reported for calculating temperatures and rates of flow in the unsteady-state operation of natural-circulation loops in single phase. A one-dimensional mathematical model is used with the assumptions that (1) at any instant the volumetric rate of flow is constant around the loop and (2) steady-state friction factors can be applied in transient operations. The loop, consisting of a heat source, heat sink, hot leg, cold leg, and connecting piping, is divided into a number of finite increments. The transient behavior is calculated by the iterative application of the finite-difference momentum and energy balances. Numerical computations made for several cases of transient operations were carried out with the aid of the Standard Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC).Comparisons of predicted with actual performances were checked by use of two experimental loops employing water and found satisfactory.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010407
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capacity factors in the performance of perforated-plate columns (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 441-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of factors affecting the vapor-handling capacity of perforated-plate liquid-vapor contacting columns. Vapor-phase pressure drop across plates, liquid entrainment upward from plate to plate, and plate stability were investigated as functions of operational and geometric column parameters.Gas-phase pressure drop across dry perforated plates was observed to follow functional relationships predicted from available information for single perforations. The presence of liquid on a plate increased the total pressure drop by the equivalent clear-liquid head plus a small residue which is nearly constant for a given liquid.Entrainment was observed to be a function of column gas velocity, independent of gas velocity in the perforations. Weight rate of entrainment was also found to be proportional to the gas density, independent of liquid density, and inversely proportional to the liquid-surface tension. For a given system, entrainment was observed to be proportional to approximately the third power of the group, gas velocity divided by the distance between the liquid surface and the plate above.The stability of perforated plates was observed to be adequate for many industrial and experimental applications, as also reported in recently published studies, but contrary to qualitative statements found in the earlier literature. Stability was found to increase with decreasing perforation diameter and decreasing total perforation area relative to column cross-sectional area; to increase with greater gas density, liquid surface tension, and liquid wetting power; and to be virtually independent of liquid density and viscosity.Operating limits of vapor and liquid throughput are shown for a typical application of perforated plates in liquid-vapor contacting columns.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010410
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport of momentum and energy in a ducted jet: III. Correlation of profiles of total momentum and energy flux in a nonisothermal jet discharging into a duct (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The data in the first paper of this series on the distribution of momentum and energy in nonisothermal air streams mixing in a straight duct were correlated by the methods described in the second paper. Mixing indexes were evaluated and used to correlate profiles of total momentum and stagnation temperature at various sections of the duct.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010110
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport of momentum and energy in a ducted jet: I. Experimental study of a nonisothermal jet of air discharging into a duct (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A heated jet of air from an 0.898-in. standard A.S.M.E. nozzle was discharged into a 4-in. steel duct, well insulated over its entire 10-ft. length. Air from the region surrounding the nozzle was entrained into the duct. At a number of points along the duct, radial profiles of air velocity and temperature were obtained by means of a probe which combined an impact tube and a thermocouple. The temperature at each of several points along the duct wall was indicated by thermocouples imbedded in the wall.In the experiments reported here the velocity at the jet was 585 ft./sec.; the temperature of the jet was about 220°F. and that of the entrained air was about 88°F. The total air flow rate through the duct was 0.67 lb./sec., and the heat flux was 4.9 B.t.u./sec., with the temperature of the entrained air taken as the datum.The radial and axial profiles of velocity and temperature are compared and discussed; the temperatures of the stream near the duct wall and of the duct wall itself are given. Conservation of mass and heat was checked by graphical integration of the radial profiles.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010108
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