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  • Chemistry  (1,332)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallinities of copolymers of ethylene and 1-alkenes (1988)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 26 (1988), S. 1271-1286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Random copolymers of ethylene with 1-butene, 1-octene, and 1-octadecene have been prepared using a homogeneous vanadium-based catalyst system. Comonomer contents determined by 13C-NMR analysis of polymer solutions are in the range 1-10 mol%. Crystallinities were estimated by means of density measurements, x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, laser Raman spectroscopy, and CPMAS 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The results are compared with those obtained for heterogeneous copolymers of ethylene containing 1-4 mol% 1-butene. As the comonomer content is increased, the crystallinity decreases. The dimension perpendicular to the 110 plane in orthorhombic crystallites decreases linearly with crystallinity. This decrease in crystallite size is accompanied by an increase in the size of the orthorhombic unit cell. For copolymers containing large amounts of 1-octene and 1-octadecene, a second crystalline form appears. Differences in estimates of crystallinity are discussed in terms of looser packing in highly branched copolymers and the extent to which the second crystalline form participates in the phase structure.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1988.090260611
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface roughness modulates the local production of growth factors and cytokines by osteoblast-like MG-63 cells (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 32 (1996), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Titanium (Ti) surface roughness affects proliferation, differentiation, and matrix production of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells. Cytokines and growth factors produced in the milieu surrounding an implant may also be influenced by its surface, thereby modulating the healing process. This study examined the effect of surface roughness on the production of two factors known to have potent effects on bone, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). MG-63 cells were cultured on Ti disks of varying roughness. The surfaces were ranked from smoothest to roughest: electropolished (EP), pretreated with hydrofluoric acid-nitric acid (PT), fine sand-blasted, etched with HCl and H2SO4, and washed (EA), coarse sand-blasted, etched with HCl and H2SO4, and washed (CA), and Ti plasma-sprayed (TPS). Cells were cultured in 24-well polystyrene (plastic) dishes as controls and to determine when confluence was achieved. Media were collected and cell number determined 24 h postconfluence. PGE2 and TGF-β1 levels in the conditioned media were determined using commercial radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, respectively. There was an inverse relationship between cell number and Ti surface roughness. Total PGE2 content in the media of cultures grown on the three roughest surfaces (FA, CA, and TPS) was significantly increased 1.5-4.0 times over that found in media of cultures grown on plastic or smooth surfaces. When PGE2 production was expressed per cell number, CA and TPS cultures exhibited six- to eightfold increases compared to cultures on plastic and smooth surfaces. There was a direct relationship between TGF-β1 production and surface roughness, both in terms of total TGF-β1 per culture and when normalized for cell number. TGF-β1 production on rough surfaces (CA and TPS) was three to five times higher than on plastic. These studies indicate that substrate surface roughness affects cytokine and growth factor production by MG-63 cells, suggesting that surface roughness may modulate the activity of cells interacting with an implant, and thereby affect tissue healing and implant success. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of titanium surface roughness on chondrocyte proliferation, matrix production, and differentiation depends on the state of cell maturation (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 30 (1996), S. 145-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Although it is well accepted that implant success is dependent on various surface properties, little is known about the effect of surface roughness on cell metabolism or differentiation, or whether the effects vary with the maturational state of the cells interacting with the implant. In the current study, we examined the effect of titanium (Ti) surface roughness on chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and matrix synthesis using cells derived from known stages of endochondral development. Chondrocytes derived from the resting zone (RCs) and growth zone (GCs) of rat costochondral cartilage were cultured on Ti disks that were prepared as follows: HF-HNO3-treated and washed (PT); PT-treated and electropolished (EP); fine sand-blasted, HCl-H2SO4-etched, and washed (FA); coarse sand-blasted, HCl-H2SO4-etched, and washed (CA); or Ti plasma-sprayed (TPS). Based on surface analysis, the Ti surfaces were ranked from smoothest to roughest: EP, PT, FA, CA, and TPS. Cell proliferation was assessed by cell number and [3H]-thymidine incorporation, and RNA synthesis was assessed by [3H]-uridine incorporation. Differentiation was determined by alkaline phosphatase specific activity (AL-Pase). Matrix production was measured by [3H]-proline incorporation into collagenase-digestible (CDP) and noncollagenase-digestible (NCP) protein and by [35S]-sulfate incorporation into proteoglycan. GCs required two trypsinizations for complete removal from the culture disks; the number of cells released by the first trypsinization was generally decreased with increasing surface roughness while that released by the second trypsinization was increased. In RC cultures, cell number was similarly decreased on the rougher surfaces; only minimal numbers of RCs were released by a second trypsinization. [3H]-thymidine incorporation by RCs decreased with increasing surface roughness while that by GCs was increased. [3H]-Uridine incorporation by both GCs and RCs was greater on rough surfaces. Conversely, ALPase in the cell layer and isolated cells of both cell types was significantly decreased. GC CDP and NCP production was significantly decreased on rough surfaces while CDP production by RC cells was significantly decreased on smooth surfaces. [35S]-sulfate incorporation by RCs and GCs was decreased on all surfaces compared to tissue culture plastic. The results of this study indicate that surface roughness affects chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and matrix synthesis, and that this regulation is cell maturation dependent. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal behavior of cast polyurethane elastomers (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 1803-1815 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal properties like glass transition temperature (Tg), initial decomposition temperature (idt), integral procedural decomposition temperature (ipdt), and temperature at various % weight loss of a number of polyurethane systems are reported in this paper. Glass transition temperature was determined on TMA, and other thermal properties were determined by thermogravimetry. The experiments were designed to understand various factors such as length of chain extender moiety, flexibility of chain extender units by substitution of ether link in the diol chain, nature of bonds (unsaturation) in the extender unit, and nature of diisocyanates.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350708
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consistent values of rate parameters in free radical polymerization systems (1988)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 26 (1988), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1988.140260704
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The measurement of vitamins D2 and D3 and seven major metabolites in a single sample of human plasma using gas chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 16 (1988), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Selected ion monitoring of vitamin D metabolites has previously been described but there has been only one detailed description of the measurement by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of a number of metabolites in a single plasma sample. We describe here a GC/MS method, using stable isotope labelled internal standards, which allows the estimation of vitamins D2 and D3, and their 25-hydroxy, 24,25-dihydroxy and 25,26-dihydroxy metabolites in a single 2 ml sample of plasma, although more is needed for the measurement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Plasma was extracted on Bond Elut C18 cartridges and initial fractionation carried out on Sep-Pak SIL. Straight-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was required for separation of polyhydroxylated metabolites prior to GC/MS using an LKB 2091 mass spectrometer with conventional packed columns. n-Butylboronate esters were formed across vicinal hydroxyls, followed by formation of trimethylsilyl ethers using trimethylsilylimidazole. The [M - 90 - 15]+ ion for each compound was monitored. Deuterated internal standards were not available for all metabolites and it was necessary to use (2H6)D3 and (2H6)25OHD3 as standards for the measurement of D2 and D3, and 25OHD3 and 25OHD2, respectively, and (2H6)24,25(OH)2D3 as a standards for 24,25(OH)2D3 and 25,26(OH)2D2. Although the [M - 90 - 15]+ ion of 24,25(OH)2D and 25,26(OH)2D has the same mass: charge ratio, derivatives of these compounds are completely separated in the GC system used. The intra-assay precision for all these assays is usually less than 5%.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200160116
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LC multiblock copolymers containing polysulfone segments. I. Synthesis and morphology (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62 (1996), S. 1819-1833 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Multiblock copolymers offer the possibility to combine the properties of different polymers. Thus, new materials with tailor-made unique properties are available by coupling of different suitable polymeric segments. The goal of the work discussed in this paper was to combine advantageous properties of liquid-crystalline polymers (LCP) with those of polysulfone (PSU). Therefore, liquid crystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-1,4-oxybenzoates) were connected with PSU oligomers. Chemically homogeneous multiblock copolymers with high molecular weight were obtained by a melt transesterification procedure. It was demonstrated by wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS), polarizing microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) that the properties of the multiblock copolymers (solid phase structure, phase behavior, morphology, glass transition, and melting behavior) can be balanced by the segment length of the incorporated blocks. The investigations clearly reveal the existence of a two-phase structure. However, a change of properties compared to the corresponding homopolymers refers to certain interactions between the phase due to the chemical connection of the LCP and PSU segments. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrafast infrared spectroscopy in biomolecules: Active site dynamics of heme proteins (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 2 (1996), S. 277-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rapid advances in the generation of intense tunable ultrashort mid-infrared (IR) laser pulses allow the use of ultrafast IR pump-probe and vibrational echo experiments to investigate the dynamics of the fundamental vibrational transition of CO bound to the active site of heme proteins. The studies were performed using a free-electron laser (FEL) and an experimental set up at the Stanford University FEL Center. These novel techniques are discussed in some detail. Pump-probe experiments on myoglobin-CO (MbCO) measure CO vibrational relaxation (VR). The VR process involves loss of vibrational excitation from CO to the protein and solvent. Infrared vibrational echoes measure CO vibrational dephasing. The quantum mechanical treatment of the force-correlation function description of vibrational dynamics in condensed phases is described briefly. A quantum mechanical treatment is needed to explain the temperature dependence of VR in Mb-CO from 10 to 300 K. A molecular-level description including elements of heme protein structure in the treatment of vibrational dynamics is also discussed. Vibrational relaxation of CO in Mb occurs on the 10-11-s time scale. VR was studied in proteins with single-site mutations, proteins from different species, and model heme compounds. A roughly linear relationship between carbonyl stretching frequency and VR rate has been observed. The dominant VR pathway is shown to involve anharmonic coupling from CO through the π-bonded network of the porphyrin, to porphyrin vibrations with frequencies 〉 400 cm-1. The heme protein influences VR of bound ligands at the active site primarily via altering the through π-bond coupling between CO and heme. Preliminary vibrational echo studies of the effects of protein conformational relaxation dynamics on ligand dephasing are also reported. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of PTFE on Silicon Wafer Tribological Transfer Films by XPS, Imaging XPS and AFM (1996)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 24 (1996), S. 204-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that PTFE-on-silicon wafer tribological transfer films consist of narrow ribbons of PTFE, 〈1 μm wide and 〈10 nm high, aligned with the film draw direction. Within the ribbons the PTFE molecular chains are also aligned with the draw direction. Such materials are of interest as substrates for the epitaxial crystallization of polymers and small molecules. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates that the amount of PTFE put down increases with deposition temperature and pressure. The XPS azimuthal angle dependence at low electron take-off angle is consistent with the aligned ribbon morphology. Azimuthal and polar angle dependence and charging studies show that hydrocarbon contamination observed in the XPS spectrum is located on top of the silicon wafer substrate, in the channels between the PTFE ribbons. Imaging XPS confirms the pressure dependence of PTFE coverage, and at low deposition pressure reveals tracks of PTFE ∽100 μm wide, aligned with the film draw direction. Together with the AFM data this leads to a description of PTFE transfer films as fractal materials.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of mercury by caged crayfishThe views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment. (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 2 (1988), S. 181-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Mercury bioaccumulation ; crayfish ; water ; food ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An in situ caged crayfish experiment was conducted in the Wabigoon River System, Ontario, Canada to determine the relative importance of food and water pathways for mercury accumulation in crayfish. Two groups of 160 crayfish were suspended in the water column; one at an ucontaminated site, the other at a location with highly elevated total mercury and methylmercury levels in water. Crayfish at each site were divided into two groups. Crayfish were fed either sucker flesh obtained from an uncontaminated lake (low mercury diet) or walleye flesh from contaminated Clay Lake, Ontario, Canada (high mercury diet). After 10 weeks crayfish at both sites fed the high mercury diet had over 20 times mercury accumulation compared to crayfish on the low mercury diet. There was no statistical effects due to sharply elevated water concentrations of total and methylmercury on mercury bodyburdens. This indicated that food was the dominant pathway for mercury accumulation in crayfish.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590020213
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