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The Loess of Pegwell Bay, Kent, and its Associated Frost Soils (1954)

Pitcher, W. S. ; Shearman, D. J. ; Pugh, D. C.

Cambridge University Press

In: Geological Magazine. 1954; 91(4): 308-314. Published 1954 Aug 01. doi: 10.1017/s0016756800065298.

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Publication Date: 1954-08-01

Description: The brickearth of Pegwell Bay in Kent is identified as a true loess. It rests on solifluction deposits and frost-shattered rocks.

Print ISSN: 0016-7568

Electronic ISSN: 1469-5081

Topics: Geosciences

Published by Cambridge University Press

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Marine organic carbon and radiocarbon – present and future challenges (2022)

Druffel, Ellen R. M. ; Beaupre, Steven R. ; Grotheer, Hendrik ; [et al.]

Cambridge University Press

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Publication Date: 2022-10-26

Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Druffel, E., Beaupre, S., Grotheer, H., Lewis, C., McNichol, A., Mollenhauer, G., & Walker, B. Marine organic carbon and radiocarbon – present and future challenges. Radiocarbon, (2022): 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2021.105.

Description: We discuss present and developing techniques for studying radiocarbon in marine organic carbon (C). Bulk DOC (dissolved organic C) Δ14C measurements reveal information about the cycling time and sources of DOC in the ocean, yet they are time consuming and need to be streamlined. To further elucidate the cycling of DOC, various fractions have been separated from bulk DOC, through solid phase extraction of DOC, and ultrafiltration of high and low molecular weight DOC. Research using 14C of DOC and particulate organic C separated into organic fractions revealed that the acid insoluble fraction is similar in 14C signature to that of the lipid fraction. Plans for utilizing this methodology are described. Studies using compound specific radiocarbon analyses to study the origin of biomarkers in the marine environment are reviewed and plans for the future are outlined. Development of ramped pyrolysis oxidation methods are discussed and scientific questions addressed. A modified elemental analysis (EA) combustion reactor is described that allows high particulate organic C sample throughput by direct coupling with the MIniCArbonDAtingSystem.

Keywords: CSRA ; Dissolved organic carbon ; Methodology ; Organic carbon ; Radiocarbon

Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server

Type: Article

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Chapter 3: Oceans and Coastal Ecosystems and their Services (2022)

Cooley, Sarah ; Schoeman, David ; Bopp, Laurent ; [et al.]

Cambridge University Press

In: EPIC3Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the 6th assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, ,, IPCC AR6 WGII, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter03.pdf, Cambridge University Press

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Publication Date: 2022-08-23

Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

Type: Inbook , NonPeerReviewed

Format: application/pdf

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Impacts of ocean currents on the South Indian Ocean extratropical storm track through the relative wind effect (2022)

Seo, Hyodae ; Song, Hajoon ; O’Neill, Larry W. ; [et al.]

American Meteorological Society

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Publication Date: 2022-06-17

Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 34(22), (2021): 9093–9113, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0142.1.

Description: This study examines the role of the relative wind (RW) effect (wind relative to ocean current) in the regional ocean circulation and extratropical storm track in the south Indian Ocean. Comparison of two high-resolution regional coupled model simulations with and without the RW effect reveals that the most conspicuous ocean circulation response is the significant weakening of the overly energetic anticyclonic standing eddy off Port Elizabeth, South Africa, a biased feature ascribed to upstream retroflection of the Agulhas Current (AC). This opens a pathway through which the AC transports the warm and salty water mass from the subtropics, yielding marked increases in sea surface temperature (SST), upward turbulent heat flux (THF), and meridional SST gradient in the Agulhas retroflection region. These thermodynamic and dynamic changes are accompanied by the robust strengthening of the local low-tropospheric baroclinicity and the baroclinic wave activity in the atmosphere. Examination of the composite life cycle of synoptic-scale storms subjected to the high-THF events indicates a robust strengthening of the extratropical storms far downstream. Energetics calculations for the atmosphere suggest that the baroclinic energy conversion from the basic flow is the chief source of increased eddy available potential energy, which is subsequently converted to eddy kinetic energy, providing for the growth of transient baroclinic waves. Overall, the results suggest that the mechanical and thermal air–sea interactions are inherently and inextricably linked together to substantially influence the extratropical storm tracks in the south Indian Ocean.

Description: Seo acknowledges the support from the NSF (OCE-2022846), NOAA (NA19OAR4310376), ONR (N00014-17-12398), and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). Song is supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (NRF-2019R1C1C1003663). O’Neill was supported by the NASA Grants 80NSSC19K1117 and 80NSSC19K1011.

Keywords: Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; Extratropical cyclones ; Wind stress ; Boundary currents ; Storm tracks

Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server

Type: Article

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Global Oceans [in “State of the Climate in 2020”] (2022)

Johnson, Gregory C. ; Lumpkin, Rick ; Alin, Simone R. ; [et al.]

American Meteorological Society

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Publication Date: 2022-06-09

Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102(8), (2021): S143–S198, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0083.1.

Description: This chapter details 2020 global patterns in select observed oceanic physical, chemical, and biological variables relative to long-term climatologies, their differences between 2020 and 2019, and puts 2020 observations in the context of the historical record. In this overview we address a few of the highlights, first in haiku, then paragraph form: La Niña arrives, shifts winds, rain, heat, salt, carbon: Pacific—beyond. Global ocean conditions in 2020 reflected a transition from an El Niño in 2018–19 to a La Niña in late 2020. Pacific trade winds strengthened in 2020 relative to 2019, driving anomalously westward Pacific equatorial surface currents. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs), upper ocean heat content, and sea surface height all fell in the eastern tropical Pacific and rose in the western tropical Pacific. Efflux of carbon dioxide from ocean to atmosphere was larger than average across much of the equatorial Pacific, and both chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton carbon concentrations were elevated across the tropical Pacific. Less rain fell and more water evaporated in the western equatorial Pacific, consonant with increased sea surface salinity (SSS) there. SSS may also have increased as a result of anomalously westward surface currents advecting salty water from the east. El Niño–Southern Oscillation conditions have global ramifications that reverberate throughout the report.

Description: Argo data used in the chapter were collected and made freely available by the International Argo Program and the national programs that contribute to it. (https://argo.ucsd.edu, https://www.ocean-ops. org). The Argo Program is part of the Global Ocean Observing System. Many authors of the chapter are supported by NOAA Research, the NOAA Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program, or the NOAA Ocean Acidification Program. • L. Cheng is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (42076202) and Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB42040402. • R. E. Killick is supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and Defra. PMEL contribution numbers 5214, 5215, 5216, 5217, and 5247.

Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server

Type: Book chapter

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On the development of SWOT in situ calibration/validation for short-wavelength ocean topography (2022)

Wang, Jinbo ; Fu, Lee-Lueng ; Haines, Bruce ; [et al.]

American Meteorological Society

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Publication Date: 2022-11-01

Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39(5), (2022): 595–617, https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0039.1.

Description: The future Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission aims to map sea surface height (SSH) in wide swaths with an unprecedented spatial resolution and subcentimeter accuracy. The instrument performance needs to be verified using independent measurements in a process known as calibration and validation (Cal/Val). The SWOT Cal/Val needs in situ measurements that can make synoptic observations of SSH field over an O(100) km distance with an accuracy matching the SWOT requirements specified in terms of the along-track wavenumber spectrum of SSH error. No existing in situ observing system has been demonstrated to meet this challenge. A field campaign was conducted during September 2019–January 2020 to assess the potential of various instruments and platforms to meet the SWOT Cal/Val requirement. These instruments include two GPS buoys, two bottom pressure recorders (BPR), three moorings with fixed conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) and CTD profilers, and a glider. The observations demonstrated that 1) the SSH (hydrostatic) equation can be closed with 1–3 cm RMS residual using BPR, CTD mooring and GPS SSH, and 2) using the upper-ocean steric height derived from CTD moorings enable subcentimeter accuracy in the California Current region during the 2019/20 winter. Given that the three moorings are separated at 10–20–30 km distance, the observations provide valuable information about the small-scale SSH variability associated with the ocean circulation at frequencies ranging from hourly to monthly in the region. The combined analysis sheds light on the design of the SWOT mission postlaunch Cal/Val field campaign.

Description: The research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). All authors are supported by the SWOT project. J. T. Farrar was partially supported by NASA NNX16AH76G.

Description: 2022-11-01

Keywords: Internal waves ; Ocean dynamics ; Small scale processes ; Altimetry ; Global positioning systems (GPS) ; In situ oceanic observations ; Ship observations

Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server

Type: Article

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Radiocarbon in dissolved organic carbon by UV oxidation: an update of procedures and blank characterization at NOSAMS (2022)

Xu, Li ; Roberts, Mark L. ; Elder, Kathryn L. ; [et al.]

Cambridge University Press

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Publication Date: 2022-10-26

Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Xu, L., Roberts, M., Elder, K., Hansman, R., Gagnon, A., & Kurz, M. Radiocarbon in dissolved organic carbon by UV oxidation: an update of procedures and blank characterization at NOSAMS. Radiocarbon, 64(1), (2022): 195-199, https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2022.4.

Description: This note describes improvements of UV oxidation method that is used to measure carbon isotopes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS). The procedural blank is reduced to 2.6 ± 0.6 μg C, with Fm of 0.42 ± 0.10 and δ13C of –28.43 ± 1.19‰. The throughput is improved from one sample per day to two samples per day.

Description: We gratefully acknowledge support from the U.S. National Science Foundation, via NSF-OCE-1755125.

Keywords: Blank ; Dissolved organic carbon ; Radiocarbon ; UV-oxidation

Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server

Type: Article

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