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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1921-1939 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A theory is described which guarantees an upper and lower bound estimate of the discretization error in numerical solutions of elliptic boundary value problems. This method gives bounded global estimates of the error in the energy norm. Pointwise estimates of the error in the solution variable or its derivatives can then be obtained if the numerical solution is exhibiting pointwise monotonic convergence.The versatility of this method is illustrated by its application to numerical solutions from finite element, finite difference and boundary element methods.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Thermal Behaviour of Caesiumchloroferrates(III) and Caesiumehloroferrate(III) Hydrates. II. The Rehydration of Decomposition Products of Cs3[FeCl6]  -  A Raman Spectroscopic Study under Definite Atmosphere of Water VapourCs3[FeCl6] formed by dehydration of Cs3[FeCl6] · H2O at about 160°C does not change at normal atmosphere within 3 till 4 hours. Rehydration under the vapour pressure of the eliminated water yields the monohydrate in nearly the same time. In the same manner rehydration of the solid mixture of Cs[FeCl4] and 2 CsCl formed by thermal decomposition of the metastable Cs3[FeCl6] (280°C) produces the intermediates Cs3[Fe2Cl9] and Cs2[Fe(H2O)Cl5] in mixtures with CsCl and, finally, Cs3[FeCl6] · H2O. The formation of Cs3[Fe2Cl9] from Cs[FeCl4] and CsCl is accelerated by water. The reaction cycle has been studied using Raman and IR spectroscopy. The results will be discussed with respect to thermoanalytical data.
    Notes: Wasserfreies Cs3[FeCl6], das durch Entwässerung des Monohydrates bei etwa 160°C gebildet wird, zeigt an der Raumluft innerhalb von 3 bis 4 Stunden keine Veränderungen. Dagegen erfolgt unter dem Dampfdruck des abgespaltenen Wassers in etwa der gleichen Zeit die Rehydratation zu Cs3[FeCl6] · H2O. Auch die Rehydratation des bei der thermischen Zersetzung von metastabilem Cs3[FeCl6] (280°C) gebildeten festen Gemisches von Cs[FeCl4] und 2 CsCl führt über die Zwischenstufen Cs3[Fe2Cl9] und Cs2[Fe(H2O)Cl5] im Gemisch mit CsCl wieder zum Cs3[FeCl6] · H2O. Das Wasser wirkt bei der Bildung von Cs3[Fe2Cl9] aus Cs[FeCl4] und CsCl reaktionsbeschleunigend.Der Reaktionszyklus wird mittels Raman- und IR-Spektroskopie untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden mit simultanthermoanalytischen Befunden verglichen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 544 (1987), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Fluoride und Fluorosäuren. XI. Polyhydrogenfluoride mit dem Tetramethylammonium-Kation: Darstellung, Stabilitätsbereiche, Kristallstrukturen, [HnFn+1]--Anion-Homologie, Wasserstoffbrücken F—H…FDas Schmelzdiagramm des Systems (CH3)4NF—HF wurde zwischen 50 und 100 Mol-% HF und von -185°C bis zu den jeweiligen Liquidustemperaturen (maximal 162°C) mit Differenzthermoanalyse, unterstützt durch temperaturabhängige Röntgen-Pulverbeugung, untersucht. Das System wurde als quasibinär erkannt mit den HF-reichen intermediären stabilen Verbindungen (CH3)4NF · 2 HF (Schmelzpunkt 110°C), (CH3)4NF · 3 HF (20°C, Zersetzung), (CH3)4NF · 5 HF (-76°C, Zersetzung) und (CH3)4NF · 7 HF (-110°C, Zersetzung), von denen die meisten Phasenumwandlungen fest-fest durchlaufen. Kristallstrukturen wurden bestimmt von der Tieftemperaturform von (CH3)4NF · 2 HF (stabil unterhalb von 83°C, orthorhombisch, Raumgruppe Pbca, Z = 8 Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle), der Hochtemperaturform von (CH3)4NF · 3 HF (stabil oberhalb von -87°C, monokolin, P2/c, Z = 4) und von (CH3)4NF · 5 HF (tetragonal, 14, Z = 2). Die Strukturen sind solche von Polyhydrogenfluoriden (CH3)4N[HnFn+1] mit homologen Anionen [H2F3]- bzw. [H3F4]- und [H5F6-], die durch starke Wasserstoffbrücken F—H…F gebildet werden. Das Anion [H5F6,]- ist das erste dieser Zusammensetzung, das durch Kristallstrukturbestimmung etabliert wurde. Seine Struktur kann als [(FH)2FHF(HF)2]- geschrieben werden mit vier äquivalenten terminalen Wasserstoffbrücken von 248.4 pm und einer sehr kurzen zentralen von 226.6 pm (F…F- Abstände) durch einen Punkt der Ranmgruppe.
    Notes: The melting diagram of the system (CH3)4NF—HF was studied between 50 and 100 mole-% HF and from -185°C to the respective liquidus temperatures (at most 162°C) by difference thermal analysis aided by temperature-dependent X-ray powder diffraction. The system was found to be quasi-binary with the HF-rich intermediary stable compounds (CH3)4NF · 2 HF (melting point 110°C), (CH3)4NF · 3 HF (20°C, decomposition), (CH3)4NF · 5 HF (-76°C, decomposition), and (CH3)4NF · 7 HF (-110°C, decomposition), most of which undergo solid-solid phase transitions. Crystal structures were determined of the low-temperature form of (CH3)4NF · 2 HF (stable below 83°C, orthorhombic, space group Pbca, Z = 8 formula units per unit cell), the high-temperature form of (CH3)4NF · 3 HF (stable above -87°C, monoclinic, P2/c, Z = 4), and of (CH3)4NF · 5 HF (tetragonal, I4, Z = 2). The structures are those of poly(hydrogen fluorides) (CH3)4N[HnFn+1] with homologous anions [H2F3]-, [H3F4]-, and [H5F6]-, respectively, formed by strong hydrogen bonding F—H…F. The anion [H5F6]- is the first one of this composition established by crystal structure analysis. Its structure can be written as [(FH)2FHF(HF)2]- with four equivalent terminal hydrogen bonds of 248.4 pm and a very short central one of 226.6 pm (F…F distances) through a 4 point of the space group.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Phosphorus. 172. Existence and Characterization of the Pentaphosphacyclopentadienide Anion, P5-, the Tetraphosphacyclopentadienide Ion, P4CH-, and the Triphosphacyclobutenide Ion, P3CH2-The pentaphosphacyclopentadienide anion, P5- (1), the tetraphosphacyclopentadienide ion, P4CH-(2), and the triphosphacyclobutenide ion, P3CH2-(3), are formed besides other polyphosphides by the nucleophilic cleavage of white phosphorus with sodium in diglyme. 1 also results from the reaction of lithium dihydrogenphosphide with white phosphorus and can be obtained pure in the form of a LiP5 solution after separating the other products. The common structural feature of 1, 2, and 3 are rings with unsubstituted P atoms of coordination number 2 that are stabilized by mesomerism.
    Notes: Das Pentaphosphacyclopentadienid-Anion, P5-(1), das Tetraphosphacyclopentadienid-Ion, P4CH- (2), und das Triphosphacyclobutenid-Ion, P3CH2- (3), werden bei der nucleophilen Spaltung von weißem Phosphor mit Natrium in Diglyme neben weiteren Polyphosphiden gebildet. 1 entsteht auch bei der Reaktion von Lithiumdihydrogenphosphid mit weißem Phosphor und kann nach Abtrennung der anderen Produkte in Form einer LiP5-Lösung rein erhalten werden. 1, 2 und 3 weisen als gemeinsames Strukturmerkmal mesomeriestabilisierte Ringe mit unsubstituierten P-Atomen der Koordinationszahl 2 auf.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
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    Bachand & Associates | Davis, CA
    In:  Philip.Bachand@tetratech.com | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11287 | 393 | 2013-08-01 16:41:54 | 11287 | Bachand & Associates
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: Two large hydrologic issues face the Kings Basin, severe and chronic overdraft of about 0.16M ac-ft annually, and flood risks along the Kings River and the downstream San Joaquin River. Since 1983, these floods have caused over $1B in damage in today’s dollars. Capturing flood flows of sufficient volume could help address these two pressing issues which are relevant to many regions of the Central Valley and will only be exacerbated with climate change. However, the Kings River has high variability associated with flow magnitudes which suggests that standard engineering approaches and acquisition of sufficient acreage through purchase and easements to capture and recharge flood waters would not be cost effective. An alternative approach investigated in this study, termed On-Farm Flood Flow Capture, involved leveraging large areas of private farmland to capture flood flows for both direct and in lieu recharge. This study investigated the technical and logistical feasibility of best management practices (BMPs) associated with On-Farm Flood Flow Capture. The investigation was conducted near Helm, CA, about 20 miles west of Fresno, CA. The experimental design identified a coordinated plan to determine infiltration rates for different soil series and different crops; develop a water budget for water applied throughout the program and estimate direct and in lieu recharge; provide a preliminary assessment of potential water quality impacts; assess logistical issues associated with implementation; and provide an economic summary of the program. At check locations, we measured average infiltration rates of 4.2 in/d for all fields and noted that infiltration rates decreased asymptotically over time to about 2 – 2.5 in/d. Rates did not differ significantly between the different crops and soils tested, but were found to be about an order of magnitude higher in one field. At a 2.5 in/d infiltration rate, 100 acres are required to infiltrate 10 CFS of captured flood flows. Water quality of applied flood flows from the Kings River had concentrations of COC (constituents of concern; i.e. nitrate, electrical conductivity or EC, phosphate, ammonium, total dissolved solids or TDS) one order of magnitude or more lower than for pumped groundwater at Terranova Ranch and similarly for a broader survey of regional groundwater. Applied flood flows flushed the root zone and upper vadose zone of nitrate and salts, leading to much lower EC and nitrate concentrations to a depth of 8 feet when compared to fields in which more limited flood flows were applied or for which drip irrigation with groundwater was the sole water source. In demonstrating this technology on the farm, approximately 3,100 ac-ft was diverted, primarily from April through mid-July, with about 70% towards in lieu and 30% towards direct recharge. Substantial flood flow volumes were applied to alfalfa, wine grapes and pistachio fields. A subset of those fields, primarily wine grapes and pistachios, were used primarily to demonstrate direct recharge. For those fields about 50 – 75% of water applied was calculated going to direct recharge. Data from the check studies suggests more flood flows could have been applied and infiltrated, effectively driving up the amount of water towards direct recharge. Costs to capture flood flows for in lieu and direct recharge for this project were low compared to recharge costs for other nearby systems and in comparison to irrigating with groundwater. Moreover, the potentially high flood capture capacity of this project suggests significant flood avoidance costs savings to downstream communities along the Kings and San Joaquin Rivers. Our analyses for Terranova Ranch suggest that allocating 25% or more flood flow water towards in lieu recharge and the rest toward direct recharge will result in an economically sustainable recharge approach paid through savings from reduced groundwater pumping. Two important issues need further consideration. First, these practices are likely to leach legacy salts and nitrates from the unsaturated zone into groundwater. We develop a conceptual model of EC movement through the unsaturated zone and estimated through mass balance calculations that approximately 10 kilograms per square meter of salts will be flushed into the groundwater through displacing 12 cubic meters per square meter of unsaturated zone pore water. This flux would increase groundwater salinity but an equivalent amount of water added subsequently is predicted as needed to return to current groundwater salinity levels. All subsequent flood flow capture and recharge is expected to further decrease groundwater salinity levels. Second, the project identified important farm-scale logistical issues including irrigator training; developing cropping plans to integrate farming and recharge activities; upgrading conveyance; and quantifying results. Regional logistical issues also exist related to conveyance, integration with agricultural management, economics, required acreage and Operation and Maintenance (O&M).
    Description: United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service
    Description: Terranova Ranch
    Description: Bachand & Associates
    Description: Sustainable Conservation
    Description: University of California Davis
    Description: On-Farm Flood Flow Capture as a Cost Effective Method to Recharge Groundwater and Reduce Downstream Flood Risks; Conservation Innovation Grant (CIG) Agreement No. 68-9104-128
    Description: PDF includes 57 pages (front matter + 53 pp.)
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Engineering ; Environment ; Management ; flood flow ; recharge ; best management practices ; overdraft ; groundwater
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 53
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  • 6
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    Bachand & Associates | Davis, CA
    In:  Philip.Bachand@tetratech.com | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11289 | 393 | 2013-08-01 15:54:12 | 11289 | Bachand & Associates
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: Project fact sheet prepared in cooperation with the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Kings River Conservation District.
    Description: United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service
    Description: Terranova Ranch
    Description: Bachand & Associates
    Description: Sustainable Conservation
    Description: University of California Davis
    Description: Conservation Innovation Grant (CIG) Agreement No. 68-9104-0-128
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Earth Sciences ; Engineering ; Environment ; Management ; flood flow ; BMPs ; best management practices ; groundwater
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 4
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  • 7
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/26974 | 25026 | 2020-03-05 00:51:39 | 26974 | National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Philippines
    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: Recent information about the number and types of boats and gears used in Manila Bay is lacking. Here we discuss the results of the initial boat and gear inventory conducted in Manila Bay from May 2015 to October 2016. The survey was done in the coastal barangays of Cavite, Bataan, Bulacan, Pampanga, and Metro Manila. A total of 3,659 fishing boats were recorded from 84 coastal barangays or about 40% out of the 212 coastal barangays in Manila Bay. About 94.45% of the boats are municipal fishing boats and only 5.55% are commercial boats and the highest number of boats recorded was in Cavite (1,461 boats). 91.04% of the fishing boats are motorized and only 8.96% are non-motorized. The average fisher to boat ratio for the five provinces is 3.0:1, which is higher compared to the 2.4:1 result of MADECOR and National Museum Assessment (1995). There are 25 types of fishing gears recorded during the survey with a total of4, 946 units. Gillnet, specifically bottom gillnet, is the most dominant gear being used in Manila Bay.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Fisheries ; Manila Bay ; fishing vessels ; fishing gears
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 61-81
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: This project has focused on better understanding the potential impact of On-Farm Flood Capture and Recharge (OFFCR) on groundwater quality pertaining to salts and nitrate and on assessing potential management opportunities. To achieve these goals, we used a combination of field and modeling studies. For the field study, soil cores were taken to a depth of 30 feet in replicate across fields with three different specialty crops identified as important to the San Joaquin Valley (tomatoes, almonds, vineyards) and with potential suitability for OFFCR. A prime goal of the field study was to provide data for parameterizing two models developed to assess nitrate, salt and water transport through the vadose zone, prior to percolating into the groundwater aquifer.However, the field study also resulted in key findings that show its value as a stand-alone study: 1) Nitrate concentrations are highest in the upper vadose zone and affected by texture. Those effects are not evident in the deeper vadose zone. 2) Vadose zone nitrate concentrations are affected by the crop grown. These results suggest an opportunity for lower legacy mass transport for grapes and higher legacy mass transport for both tomatoes and almonds.3) Variability in individual farmers’ past and present fertilizer and water management practices contributes to different legacy salt and nitrate loads in the vadose zone.Data from the field study and other related and concurrent OFFCR field efforts were used during model development. The overall modeling approach was designed to model nitrate and salt transport for lands under OFFCR operation for different crop types, vadose zone characteristics and groundwater characteristics. The defined goals of this design and modeling approach were to: 1) model nitrate and salt movement through the vadose zone and into groundwater; 2) test the model against scenarios that consider different recharge rates, cultural practices, soil types, and depths to groundwater, assessing the timing and magnitude of loading through the vadose zone and the effects on underlying groundwater; and 3) recommend management practices to mitigate potential groundwater impacts. To achieve these goals, two models were integrated to simulate nitrate and salt transport through the vadose zone to groundwater under different scenarios: a 1D Hydrus model and an analytical groundwater model (AGM).
    Description: USDA Specialty Crop Block Grants, CA. Grant Agreement SCB14028
    Description: Nitrate Leaching Risk from Specialty Crop Fields During On-Farm Managed Floodwater Recharge in the Kings Groundwater Basin [USDA Project No: PIN #26174]
    Description: Groundwater Recharge Project, 2016
    Description: On-Farm Recharge Studies, Central Valley, CA
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Chemistry ; Earth Sciences ; Engineering ; Environment ; Management ; Planning ; Pollution ; on-farm recharge ; floodmar ; groundwater ; management ; agriculture ; water quality ; vadose zone ; nitrate ; BMPs ; Kings Groundwater Basin
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 27
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  • 9
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/936 | 3 | 2011-09-29 21:23:01 | 936
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: 13 slides
    Keywords: Management ; Pollution ; Limnology ; Engineering ; Wakulla Springs ; Florida ; wastewater treatment
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: conference_item
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  • 10
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/937 | 3 | 2011-09-29 21:23:02 | 937
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: 43 slides
    Keywords: Management ; Pollution ; Limnology ; Engineering ; Florida ; wastewater treatment ; onsite treatment
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: conference_item
    Format: application/pdf
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