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  • Articles  (1,506)
  • Science  (91)
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  • Articles  (1,506)
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  • 1
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    Seismic Velocity and Density Jumps Across the 410- and 660-Kilometer Discontinuities (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: The average seismic velocity and density jumps across the 410- and 660-kilometer discontinuities in the upper mantle were determined by modeling the observed range dependence in long-period seismic wave arrivals that reflect off of these interfaces. The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) is within the computed 95 percent confidence ellipse for the 410-km discontinuity but outside the allowed jumps across the 660-kilometer discontinuity. Current pyrolite mantle models appear consistent with the constraints for the 410-kilometer discontinuity but overpredict amplitudes for the 660-kilometer reflections. The density jump across the 660-kilometer discontinuity is between 4 and 6 percent, below the PREM value of 9.3 percent commonly used in mantle convection calculations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shearer -- Flanagan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1545-1548.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0225, USA. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Post Office Box 808, L-206, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477514" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Comparative genomics of the eukaryotes (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-24
    Description: A comparative analysis of the genomes of Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae-and the proteins they are predicted to encode-was undertaken in the context of cellular, developmental, and evolutionary processes. The nonredundant protein sets of flies and worms are similar in size and are only twice that of yeast, but different gene families are expanded in each genome, and the multidomain proteins and signaling pathways of the fly and worm are far more complex than those of yeast. The fly has orthologs to 177 of the 289 human disease genes examined and provides the foundation for rapid analysis of some of the basic processes involved in human disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754258/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754258/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rubin, G M -- Yandell, M D -- Wortman, J R -- Gabor Miklos, G L -- Nelson, C R -- Hariharan, I K -- Fortini, M E -- Li, P W -- Apweiler, R -- Fleischmann, W -- Cherry, J M -- Henikoff, S -- Skupski, M P -- Misra, S -- Ashburner, M -- Birney, E -- Boguski, M S -- Brody, T -- Brokstein, P -- Celniker, S E -- Chervitz, S A -- Coates, D -- Cravchik, A -- Gabrielian, A -- Galle, R F -- Gelbart, W M -- George, R A -- Goldstein, L S -- Gong, F -- Guan, P -- Harris, N L -- Hay, B A -- Hoskins, R A -- Li, J -- Li, Z -- Hynes, R O -- Jones, S J -- Kuehl, P M -- Lemaitre, B -- Littleton, J T -- Morrison, D K -- Mungall, C -- O'Farrell, P H -- Pickeral, O K -- Shue, C -- Vosshall, L B -- Zhang, J -- Zhao, Q -- Zheng, X H -- Lewis, S -- P4IHG00739/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P50HG00750/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037193/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037193-14/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037193-15/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM060988/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM060988-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS040296/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS040296-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2204-15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731134" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Caenorhabditis elegans/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Cell Adhesion/genetics ; Cell Cycle/genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Fungal Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Genes, Duplicate ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics ; Genetics, Medical ; *Genome ; Helminth Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Humans ; Immunity/genetics ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Multigene Family ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Proteome ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Signal Transduction/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Comment on "Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass" (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-16
    Description: Tilman et al. (Reports, 8 December 2006, p. 1598) argued that low-input high-diversity grasslands can provide a substantial proportion of global energy needs. We contend that their conclusions are not substantiated by their experimental protocol. The authors understated the management inputs required to establish prairies, extrapolated globally from site-specific results, and presented potentially misleading energy accounting.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russelle, Michael P -- Morey, R Vance -- Baker, John M -- Porter, Paul M -- Jung, Hans-Joachim G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 15;316(5831):1567; author reply 1567.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. michael.russelle@ars.usda.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; *Biomass ; *Carbon/analysis ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Fabaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; Plant Development ; *Plants/metabolism ; *Poaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; Soil
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Green evolution and dynamic adaptations revealed by genomes of the marine picoeukaryotes Micromonas (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-11
    Description: Picoeukaryotes are a taxonomically diverse group of organisms less than 2 micrometers in diameter. Photosynthetic marine picoeukaryotes in the genus Micromonas thrive in ecosystems ranging from tropical to polar and could serve as sentinel organisms for biogeochemical fluxes of modern oceans during climate change. These broadly distributed primary producers belong to an anciently diverged sister clade to land plants. Although Micromonas isolates have high 18S ribosomal RNA gene identity, we found that genomes from two isolates shared only 90% of their predicted genes. Their independent evolutionary paths were emphasized by distinct riboswitch arrangements as well as the discovery of intronic repeat elements in one isolate, and in metagenomic data, but not in other genomes. Divergence appears to have been facilitated by selection and acquisition processes that actively shape the repertoire of genes that are mutually exclusive between the two isolates differently than the core genes. Analyses of the Micromonas genomes offer valuable insights into ecological differentiation and the dynamic nature of early plant evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Worden, Alexandra Z -- Lee, Jae-Hyeok -- Mock, Thomas -- Rouze, Pierre -- Simmons, Melinda P -- Aerts, Andrea L -- Allen, Andrew E -- Cuvelier, Marie L -- Derelle, Evelyne -- Everett, Meredith V -- Foulon, Elodie -- Grimwood, Jane -- Gundlach, Heidrun -- Henrissat, Bernard -- Napoli, Carolyn -- McDonald, Sarah M -- Parker, Micaela S -- Rombauts, Stephane -- Salamov, Aasf -- Von Dassow, Peter -- Badger, Jonathan H -- Coutinho, Pedro M -- Demir, Elif -- Dubchak, Inna -- Gentemann, Chelle -- Eikrem, Wenche -- Gready, Jill E -- John, Uwe -- Lanier, William -- Lindquist, Erika A -- Lucas, Susan -- Mayer, Klaus F X -- Moreau, Herve -- Not, Fabrice -- Otillar, Robert -- Panaud, Olivier -- Pangilinan, Jasmyn -- Paulsen, Ian -- Piegu, Benoit -- Poliakov, Aaron -- Robbens, Steven -- Schmutz, Jeremy -- Toulza, Eve -- Wyss, Tania -- Zelensky, Alexander -- Zhou, Kemin -- Armbrust, E Virginia -- Bhattacharya, Debashish -- Goodenough, Ursula W -- Van de Peer, Yves -- Grigoriev, Igor V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 10;324(5924):268-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1167222.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. azworden@mbari.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19359590" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Chlorophyta/classification/cytology/*genetics/physiology ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Ecosystem ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome ; Introns ; Meiosis/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Phytoplankton/classification/genetics ; Plants/*genetics ; RNA, Untranslated ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription Factors/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Substrate elasticity regulates skeletal muscle stem cell self-renewal in culture (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-22
    Description: Stem cells that naturally reside in adult tissues, such as muscle stem cells (MuSCs), exhibit robust regenerative capacity in vivo that is rapidly lost in culture. Using a bioengineered substrate to recapitulate key biophysical and biochemical niche features in conjunction with a highly automated single-cell tracking algorithm, we show that substrate elasticity is a potent regulator of MuSC fate in culture. Unlike MuSCs on rigid plastic dishes (approximately 10(6) kilopascals), MuSCs cultured on soft hydrogel substrates that mimic the elasticity of muscle (12 kilopascals) self-renew in vitro and contribute extensively to muscle regeneration when subsequently transplanted into mice and assayed histologically and quantitatively by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging. Our studies provide novel evidence that by recapitulating physiological tissue rigidity, propagation of adult muscle stem cells is possible, enabling future cell-based therapies for muscle-wasting diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2929271/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2929271/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gilbert, P M -- Havenstrite, K L -- Magnusson, K E G -- Sacco, A -- Leonardi, N A -- Kraft, P -- Nguyen, N K -- Thrun, S -- Lutolf, M P -- Blau, H M -- 2 T32 HD007249/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- 52005886/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- AG009521/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG020961/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- CA09151/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HL096113/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG009521/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG009521-25/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG020961/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG020961-06A2/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG020961-07/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL096113/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL096113-03/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009151/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009151-35/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HD007249/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- T32 HD007249-25/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL100397/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL100397-01/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 27;329(5995):1078-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1191035. Epub 2010 Jul 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Cell Count ; Cell Culture Techniques/*methods ; Cell Death ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Separation ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Elastic Modulus ; Hydrogels ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, SCID ; Mice, Transgenic ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/*cytology/physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/*cytology ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Regeneration ; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology ; Stem Cell Niche/*physiology ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    Mesoscale eddies drive increased silica export in the subtropical Pacific Ocean (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-19
    Description: Mesoscale eddies may play a critical role in ocean biogeochemistry by increasing nutrient supply, primary production, and efficiency of the biological pump, that is, the ratio of carbon export to primary production in otherwise nutrient-deficient waters. We examined a diatom bloom within a cold-core cyclonic eddy off Hawaii. Eddy primary production, community biomass, and size composition were markedly enhanced but had little effect on the carbon export ratio. Instead, the system functioned as a selective silica pump. Strong trophic coupling and inefficient organic export may be general characteristics of community perturbation responses in the warm waters of the Pacific Ocean.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benitez-Nelson, Claudia R -- Bidigare, Robert R -- Dickey, Tommy D -- Landry, Michael R -- Leonard, Carrie L -- Brown, Susan L -- Nencioli, Francesco -- Rii, Yoshimi M -- Maiti, Kanchan -- Becker, Jamie W -- Bibby, Thomas S -- Black, Wil -- Cai, Wei-Jun -- Carlson, Craig A -- Chen, Feizhou -- Kuwahara, Victor S -- Mahaffey, Claire -- McAndrew, Patricia M -- Quay, Paul D -- Rappe, Michael S -- Selph, Karen E -- Simmons, Melinda P -- Yang, Eun Jin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):1017-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences and Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. cbnelson@geol.sc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17510362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Diatoms/*growth & development/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Nitrates ; Nitrites/analysis ; Pacific Ocean ; Photosynthesis ; Phytoplankton/growth & development/physiology ; *Seawater/chemistry ; Silicic Acid/analysis ; Silicon Dioxide/*analysis ; Temperature ; *Water Movements ; Zooplankton/growth & development/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Induction of pituitary lactotrope differentiation by luteinizing hormone alpha subunit (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-11-02
    Description: Addition of gonadotropin releasing hormone to cultures of fetal rat pituitary induced differentiation of lactotropes as revealed by immunocytochemistry. Antiserum to luteinizing hormone (LH) (recognizing native LH), but not antiserum to LH-beta (recognizing both native LH and its beta subunit), inhibited this induction. Further addition of highly purified LH-alpha subunit in culture medium also induced lactotrope differentiation. Thus, the alpha subunit may have a specific biological activity of its own with probable practical use in clinical investigations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Begeot, M -- Hemming, F J -- Dubois, P M -- Combarnous, Y -- Dubois, M P -- Aubert, M L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Nov 2;226(4674):566-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6208610" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Fetus/physiology ; Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit ; Humans ; Luteinizing Hormone/immunology/pharmacology/physiology ; Peptide Fragments/*pharmacology/physiology ; Pituitary Gland/*drug effects/growth & development ; Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones/pharmacology ; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior/*pharmacology/physiology ; Rats
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Rapid sea level rise in the aftermath of a Neoproterozoic snowball Earth (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-11
    Description: Earth’s most severe climate changes occurred during global-scale "snowball Earth" glaciations, which profoundly altered the planet’s atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere. Extreme rates of glacioeustatic sea level rise are predicted by the snowball Earth hypothesis, but supporting geologic evidence has been lacking. We use paleohydraulic analysis of wave ripples and tidal laminae in the Elatina Formation, Australia—deposited after the Marinoan glaciation ~635 million years ago—to show that water depths of 9 to 16 meters remained nearly constant for ~100 years throughout 27 meters of sediment accumulation. This accumulation rate was too great to have been accommodated by subsidence and instead indicates an extraordinarily rapid rate of sea level rise (0.2 to 0.27 meters per year). Our results substantiate a fundamental prediction of snowball Earth models of rapid deglaciation during the early transition to a supergreenhouse climate.
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Synthetic transcription elongation factors license transcription across repressive chromatin (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: The release of paused RNA polymerase II into productive elongation is highly regulated, especially at genes that affect human development and disease. To exert control over this rate-limiting step, we designed sequence-specific synthetic transcription elongation factors (Syn-TEFs). These molecules are composed of programmable DNA-binding ligands flexibly tethered to a small molecule that engages the transcription elongation machinery. By limiting activity to targeted loci, Syn-TEFs convert constituent modules from broad-spectrum inhibitors of transcription into gene-specific stimulators. Here we present Syn-TEF1, a molecule that actively enables transcription across repressive GAA repeats that silence frataxin expression in Friedreich’s ataxia, a terminal neurodegenerative disease with no effective therapy. The modular design of Syn-TEF1 defines a general framework for developing a class of molecules that license transcription elongation at targeted genomic loci.
    Keywords: Biochemistry, Medicine, Diseases
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-05
    Description: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis induce sustained clinical responses in a sizable minority of cancer patients. We found that primary resistance to ICIs can be attributed to abnormal gut microbiome composition. Antibiotics inhibited the clinical benefit of ICIs in patients with advanced cancer. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from cancer patients who responded to ICIs into germ-free or antibiotic-treated mice ameliorated the antitumor effects of PD-1 blockade, whereas FMT from nonresponding patients failed to do so. Metagenomics of patient stool samples at diagnosis revealed correlations between clinical responses to ICIs and the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila . Oral supplementation with A. muciniphila after FMT with nonresponder feces restored the efficacy of PD-1 blockade in an interleukin-12–dependent manner by increasing the recruitment of CCR9 + CXCR3 + CD4 + T lymphocytes into mouse tumor beds.
    Keywords: Immunology, Medicine, Diseases
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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