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  • 1
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    The volumetric properties of aqueous sodium chloride solutions from 0¹ to 500¹ C at pressures up to 2000 bars based on a regression of available data in the literature (1977)
    Washington, DC : United States Gov. Print. Off.
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    Call number: SR 90.0001(1421-C)
    In: U.S. Geological Survey bulletin
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: III, C-36 S.
    Series Statement: U.S. Geological Survey bulletin 1421-C
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 2
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    The classification and geomorphic implications of thaw lakes on the Arctic coastal plain, Alaska (1975)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Dept. of Defense, Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-344
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Approach and methods. - Results. - Lake morphology. - Elongation. - Orientation. - Percentage cover (density). - Lake classification. - L1 unit. - L2 unit. - L3 unit. - L4 unit. - L5 and Lu units. - Other units. - Lake basin depths. - Ice volume and basin genesis. - Geological implications. - Conclusions. - Selected bibliography.
    Description / Table of Contents: The lakes of the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska were classified, based on size, shape, orientation and distribution, into six lake units and three nonlake units. Regional slope and relief were demonstrated to control lake size, the largest lakes occurring on the flattest, northernmost segment of the Coastal Plain. Using ERTS-1 sequential imagery and existing photography and data, lakes were grouped according to three depth ranges, 〈 1 m, 1-2 m and 〉 2 m. Deepest lakes have the longest period of summer ice cover. Ice on shallow lakes melts the earliest. Maximum depths of lakes were computed based on ice volume content of the perennially frozen ground (permafrost) and these agreed with observed values and ranges. The lake classification and regional ERTS-1 coverage also appear to provide additional information on the limits of late-Pleistocene transgressions on the Coastal Plain.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 344
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA021226.pdf
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Biological aspects of terrestrial oil spills : USA CRREL oil research in Alaska, 1970-1974 ; [Final Report] (1975)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-346
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 346
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - USA CRREL project and personnel involvement. - Part I. Introduction. - Background. - Literature review. - Part II. CRREL investigations from 1970 - 1974. - Initial literature survey (1970). - Oil detection kit development. - Survey of Cape Simpson, Alaska, natural crude oil seepages (1970). - Haines-Fairbanks military pipeline investigations (1971-1973). - Barrow investigations (1970-1974). - Fairbanks and Fox investigations. - Germination studies. - Physiological studies. - Dispersant studies. - Microbiological investigations. - Field investigations of accidental petroleum losses. - Part III. Recent related literature. - Part IV. Conclusions and recommendations. - USA CRREL reports, publications and presentations on Alaska oil spill research. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Knowledge concerning the biological effects of oil pollution on arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems is limited. USA CRREL research personnel conducted investigations from 1970 through 1974 to expand information in this field. Objectives were to: 1) define the ecosystems most sensitive to the presence of crude oil or its refined products, 2) quantify and understand the injury response, and 3) establish time frames for manifestation of damage and natural restorative processes in arctic and subarctic regions. This was accomplished through: 1) surveys of natural oil seepages and past accidential spills in the Arctic and Subarctic, 2) initiation of controlled oil spills and 3) detailed laboratory investigations. Results demonstrated that terrestrial oil spills will to some degree be detrimental to both arctic and subarctic plant communities. Degree and longevity of damage will be influenced primarily by the magnitude of the spill, season of occurrence and existing soil moisture content. Rapid recovery of plant communities subjected to spills will occur only if root systems remain relatively unaffected. Damage will be more extensive and long-term when root systems are saturated with oil. Effects of damage will be manifested gradually over several seasons being influenced by winter stresses. Variation does exist in plant species susceptibility. Carex aquatilis, a predominant sedge of the arctic, is markedly resistant to crude oil damage. In the taiga Picea mariana is very susceptible. Plant recovery can be enhanced through the application of fertilizer. Fertilization, in addition to its direct effect on plant nutrition, will stimulate microbial decomposition of crude oil.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 66 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 346
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA047365
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    A digital computer simulation of the annual snow and soil thermal regimes at Barrow, Alaska (1975)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-331
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Introduction. - An overview of the model structure and operation. - Operation of subroutines. - TSTART. - FOMO. - REAWEA. - SEARCH. - STEMP. - TUNPIC. - Development history of the simulator. - The simulation of snow fence effects. - Urbanization and meltout. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Mathematical notation. - Appendix B: Computerprogram. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: An annual snow-soil simulator for Arctic tundra was developed using coupled models of surface equilibrium temperature and substrate thermal diffusion. Snow ripening, melt and accumulation are modeled in the simulator which is forced with daily weather data. The simulator predicts that a snow fence array capable of producing drift deeper than 4.2 meters will initiate a permanent snowfield at Barrow, Alaska. Such a man-induced snowfield could serve as a reliable source of fresh water for Barrow and similar villages in the North Slope region of Alaska. Further analysis indicated that albedo reduction due to dust fall, snow removal, etc., is dominant over aerodynamic effects in producing the early spring meltout observed at Barrow Village.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 331
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1381484
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Chemical indicators of Arctic biological and environmental activities (1972)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-301
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - 1.The flow of organic nutrients in plants in cold-dominated ecosystems and the influence of man's activities on this flow. - Methodology for extraction and estimation of plant lipids, alcohol and water-soluble carbohydrates, starch and fructans. - Seasonal cycles in lipids and alcohol-soluble carbohydrates in plants at Barrow, Alaska. - Biochemical changes in plants at the heated soil experiment at Barrow. - Literature cited. - II. Contributions of carbon dioxide from frozen soil into the arctic atmosphere. - Introduction. - Laboratory study. - Field study. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - III. Biochemical estimations of underground plant biomass. - Appendix A. Methodology. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Two approaches were used to study the carbon cycling in a cold-dominated ecosystem at Barrow, Alaska. One involved a detailed analysis of the flow of CO2 between the atmosphere, soil and biota and the other concentrated on the internal carbon cycling in plants. A pilot study was also conducted which investigated the possibility of estimating underground plant biomass by biochemical means. Both laboratory and field studies were conducted to analyze the input of CO2 to the arctic atmosphere by frozen tundra soils. Data are presented which indicate that frozen soil is a major source of CO2. It is hypothesized that CO2 trapped in soils during bi-directional freezing in the fall and winter is released during the spring thaw, thus producing a spring rise in CO2 content of the atmosphere. A procedure for the extraction and estimation of organic nutrients (lipids and carbohydrates) was developed and used to follow the seasonal cycle of these nutrients of plants obtained at Barrow, Alaska. No cycling in levels of carbohydrates (alcohol-soluble) was observed in the foliage during the season, however a definite cycling in lipid levels was seen for all the species studied. The species were synchronous. Plant survival and organic nutrient levels were followed during the winter over a heated-soil experiment at Barrow, Alaska. During the winter, the heating of the soil caused ponding which resulted in the elimination of Dupontia fischeri by mid-winter and the eventual death of all plants by spring. The carbohydrate levels indicated a starvation condition was created where a marked decrease in storage polymers (starch and fructans) occurred without a concurrent large increase in the alcohol-soluble carbohydrate levels. An increase in the fresh/dry weight ratios was also observed indicating etiolated, succulent growth in early winter. Four techniques were tried for estimating the below-ground biomass of plants. Two of these were eliminated as unsuitable, however two other methods(ATP and phospholipid-levels) remain to be fully evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 301
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5973881
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Methods for analysis of organic substances in water (1972)
    Washington, DC : United States Gov. Print. Off.
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    Call number: SR 90.0929(5, A3)
    In: Techniques of water-resources investigations of the United States Geological Survey
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: V, 40 S.
    Series Statement: Techniques of water resources investigations of the United States Geological Survey : Book 5, Laboratory analysis A3
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 7
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    Tundra disturbances and recovery following the 1949 exploratory drilling, Fish Creek, northern Alaska (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/28
    In: CRREL Report, 78-28
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: x, 112 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-28
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9460
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points
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  • 8
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    A volumetric constitutive law for snow subjected to large strains and strain rates (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/20
    In: CRREL Report, 79-20
    Description / Table of Contents: A volumetric constitutive equation was developed to characterize the behavior of snow subjected to large compressive volumetric deformations. By treating the material as a suspension of air voids in a matrix material of polycrystalline ice, a rate-dependent volumetric constitutive law was formulated and found to accurately predict material response to pressure loads for a wide range of load rates. Comparison of the theory with shock wave data was not considered in this paper, although the constitutive law appears to be valid for such load situations. One application to oversnow mobility of tracked vehicles was made. In this case, power requirements due to snow compaction were calculated parametrically in terms of vehicle speed, track loading, and snow density.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-20
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA075474
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9052
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Material representation of ice Development of the volumetric constitutive law for snow Fully elastic phase Elastic-plastic phase Fully plastic phase Simplified equation Comparison with experimental data Application to vehicle mobility problems Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 9
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    An analysis of plastic shock waves in snow (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/29
    In: CRREL Report, 79-29
    Description / Table of Contents: An analytical study of the propagation of shock waves in snow was carried out to evaluate the response of medium density snow to high rates of loading. One solution was developed for steady shock waves; this resulted in calculation of pressure jump, density jump and stress wave speed. Correlation with available experimental data was found to be good. Nonsteady shock waves were also considered in order to evaluate wave attenuation rates in snow. Very few data were available to compare with the analytical results, so no definite conclusions on the part of the study could be made. The results show, however, that shock waves that produce plastic deformation attenuate at extremely high rates and that differences in pressure between two waves are quickly eliminated within a short distance. Calculations were also made to evaluate the effect of wave frequency on attenuation rates. The results show that, for plastic waves, frequency is not a predominant factor for determining attenuation rates.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-29
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6071
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9189
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature I. Introduction II. A constitutive law for snow and balance principles III. Compatibility laws and jump equations for stress waves IV. Steady shock waves in snow V. Comparison of steady-wave theory with experimental results VI. A numerical solution to the nonsteady wave problem VII. Jump equations for nonsteady shock waves VIII. Reduced jump equations Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 10
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    Lake Champlain ice formation and ice free dates and predictions from meteorological indicators (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/26
    In: CRREL Report, 79-26
    Description / Table of Contents: A 19-year record of the annual closing and opening dates of operation of the Lake Champlain ferry at Grand Isle, Vermont, which are controlled by the lake's ice cover, was made available to CRREL. These navigation records accurately approximated the freeze-over and breakup dates for the ferry crossing area between Gordon Landing, Vermont, and Cumberland Head, New York. When compared statistically with water temperature and climatological data for the same years at nearby Lake Champlain locations, the dates allowed accurate predictions of ice formation. From nearby air temperature records, cumulative freezing degree-day (deg C) curves were plotted for each year of record, and ice formation dates and standard deviations were predicted with considerable accuracy. Several methods of predicting ice formation on Lake Champlain were attempted. The most accurate approach used a combination of water temperatures and freezing degree-days. The influence of wind speed on ice cover formation and prediction are also discussed in the report.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-26
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA079640
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9269
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data tabulation and collection Air temperatures 11-reezing degree-days Water temperatures Closing and opening dates Results Air temperature Freezing degree-days Water temperatures Analysis: Attempted methods of predicting ice formation Predicting air temperatures 8Summer water temperatures Fall water temperatures and freezing degree-days Wind speed influence on closing of the lake Water temperature vs surface air temperature analysis Prediction of ice-out dates Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Freezing degree-day curves with ice notations and watertemperature notations Appendix B. Summary
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