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  • Articles  (188)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (188)
  • 2000-2004  (188)
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  • Articles  (188)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electro-optic characteristics of 4-domain vertical alignment nematic liquid crystal display with interdigital electrode (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 8259-8263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have fabricated a vertically aligned 4-domain nematic liquid crystal display cell with thin film transistor. Unlike the conventional method constructing 4-domain, i.e., protrusion and surrounding electrode which needs additional processes, in this study the pixel design forming 4-domain with interdigital electrodes is suggested. In the device, one pixel is divided into two parts. One part has a horizontal electric field in the vertical direction and the other part has a horizontal one in the horizontal direction. Such fields in the horizontal and vertical direction drive the liquid crystal director to tilt down in four directions. In this article, the electro-optic characteristics of cells with 2 and 4 domain have been studied. The device with 4 domain shows faster response time than normal twisted-nematic and in-plane switching cells, wide viewing angle with optical compensation film, and more stable color characteristics than 2-domain vertical alignment cell with similar structure. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373535
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ESTIMATING F-STATISTICS (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 36 (2002), S. 721-750 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A moment estimator of theta, the coancestry coefficient for alleles within a population, was described by Weir & Cockerham in 1984 (100) and is still widely cited. The estimate is used by population geneticists to characterize population structure, by ecologists to estimate migration rates, by animal breeders to describe genetic variation, and by forensic scientists to quantify the strength of matching DNA profiles. This review extends the work of Weir & Cockerham by allowing different levels of coancestry for different populations, and by allowing non-zero coancestries between pairs of populations. All estimates are relative to the average value of theta between pairs of populations. Moment estimates for within- and between-population theta values are likely to have large sampling variances, although these may be reduced by combining information over loci. Variances also decrease with the numbers of alleles at a locus, and with the numbers of populations sampled. This review also extends the work of Weir & Cockerham by employing maximum likelihood methods under the assumption that allele frequencies follow the normal distribution over populations. For the case of equal theta values within populations and zero theta values between populations, the maximum likelihood estimate is the same as that given by Robertson & Hill in 1984 (70). The review concludes by relating functions of theta values to times of population divergence under a pure drift model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.36.050802.093940
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Room-temperature visible electroluminescence of Al-doped silicon oxide films (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 4121-4123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A series of Al-doped amorphous silicon oxide films have been grown on p-type silicon (100) substrates by a dual ion beam cosputtering method. Visible electroluminescence (EL) from the devices, made by films with different contents of Al, can be seen with the naked eye under forward bias and reverse bias for films containing sufficient amounts of Al. The EL spectra are found to have a luminescence band peaked at 510 nm (2.4 eV), which is the same result as that obtained from silicon oxide films. With the increase in the amounts of Al, the peak position does not shift, the onset of the bias decreases, and the intensity of EL peak increases. Experiment results show that the doping of Al is beneficial to improving the conduction condition of films while the structure of the films associated with luminescence centers is affected hardly at all. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1382629
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atomic oxygen surface loss coefficient measurements in a capacitive/inductive radio-frequency plasma (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 81 (2002), S. 19-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Spatially resolved measurements of the atomic oxygen densities close to a sample surface in a dual mode (capacitive/inductive) rf plasma are used to measure the atomic oxygen surface loss coefficient β on stainless steel and aluminum substrates, silicon and silicon dioxide wafers, and on polypropylene samples. β is found to be particularly sensitive to the gas pressure for both operating modes. It is concluded that this is due to the effect of changing atom and ion flux to the surface. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1490630
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion barrier and electrical characteristics of a self-aligned MgO layer obtained from a Cu(Mg) alloy film (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 2192-2194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Diffusion barrier characteristics and electrical properties of self-aligned MgO layers obtained from a Cu(Mg) alloy film have been investigated. Self-aligned surface and interfacial MgO layers were formed upon annealing a Cu(Mg) film in an oxygen ambient and prevented interdiffusion of Cu in SiO2 up to 700 °C. The thermal stability of a pure Cu/TiN/Si multilayer system has been significantly enhanced up to 800 °C by the MgO layers by forming a MgO/Cu/MgO/TiN/Si multilayer system. A combined structure of Si3N4(500 Å)/MgO(100 Å) increased the breakdown voltage up to 20 V from 15 V and reduced the leakage current density down to 3×10−9 A/cm2 from 1×10−8 A/cm2 compared to a pure copper system. Consequently, the deposition of Cu(Mg) alloy followed by annealing in an oxygen ambient gives rise to the formation of a self-aligned MgO layer with excellent diffusion barrier and electrical characteristics and the film can be applied as a gate electrode in thin-film transistor/liquid-crystal displays, resulting in a reduction of process steps. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1314879
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dense arrays of ordered GaAs nanostructures by selective area growth on substrates patterned by block copolymer lithography (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 1689-1691 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: GaAs has been selectively grown in a hexagonally ordered array of nanometer-scale holes with a density as high as ∼1011/cm2 by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. This array of holes was created using block copolymer lithography, in which a thin layer of diblock copolymer was used as an etching mask to make dense holes in a 15-nm-thick SiNx film. These selectively grown nanoscale features are estimated to be 23 nm in diameter with narrow lateral size and height distributions as characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and tapping mode atomic force microscopy. The narrow size distribution and uniform spatial position of the nanoscale dots we report offer potential advantages over self-assembled dots grown by the Stranski–Krastanow mode. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126137
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between heterosis and genetic divergence in ‘Tongil’-type rice (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 121 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Improving grain yield and quality of ‘Tongil’-type rice (indica/japonica) continues to be a major breeding objective in Korea. In this study, genetic divergence among 13‘Tongil’-type rice cultivars was evaluated and the relationship between genetic distance and hybrid performance in all possible nonreciprocal crosses between them assessed. The 78 F1 hybrids together with the 13 parents were evaluated for eight traits of agronomic importance, including yield, in a replicated field trial. The 13 parents were examined for DNA polymorphism using 71 micro-satellite or simple sequence repeats and 46 random decamer oligonucleotide primers. A total of 319 polymorphic variants were generated and, based on the polymorphism data, genetic distances (GDs) ranged from 0.021 to 0.437. Cluster analysis based on GDs revealed associations among cultivars which was in agreement with the pedigree data. Heterosis was observed in hybrids for most of the traits, and yield exhibited the highest heterosis among the eight traits examined. The correlation values of GDs with F1 performance were mostly nonsignificant, except for yield, culm length and spikelets per panicle. The correlations of GDs with midparent and better-parent heterosis were not significant enough to be of predictive value. These results indicate that GDs based on the microsatellite and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers may not be useful for predicting heterotic combinations in ‘Tongil’-type rice and support the idea that the level of correlation between hybrid performance and genetic divergence is dependent on the germplasm used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2002.00760.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrated Lake and Catchment Phosphorus Model– A Eutrophication Management Tool. I: Model Theory (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 15 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The paper describes an integrated lake and catchment model which was developed and tested against data from the Rutland Water catchment (River Nene and Welland) in Eastern England. The model uses export coefficients to predict annual diffuse losses of phosphorus from catchment land use, which are temporally disaggregated using empirical relationships between phosphorus load and discharge in headwater streams. Dynamic inputs of phosphorus are incorporated into a hydrologically based, multi-reach distributed catchment model which also simulates sewage discharges, abstractions and reservoirs/ lakes. The model allows a comparison of simulated output with observed discharge and water-quality data from various points within the river system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2001.tb00329.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrated Lake and Catchment Phosphorus Model -A Eutrophication Management Tool. II: Application to Rutland Water (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 15 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: An integrated lake and catchment model was used to simulate reservoir volume and phosphorus concentrations in Rutland Water over a period of seventeen years, taking into account changes in reservoir output and phosphorus sedimentation resulting from the addition of ferric sulphate. Application of the model for critical-period analysis and the setting of environmental targets and trigger values are discussed, and an example is given showing the impact of changing reservoir output on the frequency distribution of phosphorus using an eighty-year set of river-discharge data. The impact of phosphorus removal at point sources in the catchment on phosphorus concentrations in the river and reservoir is simulated and compared to results from SIMCAT - a steady-state model which was developed by the Environment Agency. Results are also compared with observed data following the implementation of the EC urban waste water treatment Directive, at the end of 1998.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2001.tb00330.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Combinatorial Optimization Scheme for Parameter Structure Identification in Ground Water Modeling (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 41 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: This research develops a methodology for parameter structure identification in ground water modeling. For a given set of observations, parameter structure identification seeks to identify the parameter dimension, its corresponding parameter pattern and values. Voronoi tessellation is used to parameterize the unknown distributed parameter into a number of zones. Accordingly, the parameter structure identification problem is equivalent to finding the number and locations as well as the values of the basis points associated with the Voronoi tessellation. A genetic algorithm (GA) is allied with a grid search method and a quasi-Newton algorithm to solve the inverse problem. GA is first used to search for the near-optimal parameter pattern and values. Next, a grid search method and a quasi-Newton algorithm iteratively improve the GA's estimates. Sensitivities of state variables to parameters are calculated by the sensitivity-equation method. MODFLOW and MT3DMS are employed to solve the coupled flow and transport model as well as the derived sensitivity equations. The optimal parameter dimension is determined using criteria based on parameter uncertainty and parameter structure discrimination. Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the proposed methodology, in which the true transmissivity field is characterized by either a continuous distribution or a distribution that can be characterized by zones. We conclude that the optimized transmissivity zones capture the trend and distribution of the true transmissivity field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02579.x
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