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  • Articles  (138)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (138)
  • Springer  (113)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (25)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (138)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1981  (138)
  • 1940
  • Geosciences  (138)
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  • Articles  (138)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (138)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A submersible study has been conducted in February–March 1978 at the axis of the East Pacific Rise near 21°N. The expedition CYAMEX, the first submersible program to be conducted on the East Pacific Rise, is part of the French-American-Mexican project RITA (Rivera-Tamayo), a 3-year study devoted to detailed geological and geophysical investigations of the East Pacific Rise Crest. On the basis of the 15 dives made by CYANA in the axial area of the Rise, a morphological and tectonic zonation can be established for this moderately-fast spreading center. A narrow, 0.6 to 1.2 km wide zone of extrusion (zone 1), dominated by young lava flows, is flanked by a highly fissured and faulted zone of extension (zone 2) with a width of 1 to 2 km. Further out, zone 3 is dominated by outward tilted blocks bounded by inward-facing fault scarps. Active or recent faults extend up to 12 km from the axis of extrusion of the East Pacific Rise. This represents the first determination from direct field evidence of the width of active tectonism associated with an accreting plate boundary. Massive sulfide deposits, made principally of zinc, copper and iron, were found close to the axis of the Rise. Other signs of the intense hydrothermal activity included the discovery of benthic fauna of gian size similar to that found at the axis of the Galapagos Rift. We emphasize the cyclic character of the volcanicity. The main characteristics of the geology of this segment of the East Pacific Rise can be explained by the thermal structure at depth below this moderately-fast spreading center. The geological observations are compatible with the existence of a shallow magma reservoir centered at the axis of the Rise with a half-width of the order of 10 km.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 21 (1981), S. 271-293 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The report presents the results of a wind-tunnel study of the flow of the natural wind over complex terrain. A 1:4000 undistorted scale model of Gebbies Pass in the South Island of New Zealand was prepared and tested in the boundary-layer wind tunnel in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Canterbury. Three forms of construction, viz., terraced, contoured and roughness-added, were compared. Velocity and turbulence profiles, Reynolds stresses and spectra were measured, and correlation of results between different types of construction was calculated. The terraced form was much simpler to construct but was found to be unsatisfactory. The correlation between the contoured and roughness-added models was as high as 0.94, although the roughness-added model made a significant difference to the results in the lower 20%; of the boundary layer. The results of these tests will be compared with results from the field in a future report.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 11 (1981), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of bromofluoroacetic acid has been determined from three-dimensional counter data, and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space groupP21/c, witha = 8.529(4),b = 5.632(3),c = 9.500(4) Å,β = 105.52(4) °, andD x = 2.37 g cm−3 forZ = 4. The finalR factor for 654 independent observed reflections is 0.081. The compound exists as hydrogen-bonded dimers in the solid state.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 11 (1981), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of vanadocene has been determined from counter data, and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space groupP21/n witha = 9.269(3),b = 8.020(3),c = 5.892(2) Å, β = 91.21(3)°, andD x = 1.37 gcm-3 for Z = 2. The finalR value for 583 observed reflections is 0.031. The vanadium atom resides on a crystallographic center of inversion. The cyclopentadienyl groups are statistically disordered 70–30%. The average vanadium-carbon (η5) bond distance is 2.26(2) Å.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die morphologischen Änderungen des festen Muttermaterials und die Gefüge von Kaolinkristallen, die während der hydrothermalen Synthese von Kaolin entstehen, können graphisch mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie kontrolliert werden. Da die chemischen Bedingungen während der Synthese definiert und bekannt sind, ist es möglich, Kaolingefüge mit verschiedenen Eigenschaften des genetischen Milieus in Wechselbeziehung zu setzen. In dieser Arbeit wurden Gefüge von Kaolin bei vier verschiedenen Bedingungen hydrothermaler Synthese hergestellt; die Ergebnisse sind für amorphes SiO2, Allophan und Gibbsit als Muttermaterialien in H2SO4 und H4EDTA-Lösungen vorgelegt. Gelängte Kristalle von Kaolinmineralien und Akkordeon-ähnlichen Matten von verlängerten Kristallen, nicht Platten, mit zwischengelagerten, weniger dichten Schichten, werden gezeigt.
    Notes: Summary Changes in morphology of the parent solid materials, and the texture of kaolin crystals developed during hydrothermal synthesis of kaolin, may be graphically followed by scanning electron micrography (SEM) of the samples drawn during synthesis. Because the chemical conditions prevailing during synthesis are controlled and known, a possiblity arises for correlating the type of kaolin texture that is produced with the various known properties of the genetic environment. In this study, which is a first attempt toward that objective, the texture of kaolin produced by four different variations of hydrothermal synthesis using amorphous silica, allophane, and gibbsite in H2SO4 and H4EDTA solutions are illustrated with SEMs. Elongate crystals of kaolin, and accordion-type mats of elongate crystals, not plates, interspersed with less dense layers of elongates are recorded.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 70 (1981), S. 446-458 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Post-Cretaceous evolution of the Asian Plate in Burma is strongly influenced by the spreading of the Eastern Indian Ocean and the movement of “Greater India” northward. The Western part of Burma apparently was an area which received clastic sediments during the early mesozoic times. During the end of the mesozoic the Eastern part of Burma emerged from the ocean. The Western part formed the shelf area with a slowly westwards migrating geosyncline (Indoburman Geosyncline) to the West of it. Flysch sediments of upper Cretaceous age have been found in this area. The collision of the Indian Plate with the Asian Plate changed the sedimentary conditions in Burma. The emergence of the Indoburman Ranges happened during the Miocene, generating an Outer Island Arc and forming the Bay of Bengal. The subduction along the W coast of Burma changed in the N with the approach of continental Indian crust and led to thrusts in the N part of the Indoburman Ranges. Today subduction appears to be active only S of 18° N in the Eastern Bay of Bengal. The opening of the Andaman Sea fits into the dynamical development of the area.
    Abstract: Résumé L'évolution postcrétacée de la plaque asiatique en Birmanie est fortement influencée par l'accroissement de l'Océan Indien oriental et la dérive du continent Indien vers le nord. La partie occidentale de la Birmanie fût au début du Mésozoïque une aire de réception de sédiments clastiques. A la fin du Mésozoïque les parties orientales de la Birmanie se transformèrent en terre ferme, tandis que les régions occidentales furent submergées, formant une plate-forme continentale (shelf), à laquelle s'adjoignit vers l'ouest un géosynclinal (géosynclinal indobirman), progressant lentement vers l'ouest. Des flyschs d'âge crétacé supérieur ont été décrits dans cette zone. La collision entre la plaque Indienne et la plaque Asiatique changea les conditions de sédimentation en Birmanie. Les chaînes Indobirmanes firent leur émersion au cours du Miocène, en engendrant un arc insulaire externe, ainsi que le golfe du Bengale. La subduction le long de la côte occidentale Birmane se transforma au nord avec le rapprochement de la plaque Indienne et induisit des chevauchements dans la partie septentrionale des chaînes Indobirmanes. La subduction semble n'être active récemment qu'au sud de 18° N dans la partie orientale du golfe du Bengale. L'ouverture de la mer Andamane s'imbrique dans le développement dynamique de cette région.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die postkretazische Entwicklung der Asiatischen Platte in Burma zeigt starke Beeinflussung durch die Spreizung des östlichen Indischen Ozeans und die Drift von „Groß-Indien“ nach Norden. Der westliche Abschnitt Burmas war während des frühen Mesozoikums ein Bereich, der klastische Sedimente aufnahm. Im späten Mesozoikum wurden die östlichen Teile Burmas landfest, während die westlichen Abschnitte von einem Shelfmeer eingenommen wurden, an welches sich gegen W eine Geosynklinale (Indoburman Geosyncline) anschloß, die langsam westwärts wanderte. Oberkretazische Flysche wurden hier nachgewiesen. Die Kollision der Indischen Platte mit der Asiatischen Platte veränderte die Sedimentationsbedingungen in Burma. Die Indoburmanischen Ketten tauchten während des Miozän auf, bildeten einen Äußeren Inselbogen und ließen die Bucht von Bengalen entstehen. Die Subduktion entlang der W-Küste von Burma änderte sich im N mit der Annäherung der kontinentalen Kruste Indiens und führte zu Überschiebungen im N-Teil der Indoburmanischen Ketten. Rezent scheint Subduktion nur südlich 18° N im östlichen Teil der Bucht von Bengalen aktiv zu sein. Die Öffnung der Andamanen-See fügt sich in die dynamische Entwicklung dieses Bereiches ein.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 5 (1981), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Lopez Island OBS Intercomparison Experiment provided a data set of sufficient spatial density to allow study of the propagation of shot-generated Stoneley waves as well as ambient background noise. The Stoneley waves were observed propagating at velocities of 20 to 50 m s-1, Phase velocities were determined by fitting peaks in the frequency wave number spectrum. Group velocities were calculated by narrowly filtering the data and determining the arrival time of the peak in the frequency packet. Particle displacement plots illustrate the surface wave character of these waves. The analysis of the ambient background noise failed to produce a clearly defined dispersion curve yet it did allow bounds to be placed on the phase velocities (20 to 50 m s-1). The data were modeled using eleven layers overlying a half-space. The results indicated that the top 7 m of the sediment column at Lopez Island is best approximated by two zones. In the upper zone there is a fairly rapid change of shear velocity with depth. This zone overlies a region in which the shear velocity gradient is much lower. Deep ocean background noise recorded by University of Washington ocean bottom seismometers was also examined. Although insufficient data precluded any velocity analysis, definite similarities exist between these data and noise data observed at Lopez Island.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Caucasus ; Three-dimensional seismic modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with a procedure of a joint analysis of seismic data from earthquakes and those obtained by DSS. The DSS data are used as a first approximation to construct a two-dimensional model of the medium made up of individual blocks. These models serve as a basis when constructing specific three-dimensional travel-time curves. These travel-time curves are further used for the calculation of hypocenter parameters in a laterally inhomogeneous block medium. The hypocenter field and the travel times obtained are input data for the computation of three-dimensional fields of velocities in earthquake focal zones. Results of applying the proposed procedure to the Caucasus region are presented.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Shore-protection structures—largely groins and seawalls—have increased in number along the 300-km-long mainland Ohio shore of Lake Erie from about 60 in 1876–77, to about 1,400 in the late 1930s, to about 3,600 in the mid 1970s. Recession rates, on the other hand, have decreased from the early period (1876–1877 to the late 1930s) to the later period (late 1930s to 1973). Forexample, the length of shore that receded at the intermediate rate (0.3 to 0.9 m/yr) decreased from 76 to 54 km and the length of shore that receded at the lowest rate (less than 0.3 m/yr) increased from 151 to 171 km. Beach widths also have decreased; the length of shore fronted by wide (greater than 15 m) beaches decreased from 64 km to 35 km between 1876–1877 and 1968. Furthermore, the length of shore without a beach increased from 84 km in 1876–1877 to 112 km in 1968. The decreases in recession rates have been caused by the shore-protection structures, which have directly armored the shore from waves (seawalls) or reduced the wave energy reaching the shore by trapping sand (groins). Moreoever, because the shore is a major source of sand for the beaches, the decrease in recession has led to a reduced sand supply and narrower beaches. Ironically, by protecting the shore, the structures apparently have more than compensated for the loss of the best natural form of shore protection, beach sand.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1157
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The process of Differential Roughness Secondary Flow (DRSF), hitherto little recognized, recently was demonstrated in a wind tunnel and in a flume. It is suggested here the DRSF may, in the natural environment, play an important part in the persistence and sharp definition of sand ribbons, previously initiated by other processes. In 1980 Karl described a series of sand ribbons, alternating with exposed substrate, which he attributed to the effect of Langmuir circulations. Although Langmuir Circulation Secondary Flow (LCSF) may indeed, in some cases, initiate sand ribbons, the sharply-defined edges typical of these features are explained better by DRSF.
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