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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Caucasus ; Three-dimensional seismic modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with a procedure of a joint analysis of seismic data from earthquakes and those obtained by DSS. The DSS data are used as a first approximation to construct a two-dimensional model of the medium made up of individual blocks. These models serve as a basis when constructing specific three-dimensional travel-time curves. These travel-time curves are further used for the calculation of hypocenter parameters in a laterally inhomogeneous block medium. The hypocenter field and the travel times obtained are input data for the computation of three-dimensional fields of velocities in earthquake focal zones. Results of applying the proposed procedure to the Caucasus region are presented.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 121 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: A map of the observed gravity field of Europe has been constructed by averaging anomalies on a 1° X 1° grid in a combined reduction of Bouguer anomalies on land and free-air anomalies offshore. On the basis of the observed gravity field and recent seismic data on crustal structure, a 3-D density model for the lithosphere of Europe has been calculated. The model is represented by two complementary parts, each obtained by its own specific method. For the south of Eastern Europe, the 3-D density model of the Earth's crust comprising the sedimentary cover and three layers within the crystalline crust (upper, intermediate and lower crust) was obtained by the following procedure: (1) the velocity model was transformed into a density distribution using the velocity-density relation; (2) the gravity field of this density distribution was calculated by solving the 3-D direct gravity problem; (3) the residual gravity field was obtained by subtracting the total gravity effect of the model and the regional component from the oberved gravity field; (4) the isostatic equilibrium of the model was evaluated; (5) in accordance with the residual anomalies and isostasy estimates, some changes (mainly in density distribution within the sedimentary cover) were entered into the initial density model and the final version of the density model was obtained for the consolidated crust as well as for areas with density inhomogeneities within the upper mantle.The correlation between Moho traveltimes and crustal gravity influence obtained from the results of 3-D modelling for the south of Eastern Europe, supplemented by 2-D modelling data available over Western Europe, makes it possible to estimate (without solving the direct gravity problem) the crustal gravity field for the whole European continent. Residual anomalies due to subcrustal density inhomogeneities have been interpreted in the light of seismic tomography and heat-flow distribution.For both parts of the model geological and geodynamical interpretations of the results have been made. In particular, differences in the deep structure of the two major geoblocks of the continent—the West and East European Platforms—have been confirmed. Regions of relatively light upper mantle have been outlined beneath the east and north-west of the East European Platform, while a heavier upper mantle has been distinguished below the Alps, the Caucasus, and the Calabrian Arc, as well as under the South Caspian Depression.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 65 (1976), S. 1109-1125 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract During the last twenty years, the structure of the earth's crust and mantle of young orogenic systems has been investigated by means of seismic measurements. Therefore, it is possible now to discuss detailed problems. This paper deals with the crustal structure in the transition zone between the central part and the hinterland of an orogene. As demonstrated by three examples taken from the Western Alps, the Southern Apennines, and the Crimea, it can be stated that the crustal structure in these zones is anomalous. It is typical that, within the upper 20 km, a high-velocity layer exists which is separated from the crust/mantle boundary, being situated at a depth of 40–50 km, by an extreme low-velocity layer. Thus the existence of sialic material under basic material is indicated. The relation between the shallow high-velocity layer and the crust of the hinterland, no more than 20–30 km thick, is different in the cases described here. The crustal structure of the Eastern Alps and of the Caucasus is briefly discussed. Finally, this anomalous crustal structure and the tectonic development of an orogene are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Durant les 20 dernières années on a étudié, à l'aide d'enregistrements sismiques la structure de la croûte terrestre et du manteau supérieur dans les jeunes orogènes. Ceci permet aujourd'hui de discuter quelques questions de détail. Le présent travail a pour but d'étudier la structure de la croûte terrestre de la zone transitoire entre la zone centrale et l'arrière-pays ou une zone géoanticlinale interne voisine. L'étude de trois exemples tirés d'orogènes méditerranéens — Alpes occidentales, Apennins du sud et Crimée — indique que la structure de la croûte terrestre de ces zones est anormale. Elle est caracterisée par ceci: il existe dans les premiers 20 km d'épaisseur, une couche à vitesse élevée de 7 km/s environ, laquelle est nettement séparée de la limite croûte-manteau supérieur, à 40 à 50 km de profondeur, par une couche d'une vitesse extrêmement basse. La liaison entre la couche de haute vitesse à faible profondeur et la croûte de l'arrière-pays d'une épaisseur ne dépassant pas 20 à 30 km, est différente dans les cas cités. La structure de la croûte terrestre dans la région des Alpes orientales et du Caucase est brièvement discutée. Finalement la liaison entre cette structure anormale et le développement tectonique d'une orogène sont discutés.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den letzten 20 Jahren ist mit Hilfe seismischer Messungen die Struktur der Erdkruste und des oberen Erdmantels in jungen Orogenen erforscht worden, so daß es heute möglich ist, Detailfragen zu diskutieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Krustenstruktur im Übergangsbereich zwischen der zentralen Zone und dem Hinterland bzw. einem intern benachbarten geantiklinalen Bereich untersucht. An drei Beispielen aus mediterranen Orogenen — West-Alpen, Süd-Apennin und Krim — wird gezeigt daß die Krustenstruktur in diesen Zonen anomal ist. Diese Beispiele sind dadurch charakterisiert, daß in den oberen 20 km eine Schicht hoher Geschwindigkeit mit etwa 7 km/s auftritt, die von der Kruste/Mantel-Grenze in 40 bis 50 km Tiefe durch eine Zone extrem geringer Geschwindigkeit getrennt ist. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der flachen Hoch-Geschwindigkeits-Schicht und der nur 20 bis 30 km mächtigen Kruste des Hinterlandes ist in den behandelten Fällen unterschiedlich. Kurz werden die Verhältnisse in den Ostalpen und dem Kaukasus behandelt. Abschließend wird der Zusammenhang zwischen dieser anomalen Krustenstruktur und den Vorstellungen über den tektonischen Werdegang eines Orogens diskutiert.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 70 (1981), S. 271-281 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The data of the two long seismic profiles crossing Iceland (Nasp 1972 andRrisp 1977) have revealed its deeper structure and its relation to the Reykjanes and the Faeroe-Iceland Ridge. All deep velocity levels dip down from the ocean towards Iceland. The maximum velocity found on Iceland does not exceed 7.6–7.7 km/s. The 7.0 km/s velocity level is of complex shape. Due to a disagreement of first arrivals at the crosspoint of the two profiles crustal velocity anisotropy may exist. Two different models can be derived from the seismic cross sections. The first model contains a thin oceanic crust being 10–15 km thick. This layer is followed directly by the asthenosphere with velocities near 7.0–7.4 km/s. The top of this diapir-like asthenosphere should be in a partly molten stage. The other version, favoured by the authors, suggests a crust of 30 km thickness which is underlain by mantle material with velocities of 7.5–7.7 km/s. The top of the asthenosphere is assumed to exist in a depth of about 50 km. In the upper crust at 10–15 km depth there occurs a local zone of rocks being in a partly molten stage, as evidenced by the reduced shear wave velocity and the high electrical conductivity. Due to this configuration Iceland forms combined structure with the Faeroe-Iceland Ridge. Despite of its great thickness the crust of Iceland must be regarded as belonging to the oceanic type because of its basic rock composition, thus it is classified as suboceanic.
    Abstract: Résumé Les données sur les deux longs profils sismiques en Islande (Nasp 1972 etRrisp 1977) permettent de déterminer la structure profonde et la relation avec le Seuil de Reykanes et des ïles Färoe. Tous les horizons à vitesse faible viennent du côté de l'Océan sous l'Islande. La vitesse la plus élevée observée sous l'Islande est de 7.6 à 7.7 km/sec. La courbe des vitesses montre une allure compliquée. D'autre part l'anisotropie ne peut être exclue. Les profils sismiques permettent deux interprétations de la structure de la croûte sous l'Islande. La première est celle d'un croûte mince (10–15 km) océanique, placée directement au-dessus de l'asthénosphère qui y pénétre à la manière d'un arceau. La couche supérieure de l'asthénosphère est partiellement fondue et montre des vitesses de plus de 7.0–7.4 km/sec. L'autre interprétation, d'après les auteurs, part d'une croûte de presque 30 km. au-dessus d'une espèce de manteau où la vitesse irait de 7.5 à 7.7 km/sec. L'asthénosphère se trouverait à 50 km. de profondeur. A l'intérieur de la croûte, à une profondeur de 10–15 km. se trouverait une zone restreinte, partiellement fondue, que revèle une vitesse réduite des ondes de cisaillement et sa haute conductibilité. La croûte d'Islands et celle du Seuil des Iles Färoe ne forment qu'une seule unité. Malgré la valeur de 30 km. la croûte d'Islande appartient au type oc"anique, et non pas au type continental à cause de sa constitution basique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Daten der beiden seismischen Langprofile auf Island (Nasp 1972 undRrisp 1977) erlauben Aussagen über die tiefere Struktur Islands und deren Zusammenhang mit dem Reykjanes und dem Faeroe-Island-Rücken. Alle tieferen Geschwindigkeitshorizonte fallen vom Ozean her unter Island ein. Die größte unter Island beobachtete Geschwindigkeit beträgt 7.6–7.7 km/s. Einen komplizierten Verlauf zeigt die 7.0 km/s Geschwindigkeitslinie. Andererseits kann auch Anisotrophie nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Die berechneten seismischen Profile erlauben zwei Interpretationen für die Krustenstruktur Islands. Die erste Deutung geht von einer dünnen (10–15 km mächtigen) ozeanischen Kruste aus, die direkt von der domartig aufdringenden Asthenosphere unterlagert wird. Der oberste Bereich der Asthenosphäre ist partiell geschmolzen und zeigt Geschwindigkeiten von über 7.0–7.4 km/s. Die andere, von den Autoren vertretene Deutung, geht von einer etwa 30 km mächtigen Kruste aus, die auf Mantelmaterial mit Geschwindigkeiten von 7.5–7.7 km/s liegt. Die Asthenosphäre folgt erst in 50 km Tiefe. Innerhalb der Kruste ist in 10–15 km Tiefe eine begrenzte Zone mit partiell geschmolzenem Gestein eingelagert, die sich durch eine verringerte Geschwindigkeit der Scherwellen und eine hohe elektrische Leitfähigkeit zu erkennen gibt. Die Kruste Islands bildet mit der Faeroe-Island-Rückens eine Einheit. Ungeachtet der Krustendicke von 30 km gehört die Kruste Islands aufgrund der basischen Zusammensetzung zum ozeanischen Typ und nicht zum kontinentalen.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 24 (1980), S. 114-123 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Резюме Меmо¶rt;ом мamемamuческо о мо¶rt;елuровaнuя nосmроенa комnлекснaя еофuзuческaя мо¶rt;ель земноŭ коры ю a евроnеŭскоŭ чaсmu СССР. В комnлекс включены ¶rt;aнные сеŭсмuческuх uссле¶rt;овaнuŭ, рaвuмеmрuu u mеnлово о nоmокa. В резульmamе усmaновленa зaвuсuмосmь меж¶rt;у скоросmыо u nлоmносmыо в консолu¶rt;uровaнных nоро¶rt;aх земноŭ коры u нa ее основе сосmaвленa обобщеннaя лumоло uческaя колонкa nлamформенноŭ коры. Сре¶rt;няя nлоmносmь мaнmuu оnре¶rt;еляеmся велuчuноŭ 3,3 /см 3 , nо¶rt; моло¶rt;ымu еосuнклuнaлямu u вna¶rt;uнaмu внуmреннuх мореŭ онa рaзуnлоmненa ¶rt;о 3,2 /см 3 . Поро¶rt;ы земноŭ коры nо¶rt; лубокuмu осa¶rt;очнымu бaссеŭнaмu оmносumельно уnлоmнены, в целом же сущесmвеннaя орuзонmaльнaя нео¶rt;норо¶rt;носmь хaрaкmернa лuщь ¶rt;ля верхнеŭ чaсmu коры.
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  • 6
  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0869-5911
    Electronic ISSN: 1556-2085
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1992-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0020-6814
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2839
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Taylor & Francis
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1992-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0020-6814
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2839
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Taylor & Francis
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1985-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0020-6814
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2839
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Taylor & Francis
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