ALBERT

Note: Table of Contents: CHAPTER 1: THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES: Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. - Stable Isotopes: Standards and Measurement. - Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. - Radioisotopes. - Isotope Fractionation. - Isotope Fractionation (a), Enrichment (e), and Separation (D). - CHAPTER 2: TRACING THE HYDROLOGIGICAL CYCLE: Craig's Meteoric Relationship in Global Fresh Waters. - Partitioning of Isotopes Through the Hydrological Cycle. - Condensation, Precipitation, and the Meteoric Water Line. - A Closer Look at Rayleigh Distillation. - Effects of Extreme Evaporation. - CHAPTER 3: PRECIPITATION: The T - d18O Correlation in Precipitation. - Local Effects on T - d18O. - Ice Cores and Paleotemperature. - CHAPTER 4: GROUNDWATER: Recharge in Temperate Climates. - Recharge in Arid Regions. - Recharge from River-Connected Aquifers. - Hydrograph Separation in Catchment Studies. - Groundwater Mixing. - CHAPTER 5: TRACING THE CARBON CYCLE: Evolution of Carbon in Groundwaters. - Carbonate Geochemistry. - Carbon-13 in the Carbonate System. - Dissolved Organic Carbon. - Methane in Groundwaters. - Isotopic Composition of Carbonates. - CHAPTER 6: GROUNDWATER QUALITY: Sulphate, Sulphide and the Sulphur Cycle. - Nitrogen Cycles in Rural Watersheds. - The "Fuhrberger Feld" Study. - Source of Chloride Salinity. - Landfill Leachates. - Degredation of Chloro-organics and Hydrocarbon. - Sensitivity of Groundwater to Contamination. - Summary of Isotopes in Contaminant Hydrology. - CHAPTER 7: IDENTIYING AND DATING MODERN GROUNDWATERS: The "Age" of Groundwater. - Stable Isotopes. - Tritium in Precipitation. - Dating Groundwaters with Tritium. - Groundwater Dating with 3H -3He. - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). - Thermonuclear 36Cl. - Detecting Modern Groundwaters with 85Kr . - Submodern Groundwater. - CHAPTER 8: AGE DATING OLD GROUNDWATERS: Stable Isotopes and Paleogroundwaters. - Groundwater Dating with Radiocarbon. - Correction for Carbonate Dissolution. - Some Additional Complications to 14C Dating. - 14C Dating with Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). - Case Studies for 14C dating with DOC and DIC. - Chlorine-36 and Very Old Groundwater. - The Uranium Decay Series. - CHAPTER 9: WATER-ROCK INTERACTION: Mechanisms of Isotope Exchange. - High Temperature Systems. - Low Temperature Water-Rock Interaction. - Strontium Isotopes in Water and Rock. - Isotope Exchange in Gas-Water Reactions. - High pH Groundwaters-The Effect of Cement Reactions. - CHAPTER 10: FIELD METHODS FOR SAMPLING: Groundwater. - Water in the Unsaturated Zone. - Precipitation. - Gases. - Geochemistry. - References. - Subject Index. - Each chapter has Problems sections.

Note: Table of contents: In Memoriam: J. M. Broadus. - Introduction: Sea-level Rise and Coastal Subsidence - Towards Meaningful Strategies / J. D. Milliman, B. U. Haq. - PART I: PROCESSES AND PROBLEMS. - 1 Global Sea-level Rise: Past and Future / S. C. B. Raper, T. M. L. Wigley, R. A. Warrick. - Observed Changes in Global Mean Sea Level. - Observed Changes in Global Mean Temperature. - The climate model. - Factors contributing to sea-level rise. - Temperature and Sea-Level Rise Results. - Summary and Conclusions. - Appendix: Radiative Forcing. - 2 Land Subsidence in Coastal Lowlands / Saskia Jelgersma. - Introduction. - Geological Setting. - Subsidence in Coastal Lowlands. - Methods to Control or Inhibit Induced Subsidence. - Conclusions. - 3 River-Sediment Inputs to Major Deltas / Robert H. Meade. - Introduction. - Tabulations of Discharge Data for Major Rivers. - Spatial Distributions of Sediment Sources and Sinks. - Temporal Variations in River-Sediment Discharge. - Storage of Sediment in Large River Systems. - Human Influences on River-Sediment Loads. - 4 Coastal Erosion and Rising Sea-Level / E. C. F. Bird. - Introduction. - Submerging Coastlines. - Coastline Changes. - Cliff Erosion. - Beach Erosion. - Erosion on Deltaic Coasts. - Erosion of Coastal Swamps. - Erosion of Developed Coastlines. - Conclusion. - PART II: CASE STUDIES. - 5 Land Subsidence in Bangkok during 1978-1988 / Prinya Nutalaya, R. N. Yong, Thongchai Chumnankit, Somkid Buapeng. - Introduction. - Land Subsidence Prior to 1978. - 1978 to 1988. - Effects of Land Subsidence. - Aquifer Delineation. - Source and Age of Ground Water. - Geotechnical Properties of Soils. - Mathematical Modeling to Predict Subsidence and Recharge Response. - Recommendations. - 6 Coastal Erosion in the Gulf of Thailand / S. Vongvisessomjai, R. Polsi, C. Manotham, D. Srisaengthong, S. Charulukkana. - Introduction. - Oceanographic Conditions. - Coastal Morphology. - Summary. - 7 Nature of Sediment Load in the Ganges-Brahmaputra River Systems in India / V. Subramanian, A. L. Ramanathan. - Introduction. - Description of the Basins. - Sediment and Water Discharge. - Basin Lithology. - Natural (Tectonic) and Human Impact on Sediment Load. - Erosion vs Deposition. - Nature of Sediment Load. - Conclusion. - 8 Subsidence of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta of Bangladesh and Associated Drainage, Sedimentation and Salinity Problems / Mahmood Alam. - Introduction. - Geotectonics. - Depositional Sequence. - Subsidence of the Basin and Progradation of the Delta. - Floods and Drainage Problems. - Effects of Recent Engineering Projects. - Salinity. - Sea-Level Rise. - Conclusions. - 9 Tectonic, Eustatic and Isostatic Changes along the Indian Coast / K. R. Subrahmanya. - Introduction. - Quaternary Eustatic Changes. - Holocene Uplift and Subsidence. - Most Recent Sea-Level Changes along the Indian Coast. - Conclusions. - 10 Effect of Sea-Level Rise and Human Activity on the Yangtze Delta, China / Ren Mei-e, J. D. Milliman. - The Yangtze River and its Delta. - Sea-Level Rise and Subsidence. - Impact of a Future Sea-Level Rise and Changes in Landuse and the Yangtze River. - Concluding Statement. - 11 Rising Sea-Level and Subsidence of the Northern Nile Delta: A Case Study / Mahmoud Kh. El-Sayed. - Introduction. - The Nile Delta. - Present-Day Use of the Northern Nile Delta. - Nile Damming and its Effect. - Impact of Climate Changes and Sea-Level Rise on the Nile Delta. - Scenario Based on Present-Day Assumptions and Socio-Economic Conditions in the Northern Nile Delta. - Management of the Northern Nile Delta. - Conclusions. - 12 Land Subsidence and Sea-Level Rise: The Case of the Po Delta Region, Italy / G. Sestini. - Introduction. - Historical Evolution of the NW Adriatic Coast. - Subsidence and its Impact. - Impact of Changes to River Sediment Discharge. - Discussion. - Conclusions. - 13 The Niger Delta and Sea-Level Rise / A. Chidi Ibe. - Introduction. - Tectonic and Sedimentary Evolution. - General Geomorphology. - Coastal Processes. - Erosion Scenario. - Change in Fluvial Sediment/Water Input to the Delta. - Socio-Economic Setting. - Concluding Statements and Suggestions. - 14 Sea-Level Rise and the Stability of Barrier Islands, with special reference to the Wadden Sea / H. Postma. - Post-Glacial Evolution. - Present-Day Conditions. - Future Sea-Level Rise. - Conclusions. - 15 Subsidence, Sea-Level Rise, and Wetland Loss in the Lower Mississippi River Delta / J. T. Wells. - Introduction. - Geological Setting and History. - Sea-Level Rise and Subsidence. - Subdeltas and Wetland Loss. - The Sediment Problem. - Future Mitigation: Artifical Diversions. - PART III: STRATEGIES. - 16 Economizing Human Responses to Subsidence and Rising Sea Level / J. M. Broadus. - Introduction. - Example Assessments for Bangladesh and Egypt. - An Extension of Crude Loss Estimates. - Qualitative Considerations. - Economic Considerations in Human Responses. - Summary. - 17 Man-Made Projects and Relative Sea-Level Rise / J. G. de Ronde. - General Considerations of Impacts. - A Preliminary Study for The Netherlands. - Policy Analysis. - 18 Impact of Sea Level Rise on Flood Control in Bangkok and Vicinity / Sanga Sabhasri, Ksemsan Suwarnarat. - Introduction. - Flood Control Plans. - Impact of Upstream Agricultural Development. - Land Subsidence. - Sedimention due to the Chao Praya River. - Coastal Vulnerability: Hazards and Strategies / B. U. Haq, J. D. Milliman. - Introduction. - Impacts. - of Accelerated Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Areas. - Impacts of Sea-Level Rise. - Adaptive Strategies. - Examples of Action and Consequences of Inaction. - Concluding Statement. - List of Contributors. - Geographic Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Summary poem. - Introduction. - 1. Oceanic freshwater fluxes in the climate system / Anders Stigebrandt. - 2. Global atmospheric circulation patterns and relationships to Arctic freshwater fluxes / J. E. Walsh. - 3. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance and their interannual variability / R. G. Barry and M. C. Serreze. - 4. Hydroclimatology of the Arctic drainage basin / L. C. Bowling, D. P. Lettenmaier and B. V. Matheussen. - 5. The Arctic Ocean's freshwater budget: sources, storage and export / Eddy C. Carmack. - 6. The Arctic ocean freshwater budget of a climate general circulation model / Howard Cattle and Douglas Cresswell. - 7. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean bydrologic budget assessed from Rawinsonde data / M. C. Serreze and R. G. Barry. - 8. Reanalyses depictions of the Arctic atmospheric moisture budget / D. H. Bromwich, R. I. Cullather and M. C. Serreze. - 9. Moisture transport to Arctic drainage basins relating to significant precipitation events and cyclogenesis / John R. Gyakum. - 10. Atmospheric climate models: simulation of the Arctic Ocean fresh water budget components / V. M. Kattsov, J. E. Walsh, A. Rinke and K. Dethloff. - 11. Discharge observation networks in Arctic regions: computation of the river runoff into the Arctic Ocean, its seasonality and variability / W. E. Grabs, F. Portmann and T. de Couet. - 12. Arctic river flow: a review of contributing areas / I. A. Shiklomanov, A. I. Shiklomanov, R. B. Lammers, B. J. Peterson and C. J. Vorosmarty. - 14. River input of water, sediment, major ions, nutrients and trace metals from Russian territory to the Arctic Ocean / V. V. Gordeev. - 15. The dispersion of Siberian river flows into coastal waters: meteorological, hydrological and hydrochemical aspects / I. P. Semiletov, N. I. Savelieva, G. E. Weller, I. I. Pipko, S. P. Pugach, A. Yu. Gukov and L. N. Vasilevskaya. - 16. The variable climate of the Mackenzie River basin: its water cycle and fresh water discharge / R. E. Stewart. - 17. Arctic estuaries and ice: a positive-negative estuarine couple / R. W. Macdonald. - 18. Satellite views of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance / D. A. Rothrock, R. Kwok and D. Groves. - 19. Tracer studies of the Arctic freshwater budget / P. Schlosser, B. Ekwurzel, S. Khatiwala, B. Newton, W. Maslowski and S. Pfirman. - 20. Exchanges of freshwater through the shallow straits of the North American Arctic / Humfrey Melling. - 21. The transformations of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean and their significance for the freshwater budget / Bert Rudels and Hans J. Friedrich. - 22. Modelling the variability of exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas / Rüdiger Gerdes. - 23. Sea ice growth, melt and modeling: a survey / Michael Steele and Gregory M. Flato. - 24. Fresh water freezing/melting cycle in the Arctic Ocean / G. V. Alekseev, L. V. Bulatov and V. F. Zakharov. - Colour plates. - Subject index.

Note: Contents: I INTRODUCTION. - 1 Ecosystem Response, Resistance, Resilience, and Recovery in Arctic Landscapes: Introduction / J. F. Reynolds and J. D. Tenhunen. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 NRC Committee Report. - 1.3 The R4D Program. - 1.3.1 Objectives and Conceptual Framework. - 1.3.2 Program Implementation. - 1.3.3 Landscape Function. - 1.4 Summary. - References. - 2 Integrated Ecosystem Research in Northern Alaska, 1947-1994 / G. R. Shaver. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Early Days at NARL. - 2.3 The U.S. Tundra Biome Program. - 2.4 The Meade River RATE Program. - 2.5 Eagle Creek and Eagle Summit. - 2.6 The Arctic LTER Program at Toolik Lake. - 2.7 Other Studies In Alaska and Elsewhere. - 2.8 Summary and Prospects. - References. - 3 Disturbance and Recovery of Arctic Alaskan Vegetation / D. A. Walker. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Disturbance and Recovery. - 3.3Typical Disturbance and Recovery Patterns. - 3.3.1 Small Disturbed Patches. - 3.3.2 Contaminants. - 3.3.2.1 Hydrocarbon Spills. - 3.3.2.2 Seawater and Reserve-Pit Spills. - 3.3.3 Fire. - 3.3.4 Transportation Corridors. - 3.3.4.1 Bulldozed Tundra and Related Disturbances. - 3.3.4.2 Off-Road Vehicle Trails. - 3.3.4.2.1 Summer Travel. - 3.3.4.2.2 Winter Travel. - 3.3.4.3 Permanent Roads and Pads. - 3.3.4.4 Gravel Mines. - 3.3.4.5 Native Species in Revegetation of Gravel Pads and Mines. - 3.3.4.6 Road Dust. - 3.3.4.7 Roadside Impoundments. - 3.3.5 Cumulative Impacts. - 3.4 Conclusions. - References. - 4 Terrain and Vegetation of the Imnavait Creek Watershed / D. A. Walker and M. D. Walker. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Terrain. - 4.2.1 Glacial Deposits. - 4.2.2 Retransported Hillslope Deposits. - 4.2.3 Colluvial Basin Deposits. - 4.2.4 Floodplain Deposits. - 4.3 Vegetation. - 4.3.1 Flora. - 4.3.2 Vegetation Types. - 4.3.2.1 Lichen-Covered Rocks. - 4.3.2.2 Dry Heath. - 4.3.2.2.1 Exposed Sites. - 4.3.2.2.2 Snowbeds. - 4.3.2.3 Tussock Tundra. - 4.3.2.4 Riparian Areas. - 4.3.2.5 Mires. - 4.3.2.6 Beaded Ponds. - 4.4 West-Facing Toposequence. - 4.5 Terrain Sensitivity to Disturbance. - 4.6 Conclusions. - Appendix A. List of Plants for Imnavait Creek, Alaska. - References. - 5 Vegetation Structure and Aboveground Carbon and Nutrient Pools in the Imnavait Creek Watershed / S. C. Hahn, S. F. Oberbauer, R. Gebauer, N. E. Grulke, O. L. Lange, and J. D. Tenhunen. - 5.1 ntroduction. - 5.2 Description of Vegetation. - 5.3 Sampling Methods. - 5.3.1 Cover. - 5.3.2 Biomass and Nutrient Pools. - 5.4 Cover. - 5.5 Aboveground Biomass. - 5.5.1 Live Biomass. - 5.5.2 Photosynthetic Biomass. - 5.5.3 Lichen Biomass. - 5.5.4 Organic Litter. - 5.5.5 Watershed Patterns. - 5.6 Nutrient Pools. - 5.6.1 N and P in Heath Cryptogams. - 5.6.2 N and P in Communities. - 5.7 Discussion and Conclusions. - References. - II PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, HYDROLOGY, and TRANSPORT. - 6 Energy Balance and Hydrological Processes in an Arctic Watershed / L. Hinzmann, D. L. Kane, C. S. Benson, and K. R. Everett. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Radiation and Thermal Regimes. - 6.2.1 Surface Energy Balance. - 6.2.2 Snow Cover and Soil Thermal Regime. - 6.3 Hydrological Processes. - 6.3.1 Snowmelt. - 6.3.2 Plot and Basin Water Balance. - 6.3.3 Runoff and Basin Discharge. - 6.3.4 Precipitation, Evaporation, and Evapotranspiration. - 6.4 Energy Balance and Hydrology Models. - 6.4.1 Simulation of the Thermal Regime. - 6.4.2 Simulation of Snowmelt. - 6.4.3 Simulation of Catchment Runoff. - 6.5 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Shortwave Reflectance Properties of Arctic Tundra Landscapes / A. S. Hope and D. A. Stow. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Shortwave Reflectance Studies in Arctic Environments. - 7.2.1 Environmental Considerations. - 7.2.2 Radiometric Data. - 7.2.3 Image Data. - 7.3 Spectral Reflectance. - 7.3.1 Aboveground Biomass. - 7.3.2 Vegetation Composition. - 7.3.3 Landscape Patterns. - 7.3.4 Effects of Dust Deposition. - 7.4 Albedo. - 7.4.1 Undisturbed Tussock Tundra. - 7.4.2 Effects of Dust Deposition. - 7.5 Conclusions. - References. - 8 Isotopic Tracers for Investigating Hydrological Processes / L. W. Cooper, I. L. Larsen, C. Solis, J. M. Grebmeier, C. R. Olsen, D. K. Solomon, and R. B. Cook. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.1.1 Units. - 8.1.2 Conservative vs Nonconservative Isotopes. - 8.2 Nonconservative Tracers. - 8.3 Sulfur-35. - 8.4 Oxygen-18. - 8.4.1 Oxygen-18 Content of Snowpack. - 8.4.2 Oxygen-18 Content of Imnavait Creek. - 8.4.3 Oxygen-18 Content of Soil Moisture. - 8.4.4 Covariance of Oxygen-18 and Deuterium in Watershed Compartments. - 8.4.5 Covariance of Oxygen-18 and Deuterium in Plant Water. - 8.5 Long-Lived Radioisotopes: Lead-210 and Cesium-137. - 8.5.1 Distribution of 137Cs on Tundra and in Lake Sediments. - 8.5.2 Cycling of 137Cs in Annual Berries. - 8.5.3 Distribution of 210Pb in Tundra. - 8.6 Conclusions. - References. - III NUTRIENT AND CARBON FLUXES. - 9 Surface Water Chemistry and Hydrology of a Small Arctic Drainage Basin / K. R. Everett, D. L. Kane, and L. D. Hinzman. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Watershed Instrumentation. - 9.3 Snowmelt Period. - 9.3.1 Snowmelt Hydrology. - 9.3.2 Snowmelt Chemistry . - 9.3.2.1 Overland Flow. - 9.3.2.2 Water Track Flow. - 9.3.2.3 Imnavait Creek Flow. - 9.4 Post Snowmelt Period. - 9.4.1 Atmospheric Inputs. - 9.4.1.1 Rainfall. - 9.4.1.2 Dry Deposition. - 9.4.1.3 Rime. - 9.4.2 Water Chemistry. - 9.4.2.1 Overland Flow. - 9.4.2.2 Active Layer Flow. - 9.4.2.3 Imnavait Creek Flow. - 9.5 Conclusions. - References. - 10 Nutrient Availability and Uptake by Tundra Plants / J. P. Schimel, K. Kielland, and F. S. Chapin III. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Controls on Mineralization and Nutrient Supply. - 10.2.1 Patterns of Nutrient Supply in the Soil. - 10.2.2 Patterns of Mineralization. - 10.2.3 Controls on N and P Mineralization. - 10.2.4 Controls on Decomposition and Mineralization. - 10.2.4.1 Temperature. - 10.2.4.1.1 Enzyme Activities. - 10.2.4.1.2 Microbial Activity at Low Temperatures. - 10.2.4.1.3 Freeze-Thaw Events. - 10.2.4.2 Effects of Low Oxygen on Microbial Activity and Mineralization. - 10.2.4.3 Substrate Quality. - 10.3 Fate of Available Nutrients. - 10.3.1 Microbial Nutrient Uptake and Competition with Plants. - 10.3.2 Plant Uptake. - 10.3.2.1 Soil Factors Controlling Nutrient Absorption. - 10.3.2.2 Rooting Strategies. - 10.3.2.3 Uptake Characteristics of Tundra Plants. - 10.3.2.4 Retranslocation vs Current Uptake. - 10.4 Disturbances. - 10.4.1 Vehicle Tracks. - 10.4.2 Road Dust. - 10.4.3 Gray Water. - 10.4.4 Climate Change. - References. - 11 Landscape Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Exchange in Tundra Ecosytems / S. F. Oberbauer, W. Cheng, C. T. Gillespie, B. Ostendorf, A. Sala, R. Gebauer, R. A. Virginia, and J. D. Tenhunen. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Methods. - 11.2.1 Community Types. - 11.2.2 Leaf Photosynthesis. - 11.2.3 Ecosystem Efflux. - 11.2.4 Ecosystem Net CO2 Exchange. - 11.3 CO2 Uptake. - 11.3.1 Factors Affecting CO2 Uptake. - 11.3.1.1 Light. - 11.3.1.2 Temperature. - 11.3.1.3 Phenology. - 11.3.1.4 Water Availability. - 11.3.1.5 Nutrition. - 11.3.2 Landscape Patterns in Leaf Photosynthesis. - 11.4 CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.1 Factors Affecting CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.1.1 Live Plant Biomass. - 11.4.1.2 Soil Quality. - 11.4.1.3 Thaw Depth and Depth to Water Table. - 11.4.1.4 Soil Moisture. - 11.4.1.5 Soil Temperature. - 11.4.2 Landscape Patterns of CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.3 Daily and Seasonal Patterns of CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.4 Dust Deposition Effects on CO2 Efflux. - 11.5 Landscape Patterns in Net CO2 Exchange. - 11.6 Conclusions. - References. - 12 Control of Tundra Methane Emission by Microbial Oxidation / S. C. Whalen, W. S. Reeburgh, and C. E. Reimers. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Sampling Procedure. - 12.3 Results and Discussion. - 12.3.1 Methane Flux and Environmental Variables in Tundra and Taiga. - 12.3.2 Physiology, Controls, and Potential for Microbial CH4 Oxidation. - 12.3.3 Methane Oxidation by Tundra Soils in a Warmer Climate. - 12.4 Conclusions. - References. - 13 Dynamics of Dissolved and Particulate Car

Note: Contents Editor's note Acknowledgements page xu Notes on translations and definitions Abstract Preface Introduction 1 Geocryology as part of planetary cryology 2 Frozen rocks as natural-historical geological formations 3 History of research of the zone of permafrost and the frozen materials composing this zone 4 Structure, problems and scientific themes of geocryology 5 Methodological basis of geocryology I Thermal-physical, physico-chemical and mechanical processes in freezing, frozen and thawing ground and their manifestation in the permafrost regions 1 Thermal-physical processes in freezing and thawing ground 1.1 Heat transfer and temperature field in ground 1.2 Freezing (crystallization) of water and melting of ice in the ground 1.3 Sublimation and desublimation of moisture in frozen rocks 1.4 Freezing and thawing of ground 1.5 Methods for solving soil freezing (thawing) problems and approximate formulae for freezing and thawing depth calculations 2 Water transfer and ice formation in soils 2.1 Nature and mechanism of moisture migration in soils 2.2 Water transfer and ice formation in frozen soil 2.3 Water transfer and ice formation in freezing and thawing soils 3 Physico-chemical and mechanical processes in freezing and thawing ground 3.1 Chemical reactions and processes in freezing and thawing soils 3.2 Physico-chemical and mechanical processes in freezing and thawing soils 3.3 Physical-mechanical processes in frozen soils caused by changes in temperature 3.4 Physical and chemical processes in frozen soils caused by an external load 4 Structure and texture of freezing and thawing soils 4.1 Thermal-physical and physical-mechanical conditions of development of migrational-segregated ice interlayers 4.2 Basic types of cryogenic structure 4.3 Formation of structure in freezing and thawing soils 4.4 Structural associations and types of contact in frozen soils 5 Cryogenic geological processes and phenomena 5.1 Classification of processes and phenomena 5.2 Frost heaving of soils 5.3 Frost cracking (fissuring) and polygonal formations, surface and underground 5.4 Thermokarst 5.5 Slope processes and phenomena 5.6 Processes and effects associated with the activity of water, glaciers and other geological agents II Composition, cryogenic structure and properties of frozen rocks 6 Formation of sedimentary materials in the permafrost regions (cryolithogenesis) 6.1 Sediment genesis in the permafrost regions 6.2 Transformation of loose deposits of the permafrost regions into rock 6.3 Formation of useful mineral deposits at different stages of cryogenesis 7 Composition and structure of frozen earth materials 7.1 Characteristics of organic, mineral and chemical composition of frozen earth materials 7.2 Unfrozen water and ice in ground 7.3 Textural characteristics of the frozen material 7.4 Microstructure of frozen soils 8 Properties of frozen soils 8.1 Physical properties of the frozen materials 8.2 Thermal-physical properties of rocks 8.3 Moisture exchange properties of soils 8.4 Mechanical properties of frozen ground 9 Characteristics of the basic genetic types of frozen ground 9.1 Features of the cryogenic types of frozen strata 9.2 Composition and cryogenic structure of the principal geologic-genetic types of sedimentary materials in the permafrost regions 9.3 Natural ice as a monomineral rock III Principles of the formation and development of the frozen strata and layers of seasonal freezing and thawing 10 Thermodynamic and climatic conditions for formation of the frozen layers 10.1 Energy balance of the Earth 10.2 Thermodynamic conditions for development of seasonally and perennially frozen ground 10.3 Frozen ground as a result of zonation of thermal- and mass-exchange processes on the Earth's surface and in the atmosphere 11 Seasonal freezing and thawing of ground 11.1 Formation of the layer of seasonal freezing and thawing of soil 11.2 Types of seasonal freezing and thawing of the ground 11.3 The influence oflandscape-climatic factors on the temperature regime and depth of seasonal freezing and thawing of the ground 12 Development of the temperature regime and the thickness of the permafrost 12.1 Present-day knowledge of the development of permafrost 12.2 The effect of boundary conditions on the permafrost thickness and temperature regime 12.3 Dependence of the permafrost thickness and temperature regime on geological factors and processes 13 Taliks and groundwater in the permafrost zone 13.1 The types and formation of taliks in the permafrost zone 13.2 Groundwater of the permafrost regions 13.3 Interaction of groundwater with the permafrost and types of cryohydrogeological structures IV Regional features and evolution of permafrost 14 Permafrost evolution in the Earth's history 14.1 History of the development of permafrost and its distribution on the planet 14.2 Reasons for the development and evolution of permafrost in the Earth's history 14.3 The history of geocryological development and the main stages of permafrost formation on the territory of the former USSR in the Late Cenozoic 15 Zonal and regional features of present-day geocryological conditions in the territories of the former USSR 15.1 Distribution of permafrost and spatial variations of its mean annual temperature 15.2 Structure of the permafrost and spatial variability of its thickness 15.3 Distribution of main types of seasonal ground thawing and freezing 16 Principles and methods for regional geocryological investigations 16.1 Geocryological survey as the basis for regional investigation of the seasonally and perennially freezing zones 16.2 The methods and carrying-out of geocryological surveys 16.3 Classification and regionalization in the course of geocryological survey 16.4 Regionalization in geocryological mapping V Rational use of frozen ground and environmental protection in the course of economic development of the permafrost regions 17 The effect of different types of development on the natural geocryological environment 17.1 The basic principles of rational use of frozen ground in the course of the economic development of the permafrost regions 17.2 Regional environmental change in the course of development of extensive areas within the permafrost zone 17.3 Economic development of the permafrost regions with various kinds of construction 17.4 Development in the permafrost regions for the mining industry and underground engineering 17.5 Types of agrobiological development in the permafrost regions 18 Ensuring the stability of engineering structures in the permafrost regions 18.1 Principles of construction on permafrost (bases and foundations) 18.2 Methods of amelioration of frozen ground for foundations 18.3 Principles of foundation design and selection of type of foundation for construction on permafrost 18.4 Normative documents for engineering design and construction in the permafrost regions 19 Engineering geology in support of design, construction and operation of structures in the permafrost regions 19.1 Engineering-geological survey in the permafrost regions 19.2 Forecasting change in the geocryological conditions in the course of development 19.3 Principles and methods of the control of cryogenic processes 19.4 The basis of the rational use and protection of the geological environment in the permafrost regions References Index

Note: In kyrill. Schr. - Legende russ. u. engl.

Note: Contents: 1 Global Distribution of Lakes / M. MEYBECK. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Background Material and Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 2.1 Data Used. - 2.2 Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 3 General Laws of Lake Distribution. - 3.1 Lake Density . - 3.2 Limnic Ratio. - 4 Distribution of Lakes of Tectonic Origin. - 5 Lakes of Glacial Origin. - 5.1 Lake Densities. - 5.2 Global Deglaciated Area. - 5.3 Total Number of Glacial Lakes. - 6 Fluvial Lakes. - 7 Global Distribution of Crater Lakes. - 8 Global Distribution of Saline Lakes. - 8.1 Coastal Lagoons. - 8.2 Salinized Lakes due to Evaporation. - 9 Global Lake Distribution. - 9.1 Extrapolation Approach. - 9.2 Lake Type Approach. - 9.3 Climatic Typology Approach. - 9.4 Lake Distribution in Endorheic Areas. - 9.5 Global Dissolved Salt Distribution in Lakes. - 10 Major Changes in Global Lake Distribution in the Geological Past. - 10.1 Lake Ages. - 10.2 Historical Changes. - 10.3 Postglacial Changes. - 11 Discussion and Conclusions. - References. - 2 Hydrological Processes and the Water Budget of Lakes / T. C. WINTER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological System with Regard to Lakes. - 2.1 Interaction of Lakes with Atmospheric Water. - 2.2 Interaction of Lakes with Surface Water. - 2.3 Interaction of Lakes with Subsurface Water. - 2.4 Change in Lake Volume. - 3 Summary. - References. - 3 Hydrological and Thermal Response of Lakes to Climate: Description and Modeling / S. W. HOSTETLER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological Response. - 3 The Hydrological Budget. - 4 Hydrological Models. - 5 Thermal Response. - 5.1 Energy Budget and Energy Budget Models. - 5.2 Models and Modeling. - 6 Use of Models to Link Lakes with Climate Change. - 7 Input Data Sets. - 8 Sample Applications. - 9 Summary. - References. - 4 Mixing Mechanisms in Lakes / D. M. IMBODEN and A. WÜEST. - 1 Transport and Mixing. - 2 Lakes as Physical Systems. - 3 Fluid Dynamics: Mathematical Description of Advection and Diffusion. - 3.1 Equations of Fluid Motion. - 3.2 Turbulence, Reynolds' Stress, and Eddy Diffusion. - 3.3 Vertical Momentum Equation. - 3.4 Nonlocal Diffusion and Transilient Mixing. - 4 Density and Stability of Water Column. - 4.1 Equation of State of Water. - 4.2 Potential Temperature and Local Vertical Stability. - 5 Energy Fluxes: Driving Forces Behind Transport and Mixing. - 5.1 Thermal Energy. - 5.2 Potential Energy. - 5.3 Kinetic Energy. - 5.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Balance in Stratified Water. - 5.5 Internal Turbulent Energy Fluxes: Turbulence Cascade. - 6 Mixing Processes in Lakes. - 6.1 Waves and Mixing. - 6.2 Mixing in the Surface Layer. - 6.3 Diapycnal Mixing. - 6.4 Boundary Mixing. - 6.5 Double Diffusion. - 6.6 Isopycnal Mixing. - 7 Mixing and Its Ecological Relevance. - 7.1 Time Scales of Mixing. - 7.2 Reactive Species and Patchiness. - 7.3 Mixing and Growth: The Search for an Ecological Steering Factor. - References. - 5 Stable Isotopes of Fresh and Saline Lakes / J. R. GAT. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Isotope Separatio During Evaporation. - 2 Small-Area Lakes. - 2.1 Seasonal and Annual Changes. - 2.2 Deep Freshwater Lakes. - 2.3 Transient Surface-Water Bodies. - 3 Interactive and Feedback Systems. - 3.1 Network of Surface-Water Bodies. - 3.2 Recycling of Reevaporated Moisture into the Atmosphere. - 3.3 Large Lakes. - 3.4 Large-Area Lakes with Restricted Circulation. - 4 Saline Lakes. - 4.1 Isotope Hydrology of Large Salt Lakes. - 4.2 Ephemeral Salt Lakes and Sabkhas. - 5 Isotopie Paleolimnology. - 6 Conclusions: From Lakes to Oceans. - References. - 6 Exchange of Chemicals Between the Atmosphere and Lakes / P. VLAHOS, D. MACKAY, S. J. EISENREICH, and KC. HORNBUCKLE. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Air-Water Partitioning Equilibria. - 3 Diffusion Between Water and Air. - 4 Volatilization and Absorption: Double-Resistance Approach. - 5 Factors Affecting Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 6 Partitioning of Chemical to Paniculate Matter in Air and Water. - 6.1 Air. - 6.2 Water. - 7 Atmospheric Deposition Processes. - 7.1 Dry Deposition. - 7.2 Wet Deposition. - 8 Specimen Calculation. - 8.1 Step 1: Physicochemical Properties. - 8.2 Step 2: Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 8.3 Step 3: Sorption in Air and Water. - 8.4 Step 4: Equilibrium Status. - 8.5 Step 5: Volatilization and Deposition Rates. - 9 Role of Air-Water Exchange in Lake Mass Balances. - 10 Case Studies. - 10.1 Mass Balance on Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. - 10.2 Mass Balance on Lake Superior. - 10.3 Air-Water Exchange in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. - 10.4 Air-Water Exchange in Lake Superior. - 11 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Atmospheric Depositions: Impact of Acids on Lakes / W. STUMM and J. SCHNOOR. - Abstract. - 1 Introduction: Anthropogenic Generation of Acidity. - 1.1 Genesis of Acid Precipitation. - 2 Acidity and Alkalinity: Neutralizing Capacities. - 2.1 Transfer of Acidity (or Alkalinity) from Pollution Through the Atmosphere to Ecosystems. - 3 Acidification of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 3.1 Disturbance of H+ Balance from Temporal or Spatial Decoupling of the Production and Mineralization of the Biomass. - 3.2 In Situ H+ Ion Neutralization in Lakes. - 3.3 Krug and Frink Revisited. - 4 Brønsted Acids and Lewis Acids: Pollution by Heavy Metals, as Influenced by Acidity. - 4.1 Cycling of Metals. - 4.2 Pb in Soils. - 5 Impact of Acidity on Ecology in Watersheds. - 5.1 Soils. - 5.2 Lakes. - 5.3 Nitrogen Saturation of Forests. - 6 Critical Loads. - 6.1 Critical Load Maps. - 6.2 Models for Critical Load Evaluation. - 7 Case Studies. - 7.1 Chemical Weathering of Crystalline Rocks in the Catchment Area of Acidic Ticino Lakes, Switzerland. - 7.2 Watershed Manipulation Project at Bear Brooks, Maine. - 8 Summary. - References. - 8 Redox-Driven Cycling of Trace Elements in Lakes / J. HAMILTON-TAYLOR and W. DAVISON. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Pathways. - 3 Iron and Manganese. - 3.1 Transformations and Cycling. - 3.2 Iron and Manganese Compounds as Carrier Phases. - 4 Sediment-Water Interface. - 4.1 Diffusive Flux from Sediments. - 4.2 Evidence of Little or No Diffusive Efflux from Sediments. - 4.3 Transient Remobilization. - 4.4 Diffusive Flux into Sediments. - 5 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Directly: Case Studies. - 5.1 Arsenic. - 5.2 Chromium. - 5.3 239,240Pu. - 5.4 Selenium 6 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Indirectly: Case Studies. - 6.1 137Cs. - 6.2 Stable Pb, 210Pb, and 210Po. - 6.3 Zinc. - 7 Summary and Conclusions. - References. - 9 Comparative Geochemistry of Marine Saline Lakes / F. T. MACKENZIE, S. VINK, R. WOLLAST, and L. CHOU. - 1 Introduction. - 2 General Characteristics of Marine Saline Lakes. - 3 Comparative Sediment-Pore-Water Reactions. - 3.1 Mangrove Lake, Bermuda. - 3.2 Solar Lake, Sinai. - 4 Conclusions. - References. - 10 Organic Matter Accumulation Records in Lake Sediments / P. A. MEYERS and R. ISHIWATARI. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Significance of Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 1.2 Origins of Organic Matter to Lake Sediments. - 1.3 Alterations of Organic Matter During Deposition. - 1.4 Similarities and Differences Between Organic Matter in Sediments of Lakes and Oceans. - 1.5 Dating of Lake-Sediment Records. - 2 Indicators of Sources and Alterations of Total Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 2.1 Source Information Preserved in C/N Ratios of Sedimentary Organic Matter. - 2.2 Source Information from Carbon-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 2.3 Source Information from Nitrogen-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 3 Origin and Alterations of Humic Substances. - 4 Sources and Alterations of Lipid Biomarkers. - 4.1 Alteration of Lipids During Deposition. - 4.2 Changes in Sources vs Selective Diagenesis. - 4.3 Effects of Sediment Grain Size on Geolipid Compositions. - 4.4 Source Records of Alkanes in Lake Sediments. - 4.5 Preserv