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  • Articles  (13)
  • Open Access-Papers  (13)
  • 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects  (13)
  • Elsevier  (10)
  • Digilabs Pub., Bari, Italy  (3)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • Articles  (13)
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  • Open Access-Papers  (13)
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  • 1
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    Degassing of gaseous (elemental and reactive) and particulate mercury from Mount Etna volcano (Southern Italy) (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: There is an urgent need to better constrain the global rates of mercury degassing from natural sources, including active volcanoes. Hitherto, estimates of volcanic fluxes have been limited by the poorly-determined speciation of Hg in volcanic emissions. Here, we present a systematic characterisation of mercury partitioning between gaseous (Hg(g)) and particulate (Hg(p)) forms in the volcanic plume of Mount Etna, the largest open-vent passively degassing volcano on Earth. We demonstrate that mercury transport is predominantly in the gas-phase, with a mean Hg(p)/Hg(g) ratio of ∼0.01 by mass. We also present the first simultaneous measurement of divalent gaseous mercury (HgII(g)) and total gaseous mercury (Hg(g)) in a volcanic plume, which suggests that Hg0(g) is the prevalent form of mercury in this context. These data are supported by the results of model simulations, carried out with HSC thermodynamic software. Based on a mean ‘bulk plume’ Hg/SO2 mass ratio of 8.7×10-6, and a contemporaneous volcanic SO2 flux of 0.8 Mt·yr-1, we estimate an Hg emission rate from Mt. Etna during passive degassing of 5.4 t·y-1 (range, 1.1-10 t·y-1). This corresponds to ~0.6% of global volcanic Hg emissions, and about 5% of Hg released from industrial activities in the Mediterranean area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7377-7388
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Atmospheric mercury ; Volcanic degassing ; Gaseous and particulate mercury ; Atmospheric budgets ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.01. Composition and Structure ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.04. Processes and Dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    H2S fluxes from Mt. Etna, Stromboli, and Vulcano (Italy) and implications for the sulfur budget at volcanoes (2005)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present here new measurements of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide emissions from Vulcano, Etna, and Stromboli (Italy), made by direct sampling at vents and by filter pack and ultraviolet spectroscopy in downwind plumes. Measurements at the F0 and FA fumaroles on Vulcano yielded SO2/H2S molar ratios of 0.38 and 1.4, respectively, from which we estimate an H2S flux of 6 to 9 for the summit crater. For Mt. Etna and Stromboli, we found SO2/H2S molar ratios of 20 and 15, respectively, which combined with SO2 flux measurements, suggest H2S emission rates of 50 to 113 and 4 to 8, respectively. We observe that source and plume SO2/H2S ratios at Vulcano are similar, suggesting that hydrogen sulfide is essentially inert on timescales of seconds to minutes. This finding has important implications for estimates of volcanic total sulfur budget at volcanoes since most existing measurements do not account for H2S emission.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1861–1871
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: H2S atmospheric budget ; volcanic degassing ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 539 bytes
    Format: 665710 bytes
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  • 3
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    Environmental impact of magmatic fluorine emission in the Mt. Etna area (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The sustained and uninterrupted plume degassing at Mount Etna volcano, Southern Italy, represents the troposphere’s most prominent natural source of fluorine. Of the ~ 200 Mg of fluorine (as HFg) emitted daily by the volcano, 1.6±2.7 Mg are deposited by wet and dry deposition. Fluorine-deposition via volcanic ash, here characterised for the first time, can be quite significant during volcanic eruptions (i.e. 60 Mg of fluorine were deposited during the 2001 eruption through volcanic ash, corresponding to ~ 85% of the total fluorine deposition). Despite the fact that these depositions are huge, the fate of the deposited fluorine and its impact on the environment are poorly understood. We herein present original data on fluorine abundance in vegetation (Castanea Sativa and Pinus Nigra) and andosoils from the volcano’s flank, in the attempt to reveal the potential impact of volcanogenic fluorine emissions. Fluorine contents in chestnut leaves and pine needles are in the range 1.8-35 µg/g and 2.1-74 µg/g respectively; they exceed the typical background concentrations in plants growing in rural areas, but fall within the lower range of typical concentrations in plants growing near high fluorine anthropogenic emission sources. The rare plume fumigations on the lower flanks of Mt Etna (distance 〉 4 km from summit craters) are probably the cause of the “undisturbed” nature of Etnean vegetation: climatic conditions, which limit the growth of vegetation on the upper regione deserta, are a natural limit to the development of more severe impacts. High fluorine contents, associated with visible symptoms, were only measured in pine needles at three sites, located near recently-active (2001 to 2003) lateral eruptive fractures. Total fluorine contents (FTOT) in the Etnean soils have a range of 112-341 µg/g, and fall within the typical range of undisturbed soils; fluorine extracted with distilled water (FH2O) have a range of 5.1 to 61 µg/g and accounts for 2-40 % of FTOT. FH2O is higher in topsoils from the eastern flank (downwind), while it decreases with depth in soil profiles and on increasing soil grain size (thereby testifying to its association with clay-mineral-rich, fine soil fractions). The fluorine adsorption capacity of the andosoils acts as a natural barrier that protects the groundwater system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 87-101
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; Fluorine ; environmental volcanology ; impact of volcanic F ; soils ; vegetation ; volcanic ash ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.01. Air/water/earth interactions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.01. Geochemical exploration ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Rainwater-induced leaching of selenium, arsenic and vanadium from Etnean volcanic soils (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Active volcanoes emit considerable amounts of contaminants such as As, Se and V. Mount Etna is the biggest volcano of Europe and an excellent geochemical site to study water-soil processes. Due to its volcanic activity, the rainwater has a strong compositional gradient, both in time and space. At present, the behaviour of trace elements in the soils around Mt Etna is poorly understood. To determine the influence of the rainwater pH on the potential mobilization of geogenic pollutants, batch experiments have been performed with synthetic rainwater for 25 soils collected along the flanks of the volcano. Our results show that: i) The maximum concentrations in the leaching solutions are higher for acid rain than for neutral rain (e.g. 7.7 vs 1.3 mg/L for Se). ii) With neutral rain conditions the soils upwind from the volcano have higher concentrations of Se than those downwind (up to 1.3 mg/L compared to ≤0.3 mg/L for the other samples). This trend is less clear for As and V. iii) For soils collected from 2 to 10 km downwind of the craters, Se concentrations in acid rain leachates decrease one order of magnitude with increasing distance. A similar pattern is also observed upwind from the volcano. For As and V no clear relationship between concentrations and location with respect to the volcanic craters is observed. Both i) and ii) result in a low pH dependence for samples upwind from the volcano. The biggest difference between acid and neutral leaching for As and V is observed for a sample 2 km downwind from the craters. The observed patterns are influenced by potential controlling factors, such as organic matter content, total concentrations, mineralogy, influence of the volcanic plume, etc. Our results have implications for the chemical composition of the Etnean aquifer, the only water resource to the one million inhabitants around Mt Etna, as well as for the bioavailability and potential toxicity through agricultural activities, essential to the local economy.
    Description: Published
    Description: Davos, Switzerland
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanic soils ; selenium ; arsenic ; vanadium ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.01. Air/water/earth interactions ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 5
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    Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) leaves as a bio-indicator of volcanic gas, aerosol, and ash deposition onto the flanks of Mt. Etna in 2005-2007 (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Sweet chestnut leaves (Castanea sativa) collected from the flanks of Mt Etna volcano in 2005–2007 were analysed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of element concentrations. The aim of this work was to determine whether these leaves are a bio-indicator for volcanic gas, aerosol and ash deposition and to gain new insights into the environmental effects of quiescent and eruptive volcanic plumes. Results show a positive correlation between sample variability in the concentration of elements in Castanea sativa and enrichment factors of elements in the plume. The spatial and temporal variability of chalcophilic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Mo, Tl, Zn) is consistent with prevailing winds transporting eruptive plumes to the south-east of the summit, resulting in enhanced plume deposition onto the flanks of the volcano. Similar spatial and temporal variability was found for the halideforming elements (Cs, K, Rb) and intermediate elements (Al, Co, Mn). The spatial variability of chalcophilic, intermediate and halide-forming elements during quiescent periods was diminished (relative to eruptive periods) and could not be explained by plume deposition. In contrast, the concentrations of lithophilic elements (Ba, Ca, Mg, Sr) did not show any clear spatial variability even during eruptive periods. Comparisons between enrichment factors for elements in Castanea sativa and literature values for enrichment factors of the volcanic plume, groundwater and lichen were made. Whilst Castanea sativa offers insights into the spatial and temporal variability of deposition, the species may not be a bio-indicator for plume composition due to biological fractionation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107-119
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt Etna ; vegetation ; Castanea sativa ; bio-indicator ; emission ; dispersion ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    Hydrothermal methane fluxes from the soil at Pantelleria island (Italy) (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Chemical and isotopic analyses of the main gas manifestations of the island of Pantelleria (Italy) were used to gain insight on the origin of the released methane. Results indicate that the most probable origin is through abiogenic reactions within the hydrothermal system. Methane and CO2 flux measurements from the soils were made with the accumulation chamber method in an area of about 0.015 km2 within the main fumarolic area of the island (Favara Grande). The 23 measurements range from –34 to 3550 mg m-2 d-1 for CH4 and from 0.6 to 379 g m-2 d-1 for CO2. The relationships between CH4 and CO2 fluxes and the CH4/CO2 ratios in the gases collected between 25 and 100 cm depth provide evidence for methanotrophic processes within the soils. Methane output for the surveyed area was calculated in 2.5 t a-1 and extrapolated to about 5-10 t a-1 for the entire volcanic/hydrothermal system of the island. Previous higher estimates of the CH4 output at Pantelleria (Etiope et al., 2007 - J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 165, 76 – 86) were based on soil CO2 output and CH4/CO2 ratios in fumarolic gases; the present work provides the first direct CH4 flux data and it suggests that methanotrophic activity in the soil could be substantial in reducing the CH4 emission to the atmosphere.
    Description: Published
    Description: 147-157
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: hydrothermal systems ; gas geochemistry ; isotope composition ; methane output ; methanotrophic consumption ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Volcanic signature of volatile trace elements on atmospheric deposition at Mt. Etna, Italy (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic volatiles and aerosol emitted into the atmosphere ultimately fall on the Earth’s surface as wet or dry deposition, and they can influence the environment and the ecosystems at local and regional scales. Therefore, atmospheric deposition plays a key-role in the geochemical cycles, redistributing volcanogenic elements to the ground. For this reason, estimating the volcanogenic trace element fluxes from the atmosphere to the surface is necessary for a better knowledge of the environmental impact of the volcanic emissions. Nevertheless, from a literature review, we have recognized the scarcity of investigation on trace element deposition in the surroundings of active volcanoes. Here, we present a chemical characterization of bulk deposition around Mt. Etna, Italy, including both major and many trace elements. Bulk depositions were collected approximately fortnightly, from April 2006 to December 2007, using a network of five rain gauges, located at various altitudes on the upper flanks around the summit craters of the volcano. For most elements highest concentrations have been found close to the emission vent, confirming the prevailing volcanic contribution to rainwater composition close to the summit craters. Comparison with contemporaneously collected plume emissions shows that deposition processes produce no evident element-to-element fractionation. By contrast, comparison with whole rock composition indicates a contrasting behaviour between volatile elements, which are highly-enriched in rainwater, and refractory elements, which have low rainwater/whole rock concentration ratios. Chemical concentrations in bulk deposition were used to estimate the deposition rates of a large suite of elements. Deposition rates for volatile trace elements like Se, As, and Cd range from 1.7, 1.2 and 0.9 µg m-2 day-1 nearby to the summit vents, to 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 µg m-2 day-1 at the local background site on the upwind western sector.
    Description: Published
    Description: Davos, Switzerland
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: open
    Keywords: trace metals ; atmospheric deposition ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 8
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    The impact of volcanic emissions on Etna’s snow cover (2011)
    Digilabs Pub., Bari, Italy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanoes are one of the major natural sources of several trace elements to the atmosphere: They contribute to atmospheric pollution by increasing the amount of reactive and greenhouse gases and aerosols. In particular, Mt. Etna is considered to be, on long-term average, the major global atmospheric point source of many environmental harmful compounds. Their emission occurs either through continuous passive degassing from open-conduit activity or through sporadic paroxysmal eruptive activity, in the form of gases, aerosols or particulate. For several months during the year (generally December-May), the summit of Mt. Etna is under a thick blanket of snow. This huge reservoir of frozen water, interacting with the volcanic plume, accumulates a great quantity of volcanogenic elements during the winter. Samples of snow were collected at different distances from summit craters along an 8 km radial transects, in the 2006 and 2007 winters. Each snow sample was analyzed for 37 elements in the laboratory using IC, ICP-OES and ICP-MS techniques. The impact of volcanic emissions is clearly detectable considering the opposite trends of pH and TDS (total dissolved solid) measured in snow samples with increasing distance from their “source”. The pH values range from 1.7 on the rim of the summit craters up to 7.6 at a distance of about 8 km, and TDS ranges from diluted samples (few mg/l) at distal sites, up to extremely concentrated samples (500 - 3500 mg/l) close to the emission vents. The acidity in precipitation around the volcano depends mainly on the concentrations of volcanogenic acid forming ions (SO2, HCl and HF), as well as on concentrations of mainly geogenic alkaline species, which may eventually neutralize the acidity. Regarding metals concentrations, there are orders of magnitude of difference between the different sites with decreasing values from the crater’s rim up to the farthest sites (5-8 km from craters). In particular three groups of elements were extremely enriched (many orders of magnitude higher) at the summit craters with respect to the distal samples: Halogens (Br, Cl, F, I) and S ascribable to volcanic gas contribution; Al, Fe and Ti deriving from magmatic silicate particulate; and elements such as Se, Cu, As, Bi, Cd, Tl, Pb and Hg which are highly mobile in the high temperature volcanic environment.
    Description: Published
    Description: Bari, Italy
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: open
    Keywords: Snow Chemistry ; Trace elements ; Etna ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.09. Snow ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.02. Atmospheric Chemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 9
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    Sulfur gas monitoring in volcanic/geothermal areas with passive samplers: human health implications (2011)
    Digilabs Pub., Bari, Italy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic and geothermal areas are one of the major natural sources of sulphur gases to the atmosphere. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a toxic gas mainly associated to geothermal systems while sulphur dioxide (SO2) is released in huge quantities from volcanoes characterized by open conduit activity. Apart from being one of the most impressive geodynamic expressions, volcanoes are also an important tourist attraction. During the summer season the number of tourists visiting the crateric areas each day is on average many tens at Stromboli, hundreds at Vulcano, Santorini and Nisyros and thousands at Etna. Touristic exploitation of active volcanic areas cannot exempt from warranting a reasonable security to the visiting persons. But while many risks in these areas have been since long time considered, gas hazard, a very subtle risk, is often disregarded. The atmospheric concentrations and dispersion pattern of naturally emitted SO2 were measured at three volcanoes of southern Italy (Etna, Vulcano and Stromboli) while that of H2S at four volcanic/geothermal areas of Greece (Sousaki, Milos, Santorini and Nisyros). Measurements were made with a network of passive samplers positioned at about 1.5 m above the ground, which gave time-integrated values for periods from few days to 1 month. Samplers were placed in zones of the volcanoes with high tourist frequentation. Measured concentrations and dispersion pattern depend on the strength of the source (craters, fumaroles), meteorological conditions and geomorphology of the area. At Etna, Vulcano, Stromboli and Nisyros measured concentrations reach values that are absolutely dangerous to people affected by bronchial asthma or lung diseases. But considering that these are average values over periods from few days up to one month, concentrations could have reached much higher peak values dangerous also to healthy people. The present study evidences a peculiar volcanic risk connected to the touristic exploitation of volcanic areas. Such risk is particularly enhanced at Etna where elderly and not perfectly healthy people can easily reach, with cableway and off-road vehicles, areas with dangerous SO2 concentrations.
    Description: Published
    Description: Bari, Italy
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: open
    Keywords: sulphur gases ; passive samplers ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 10
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    Chemical and mineralogical characterization of Etnean volcanic emissions using active biomonitoring technique (moss-bags) (2011)
    Digilabs Pub., Bari, Italy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Biomonitoring may be defined as the use of organisms and biomaterials (biomonitors) to obtain informations on certain characteristics of a particular medium (atmosphere, hydrosphere etc.). In particular, mosses accumulate large amounts of trace metals, making them good bioaccumulators to estimate atmospheric pollution. The moss-bags technique, introduced in the early 1970’, has become very popular. Such active biomonitoring technique is particularly useful in highly polluted areas and has been extensively used in industrial and/or urban areas to examine deposition patterns and to recognize point sources of pollution. The main objective of this study, which represents the first application of the moss-bags technique in an active volcanic area, was to test its efficacy in such environment. Complementary objectives were: to determine the different behaviour and the areal dispersion of volcanogenic elements emitted from Mt. Etna; to characterize the morphology and mineralogy of particles transported in the plume-system, basing on microscopy investigation. A mixture of Sphagnum species was picked in a clean area, treated in laboratory (rinsed, dried and packed) and exposed in field for 1 month. Sites were chosen considering the prevailing wind at Mt. Etna’s summit. Milled samples were analyses for major and trace elements concentrations, after microwave digestion (HNO3 + H2O2), by ICP-MS and ICP-OES techniques. Morphology and mineralogy of volcanic particulate were investigated by using a SEM with EDS. Analyses clearly showed the efficacy of the moss-bags technique also in this peculiar environment. Several elements were strongly enriched in the mosses exposed to the volcanic emissions. The highest enrichment was measured close to the summit crater, but evidences of metals bioaccumulation were also found in down wind sites, at several km from the volcanic source. The accumulation factor (exposed/unexposed moss) allowed us to distinguish a group of elements (Tl, Bi, Se, Cu, As, Cd, S), which are highly mobile in the high temperature volcanic environment. Also alkali metals showed a significant increase in their concentrations, probably because of their affinity for the halide species carried by the volcanic plume. Microscopic observations evidenced sulphate and halide crystals on particles trapped by the mosses. Mosses exposed at sites directly fumigated by the volcanic plume showed crystal growth also directly on the moss surface.
    Description: Published
    Description: Bari, Italy
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: open
    Keywords: biomonitoring ; moss-bags ; trace elements ; Etna ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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