ALBERT

Note: Contents Preface 1 Chemical equilibrium 1.1 Some introductory concepts 1.2 Equilibrium constants 1.3 Reaction quotient 1.4 LeChatelier' s principle Exercises 2 Chemical thermodynamics 2.1 The first law of thermodynamics; enthalpy 2.2 Enthalpies of reaction and formation 2.3 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics 2.4 The third law of thermodynamics; absolute entropies 2.5 Criteria for equilibrium and spontaneous transformation 2.6 Standard free energy changes 2. 7 Free energy change and the equilibrium constant 2.8 Chemical potential; homogeneous nucleation of water-vapor condensation Exercises 3 Chemical kinetics 3.1 Reaction rates 3.2 Reaction mechanisms 3.3 Reaction rates and equilibria 3.4 Collision theory of gaseous reactions 3.5 The effect of temperature on reaction rates: the Arrhenius' relation 3.6 Catalysis 3.7 Half-life, residence time, and renewal time Exercises 4 Solution chemistry and aqueous equilibria 4.1 Definitions and types of solutions 4.2 Solution concentrations 4.3 Factors affecting solubility 4.4 Colligative properties 4.5 Aqueous solutions; electrolytes 4.6 Aqueous equilibria 4.7 Strong and weak electrolytes; ion-product constant for water Exercises 5 Acids and bases 5.1 Some definitions and concepts 5.2 The nature of H+(aq) 5.3 The Brønsted-Lowry theory; conjugate acid-base pairs 5.4 The Lewis theory 8 5.5 Strengths of acids and bases; acid-dissociation (or ionization) constant 5.6 The pH scale 5.7 Polyprotic acids 5.8 Hydrolysis 5.9 Buffers 5.10 Complex ions 5.11 Mass balance and charge balance relations 5.12 The pH of rainwater Exercises 6 Oxidation-reduction reactions 6.1 Some definitions 6.2 Oxidation numbers 6.3 Balancing oxidation-reduction reactions 6.4 Half-reactions in electrochemical cells 6.5 Strengths of oxidants and reductants; standard cell and half-cell potentials 6.6 Standard cell potentials and free-energy change 6.7 The Nernst equation 6.8 Redox potentials; Eh-pH diagrams 6.9 Gram-equivalent weight and normality Exercises 7 Photochemistry 7.1 Some properties of electromagnetic waves 7.2 Some photochemical terminology and principles 7.3 Quantum yields 7.4 Rate coefficients for photolysis 7.5 Photostationary states 7.6 Stratospheric ozone and photochemistry; depletion of stratospheric ozone Exercises Appendix I International system of units (SI) Appendix II Some useful numerical values Appendix III Atomic weights Appendix IV Equilibrium (or dissociation) constants for some chemical reactions Appendix V Some molar standard Gibbs free energies of formation, molar standard enthalpies (or heats) of formation and molar absolute entropies at 25°C and 1 atmosphere Appendix VI Names, formulas, and charges of some common ions Appendix VII Answers to exercises and hints and solutions to selected exercises Index

Note: Contents: Introduction / L. M. Parfenov. - Standards of geologic time scale / A. K. Val'kov, P. N. Kolosov, O. V. Grinenko. - Pleistocene ice-bearing complex in the Arctic - a vanishing ground ice land / M. N. Grigoryev. - Geological structures of frontal zones of orogenic belts / L. M. Parfenov, A. V. Prokopiev. - Geological structures of inner zones of orogenic belts / A. V. Prokopiev, V. S. Oxman, F. F. Tret'yakov. - Late Cenozoic (Younger than 7 MA) and recent deformation structures / O. V. Grinenko, V. S. Imaev, V. B. Spektor. - Ancient rocks of the continental crust / A. P. Smelov, A. B. Kotov. - Kimberlites and diamonds / V. K. Marshintsev. - Early-collisional gold deposits of eastern Yakutia / V. Yu. Fridovsky, I. I. Kolodeznikov. - Fuel mineral deposits / V. A. Kashirtsev, D. V. Mitronov. - Khonguruu zeolite deposit / K. Ye. Kolodeznikov. - Sirenevyy Kamen' charoite deposit / K. A. Lazebnik. - Kempendyay salt deformations / K. Ye. Kolodeznikov. - Geological structure and geological history of Yakutia / L. M. Parfenov. - Conclusions / V. B. Spector. , Teilw. in kyrill. Schr., , Text russ. und engl.

Note: Contents Part I Wood Properties and Variability Optimizing Wood Utilization Based on Whole Tree Inherent Property Maps / Mathew Leitch and Scott Miller Screening Corewood of Pine for Wood Properties / M. Sharma, J.C.F. Walker and Shakti S. Chauhan Imaging Spiral Grain in Pinus radiata with X-ray Microtomography / Jimmy Thomas and David A. Collings Rapid Measurement of Density of Wood in Progeny Trial of Acacia mangium Willd. Using Resistograph—A Nondestructive Method / A.R. Uthappa, Maheshwar Hegde, P. Karthick Kumar, B. Gurudev Singh and R.S. Prashanth Eliminating Growth-Stresses in Eucalyptus: A Scoping Study with E. bosistoana and E. nitens / M. Sharma, J.C.F. Walker and Shakti S. Chauhan Longitudinal Growth Strains in Melia dubia / Sandhya Sharma, Santosh Sumbali, Pankaj Aggarwal and Shakti S. Chauhan Immunofluorescence Localization of β-(1-4)- D -Galactan and Xylans in Tension Wood and Normal Wood Fibres of Leucaena leucocephala / S. Pramod, Kishore S. Rajput and Karumanchi S. Rao Comparative Wood Anatomy of Four Artocarpus Species of North East India with Reference to Their Identification / M.K. Singh, C.L. Sharma and M. Sharma Wood Anatomy of Some Members of Family Fagaceae from North-East India / M. Sharma, W. Shylla and C.L. Sharma Anatomical Characterisation and In Vitro Laboratory Decay Test of Different Woods Decayed by Xylaria hypoxylon / Rina D. Koyani, S. Pramod, H.R. Patel, A.M. Vasava, K.S. Rao and Kishore S. Rajput Growth Ring Structure and Specific Gravity Variation in Juvenile and Mature Wood of Natural-Grown Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) / Satish Kumar Sinha, R. Vijendra Rao, T.S. Rathore and H.P. Borgaonkar Variability for Heartwood Content in Three Commercially Important Tree Species of Peninsular India—Hardwickia binata, Pterocarpus santalinus and Santalum album / A.N. Arun Kumar, Geeta Joshi and S. Manikandan Relations Between Growth Traits and Wood Parameters of Tectona grandis L.f. in Even-Aged Plantations in Tamil Nadu / C. Buvaneswaran, M. George, K. Vinoth Kumar and R. Velumani Variation in Heartwood Formation and Wood Density in Plantation-Grown Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus) / K. Suresh, Maheshwar Hegde, P. Deenathayalan, P. Karthick Kumar, M. Thangapandi, B. Gurudev Singh and N. Krishnakumar Identification and Characterization of Tension Wood in Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. and Acacia mangium Willd. Grown in Kerala / E.V. Anoop, C.M. Jijeesh, S. Jinu, R. Vishnu and M.C. Anish Basic Density and Fibre Morphological Characteristics of Selected Pulpwood Species of Kerala / E.V. Anoop, Arun Joseph, C.M. Jijeesh, R. Vishnu and Anju S. Vijayan Estimation of Leaf Area–Wood Density Traits Relationship in Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests of Southern Coromandel Coast, Peninsular India / M. Udayakumar and T. Sekar Variations on Pulping Properties of Gmelina arborea Roxb. Grown in Different Geographical Regions of Tamil Nadu, India / J. Soosai Raj, A. Mayavel, V.N. Mutharaian and A. Nicodemus Biochemical Characterization of Wood Lignin of Hevea brasiliensis / S. Pramod, C.P. Reghu and K.S. Rao Part II Wood Protection Protection of Wood: A Global Perspective on the Future / Jeffrey J. Morrell Conveyor Belt Pressure Impregnation of Wood / Peter Vinden, Grigori Torgovnikov and Anil K. Sethy Natural Resistance of Imported Timbers Against Termites and Fungi in Indian Condition—A Comparison / Rashmi Ramesh Shanbhag, R. Sundararaj, H.C. Nagaveni, G. Vijayalakshmi and B. Lingappa Enhancing Photostability of Wood Coatings Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles / Kavyashree Srinivas and Krishna K. Pandey Screening of Oils of Pongamia pinnata Linn., Jatropha curcas Linn. and Simarouba glauca D.C. for Developing Eco-Friendly Wood Preservatives / D. Venmalar Fungal Inhibition in Wood Treated with Lantana camara L. Extract / Heena Gupta, Kulwant Rai Sharma and J.N. Sharma Powderpost Beetle Menace in Wooden Handicraft Industries and Their Management / Raja Muthukrishnan and O.K. Remadevi Effect of Thermal Modification on Physical Properties of Bambusa nutans / Kiran Ghadge and Krishna K. Pandey Part III Wood-Based Composites Micromechanics of Cellulose Fibres and Their Composites / Ramesh Babu Adusumalli, Karthik Chethan Venkateshan and Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter Adhesives of Bio-origin for Wood Composites / D. Sujatha, S.K. Nath and B.S. Mamatha Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Hemp–Polyester Composites / D.S. Chethan, G.S. Venkatesh, Gunti Ranga Srinivas and C.S. Vinod Kumar Lantana Fiber-Filled Polypropylene Composite / Amey Kale, N. Raghu, Shakti S. Chauhan and Pankaj Aggarwal Development of Fire Retardant Wood Composite Using Amino Resin / B.S. Mamatha, D. Sujatha, S.K. Nath, D.N. Uday and Anand Nandanwar Study on Utilization of Plantation-Grown Timber Species Grevillea robusta (Silver Oak) for Medium-Density Fibre Board / D.N. Uday, B.S. Mamatha, D. Sujatha and V. Prakash Suitability of Mixed Species of Bamboo (Bambusa polymorpha and Bambusa tulda) for Medium-Density Particle Board / Amit Ashok Mahadik, Anil Negi and Amey Pravin Awale Part IV Wood Utilization Pattern A Comparative Assessment of Autoclave and Microwave-Assisted Peroxometal Complex in Delignification of Wood Biomass for Enhanced Sugar Production / Pradeep Verma and Venkatesh Chaturvedi Yield Evaluation of Oyster Mushroom on Dust Waste of Some Common Timber Species / C. Sneha and Minnu Tomy Study on Fuel Properties of Important Biomass Briquetting Feedstocks in India / Ritesh Kumar, M. Srinivasa Rao, R. Ezhumalai and R. Tailor Study on Chemical, Elemental and Gasification Characteristics of Lantana camara Wood / R. Ezhumalai and Ritesh Kumar Search for Future Fuels—Pathway Points to a ‘Boring’ Process / L.N. Santhakumaran Wood Use in India—Readying for that Elusive Renaissance? / K. Satyanarayana Rao Part V Wood and Climate Change Wood is Good for REDD+! / Ederson A. Zanetti How Good is Wood? Facts and Myths Regarding Wood as a Green Building Material / Arijit Sinha Carbon Sequestration by Bamboo Farming on Marginal Land and Sustainable Use of Wood Waste for Bioenergy: Case Studies from Abellon Clean Energy / Beena Patel, Bharat Gami and Pankaj Patel Use Wood—Combat Climate Change / S.K. Nath Author Index

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sorption and desorption of organic contaminants Decontamination methods Aqueous cleaning methods Cleaning or rinsing with organic solvents Chemical neutralization methods Current protocols to decontaminate groundwater sampling devices Variations in methodology Special instructions for cleaning pumps Effectiveness of various decontamination methods Low-temperature considerations Conclusions Literature cited

Note: Contents Part I Personal Reminiscences Honorary Note. Evgeny Georgievich Morozov: A Life at Sea as a Devoted Ocean Observer / Manuel G. Velarde, Roman Yu. Tarakanov and Alexey V. Marchenko Gallery: An Ocean Scientist and His Life at Sea / Manuel G. Velarde, Roman Yu. Tarakanov and Alexey V. Marchenko New Steps of the Modern Oceanography: Reminiscences of My Work with Evgeny Georgievich Morozov / Victor G. Neiman Fifty Years of Collaboration with Evgeny Georgievich Morozov / Boris N. Filyushkin Part II Scientific Contributions: Internal and Surface Waves Internal Undular Bores in the Coastal Ocean / Roger Grimshaw and Chunxin Yuan Calculating FRAM’s Dead Water / John Grue Internal Solitary Waves in a Layered Weakly Stratified Flow / Nikolay Makarenko, Janna Maltseva, Roman Tarakanov and Kseniya Ivanova Surface Manifestations of Internal Waves Induced by a Subsurface Buoyant Jet (Experiment and Theory) / Valerii G. Bondur, Yuliya I. Troitskaya, Ekaterina V. Ezhova, Vasiliy I. Kazakov, Alexandr A. Kandaurov, Daniil A. Sergeev and Irina A. Soustova Large Internal Solitary Waves in Shallow Waters / Valery Liapidevskii and Nikolay Gavrilov Internal Gravity Waves in Horizontally Inhomogeneous Ocean / Vitaly V. Bulatov and Yury V. Vladimirov High-Resolution Observations of Internal Wave Turbulence in the Deep Ocean / Hans van Haren Deep-Ocean Tides in the South-West Indian Ocean: Comparing Deep-Sea Pressure to Satellite Data / Leo R. M. Maas, Borja Aguiar-González and Leandro Ponsoni Internal Tides West of the Iberian Peninsula / Eugene G. Morozov and Manuel G. Velarde Asymmetric Baroclinic Response to Tidal Forcing Along the Main Sill of the Strait of Gibraltar Inferred from Mooring Observations / Jesús García-Lafuente, Simone Sammartino, José C. Sánchez-Garrido and Cristina Naranjo Mode 2 Internal Waves in the Ocean: Evidences from Observations / Andrey N. Serebryany Abyssal Mixing in the Laboratory / T. Dauxois, E. Ermanyuk, C. Brouzet, S. Joubaud and I. Sibgatullin Rogue Waves in the Ocean, the Role of Modulational Instability, and Abrupt Changes of Environmental Conditions that Can Provoke Non Equilibrium Wave Dynamics / Karsten Trulsen Simulation of Standing and Propagating Sea Waves with Three-Dimensional ARMA Model / Ivan Gankevich and Alexander Degtyarev Perturbation Theory for the Compound Soliton of the Gardner’s Equation; Their Interaction and Evolution in a Media with Variable Parameters / Irina A. Soustova, Konstantin A. Gorshkov, Alexey V. Ermoshkin, Lev A. Ostrovsky and Yuliya I. Troitskaya Part III Scientific Contributions: Ocean Circulation Geostrophic Adjustment Beyond the Traditional Approximation / Gregory M. Reznik Evolution of an Intrathermocline Lens over the Lofoten Basin / Boris N. Filyushkin, Mikhail A. Sokolovskiy and Konstantin V. Lebedev The Global Atmosphere Oscillations in the Context of the Recent Climate Change / Victor G. Neiman, Vladimir I. Byshev, Yury A. Romanov and Ilya V. Serykh Influence of the Current Field Non-stationarity and the Non-simultaneity of Hydrographic Measurements on ADCP-based Transport Estimates / R. Yu. Tarakanov Satellite Remote Sensing of Submesoscale Eddies in the Russian Seas / Andrey G. Kostianoy, Anna I. Ginzburg, Olga Yu. Lavrova and Marina I. Mityagina Ship-Based Monitoring of the Northern North Atlantic Ocean by the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology. The Main Results / Artem Sarafanov, Anastasia Falina, Alexey Sokov, Vyacheslav Zapotylko and Sergey Gladyshev Thermohaline Structure and Salt Fingering in the Lomonosov Equatorial Undercurrent as Observed in April 2017 / Tatiana A. Demidova Numerical Realization of Hybrid Data Assimilation Algorithm in Ensemble Experiments with the MPIESM Coupled Model / Konstantin P. Belyaev, Ingo Kirchner, Andrey A. Kuleshov and Natalia P. Tuchkova Sea of Azov Waters in the Black Sea: Do They Enhance Wind-Driven Flows on the Shelf? / Peter O. Zavialov, Alexander S. Izhitskiy and Roman O. Sedakov Bottom Water Flows in the Vema Channel and over the Santos Plateau Based on the Field and Numerical Experiments / 475 Dmitry I. Frey, Vladimir V. Fomin, Roman Yu. Tarakanov, Nikolay A. Diansky and Nikolay I. Makarenko Modeling Study of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Variability Based on Argo Data / Konstantin V. Lebedev Tareev Equatorial Undercurrent in the Indian Ocean / Albert K. Ambrosimov, Dmitry I. Frey and Sergey M. Shapovalov The Bering Sea Regional Data Assimilation System: From Climate Variability to Short Term Hindcasting / Gleb G. Panteleev, Max Yaremchuk, Vladimir Luchin and Oceana Francis Monitoring Strong Tidal Currents in Straits and Nearshore Regions / Alexei Sentchev, Max Yaremchuk and Maxime Thiébaut Part IV Scientific Contributions: Arctic Oceanography Analytical Solutions Describing Zonal and Circular Wind Drift of Sea Ice with Elastic-Plastic Rheology / Aleksey Marchenko Arctic Ocean Modeling: The Consistent Physics on the Path to the High Spatial Resolution / Nikolay G. Iakovlev Numerical Modeling of Internal Wave Generation at High Latitudes / Oxana E. Kurkina, Tatiana G. Talipova, Efim N. Pelinovsky and Andrey A. Kurkin Internal Wave Frequency Spectrum in the Amundsen Basin of the Arctic Ocean Inferred from Ice Tethered CTD Instruments / Sergey V. Pisarev Experimental Studies of Sea and Model Ice Fracture Mechanics / Marina Karulina, Alexey Marchenko, Alexandr Sakharov, Evgeny Karulin and Peter Chistyakov Seasonal Freezing of a Subwater Ground Layer at the Laptev Sea Shelf / Peter V. Bogorodskii, Andrey V. Pnyushkov and Vasilii Yu. Kustov