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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adventitious root formation ‘in vitro’ in apple rootstocks (Malus pumila) I. Factors affecting the length of the auxin-sensitive phase in M.9 (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 57 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The length of the auxin-sensitive phase of root initiation ‘in vitro’ in the apple rootstock M.9 (Malus pumila Mill.) has been determined using the auxins indol-3yl-acettc acid (IAA) at 2.8 × 10−5M and indol-3yl-butyric acid (IBA) at 1.5 × 10−5M in the presence and absence of 10−3M phloroglucinol (PG). PG synergised IBA-induced rooting after 4 days exposure, but contact times exceeding 8 days decreased root number. In contrast, PG consistently synergised IAA-induced rooting in the dark for contact periods up to 13 days with the highest rooting being recorded at 9 days. An irradiance of 20 W m−2 from fluorescent lamps halved IAA-induced rooting irrespective of the presence or absence of PG. The culture of shoots at temperatures of 22,25 and 29°C during the root initiation phase (auxin present) and the root emergence phase (auxin absent) produced no difference in rooting response. In the presence of PG the use of liquid culture in place of agar-solidified culture during the auxin-sensitive phase reduced root number but not rooting percentage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1983.tb00745.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adventitious root formation ‘in vitro’ in apple rootstocks (Malus pumila) II. Uptake and distribution of indol-3yl-acetic acid during the auxin-sensitive phase in M.9 and M.26 (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 57 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During the auxin-sensitive phase of root initiation, rates of 3-indolyl- [2-14C] acetic acid (IAA) uptake into the 1 cm bases of shoots of the apple rootstock M.9 (Malus pumila Mill.) ‘in vitro’ were not significantly affected by the presence of 10−3M phloroglucinol (PG) using either liquid or agar-solidified media. The use of a liquid medium did however reduce rates of uptake over a 10-day period of auxin application. The distribution of labelled IAA between the 1-cm base and the shoot remainder was not affected by PG.Exposure of shoots of the difficult-to-root M.9 and the easy-to-root M.26, to 2.8 × 10−5M IAA containing [2-14C] IAA revealed no positive correlation between the amount of label taken up by the 1-cm base and rooting performance. M.9 bases absorbed almost twice as much label as M.26 after 9 days but had produced only one-third as many roots. Measurements of label distribution between the 1-cm base and the shoot remainder showed that less than 10% of the label moved to the shoot remainder over a 6-day period of auxin application. Dose-response curves of IAA and rooting over the range 1 × 10−5M and 3 × 10−3M showed that root number in M.9 was at an optimum at 1 × 10−3M IAA after 6 days whilst M.26 required only 1 × 10−4M for a similar response. These data support the hypothesis that differences in rooting of the two rootstocks reflect differences in the endogenous metabolism of exogenous IAA and not differences in its rates of uptake or distribution in the shoots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1983.tb00746.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transgenes Display Stable Patterns of Expression in Apple Fruit and Mendelian Segregation in the Progeny (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Company
    Nature biotechnology 14 (1996), S. 56-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] We report here the stable expression and Mendelian segregation of transgenes in a tree species. We present physiological, biochemical, and molecular evidence for stable transgene expression of both nopaline synthase (nos) and the cotransferred gene neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) in the flesh ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0196-56
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acetosyringone and osmoprotectants like betaine or proline synergistically enhance Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of apple (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 559-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the plant signal molecule acetosyringone (AS) and the osmoprotectant betaine phosphate (BP) have been examined for their ability to increase the transformation efficiency of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (At), C58C1::pGV3850 harboring the binary vector pKIWI105. This binary plasmid encodes the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and was previously shown to be expressed exclusively in plant tissues. Bacteria were grown in one of two previously reported virulence induction media (MS20 and SIM) for 5h and GUS activity was measured fluorimetrically in individual 6 week old leaf discs as a quantitative measure of stable transformation events. Bacteria induced in MS20 supplemented with AS (0.1 mM) and BP (1 mM) showed a significant increase in GUS activity as compared to media containing AS or BP added singly or control media lacking the supplements. The effects of another osmoprotectant proline (1 mM) could replace the beneficial effects of betaine. No significant difference was observed among treatments with respect to the two induction media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233060
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic transformation of apple (Malus pumila Mill.) using a disarmed Ti-binary vector (1989)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 7 (1989), S. 658-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The disamed Ti-binary vector pBIN 6 in Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been used in leaf disc transfomations to produce transgenic apple (Malus pumila Mill.) plants with a nomal phenotype except for a somewhat reduced capacity to root. The presence of the genes for nopaline synthase and neomycin phosphotrans ferase (conferring kanamycin resistance), inserted into the host genome by the vector, was confirmed by Southern blot analysis, the detection of nopaline synthase activity and rooting in the presence of the antibiotic. The nopaline synthase gene continued to be expressed in glasshouse-grown plants several months after removal from in vitro growth conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272054
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transgene expression driven by heterologous ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small-subunit gene promoters in the vegetative tissues of apple (Malus pumila Mill.) (2000)
    Springer
    Planta 210 (2000), S. 232-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Gene promoter –β-Glucuronidase –Malus (transgenic) – Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(SSU) – Transgene expression (gusA) – Transgenic apple
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. It is desirable that the expression of transgenes in genetically modified crops is restricted to the tissues requiring the encoded activity. To this end, we have studied the ability of the heterologous ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) small-subunit (SSU) gene promoters, RBCS3CP (0.8 kbp) from tomato (hycopersion esculentum Mill.) and SRS1P (1.5 kbp) from soybean (Glycine max [h.] Mers.), to drive expression of the β-glucuronidase (gusA) marker gene in apple (Malus pumila Mill.). Transgenic lines of cultivar Greensleeves were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and the level of gusA expression in the vegetative tissues of young plants was compared with that produced using the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. These quantitative GUS data were assessed for their relationship to the copy number of transgene loci. The precise location of GUS activity in leaves was identified histochemically. The heterologous SSU promoters were active primarily in the green vegetative tissues of apple, although activity in the roots was noticeably higher with the RBCS3C promoter than with the SRS1 promoter. The mean GUS activity in leaf tissue of the SSU promoter transgenics was approximately half that of plants containing the CaMV 35S promoter. Histochemical analysis demonstrated that GUS activity was localised to the mesophyll and palisade cells of the leaf. The influence of light on expression was also determined. The activity of the SRS1 promoter was strictly dependent on light, whereas that of the RBCS3C promoter appeared not to be. Both SSU promoters would be suitable for the expression of transgenes in green photosynthetic tissues of apple.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008130
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro shoot regeneration from leaf discs of Betula pendula ‘Dalecarlica’ EM 85 (1990)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 21 (1990), S. 51-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Betula pendula ‘Dalecarlica’ ; leaf discs ; cefotaxime ; putrescine ; shoot regeneration in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of zeatin, NAA (α-naphthaleneacetic acid), putrescine and cefotaxime on the frequency of shoot regeneration from Betula pendula ‘Dalecarlica’ EM 85 leaf discs has been examined. About 80% of leaf discs were induced to form adventitious shoots when the culture medium contained 45.6 μmoll-1 zeatin and 0.1 mmoll-1 cefotaxime. The addition of NAA to zeatin-containing media prevented shoot regeneration but stimulated root development directly from leaf tissues. Putrescine (0.1 mmoll-1) and cefotaxime (0.1 mmoll-1) could both significantly increase the percentage of leaf discs regenerating on optimal zeatin-containing media, and increase the number of shoots per regenerating disc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034491
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organogenesis in callus derived from stem and leaf tissues of apple and cherry rootstocks (1984)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 3 (1984), S. 333-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: apple ; cherry rootstocks ; organogenesis in vitro ; callus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Callus formation from stem internodes of the apple rootstocks M.9, M.25, M.26, M.27 and the cherry rootstock Colt, and from pith of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38 was initiated on 4 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)-based media (2.0–10.0 mg1-1). Transfer of callus to corresponding media lacking NAA allowed regeneration of shoots from callus of M.25, M.27, Colt and tobacco but not of M.9 and M.26. With M.25 phloroglucinol (PG) depressed regeneration from 30 to 10% and no regeneration was observed in cultures grown in the presence of casein hydrolysate (CH) and glutathione (GSH). Organogenesis was also obtained from leaf discs of M.27 employing 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) at 5.0mg 1-1 and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) at 0.1 mg1-1. The regenerated shoots have been multiplied and rooted. Organogenesis also occurred in M.26 from small (1–2mm), green, compact embryoid-like structures derived from stem and leaf surfaces of excised axillary shoots. These structures differentiated into shoots at a low frequency (〈 1%) on media containing BAP (1.0mg1-1) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.1 mg1-1) and could also be micropropagated by subsequent axillary shoot proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043085
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A fuzzy-logic approach to industrial control problems (1997)
    Springer
    Artificial life and robotics 1 (1997), S. 59-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-7456
    Keywords: Fuzzy based controllers ; Industrial applications ; Supervisory decision making
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Increasing demands for improved profitability and product quality, together with a growing awareness of the effects of industrial wastage on the environment, is forcing manufacturers to closely examine their process operations. As a consequence there is currently significant research and development activity aimed at improving control system strategies in a variety of industrial sectors. Recent years have witnessed renewed interest in fuzzy logic and rule-based control strategies and, by considering two illustrative industrial case studies, this paper highlights some of the potential advantages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02471115
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  • 10
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    Event Horizon Telescope imaging of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 at an extreme 20 microarcsecond resolution (2020)
    EDP Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-01
    Description: 3C 279 is an archetypal blazar with a prominent radio jet that show broadband flux density variability across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. We use an ultra-high angular resolution technique – global Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) at 1.3 mm (230 GHz) – to resolve the innermost jet of 3C 279 in order to study its fine-scale morphology close to the jet base where highly variable γ-ray emission is thought to originate, according to various models. The source was observed during four days in April 2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope at 230 GHz, including the phased Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), at an angular resolution of ∼20 μas (at a redshift of z = 0.536 this corresponds to ∼0.13 pc  ∼ 1700 Schwarzschild radii with a black hole mass MBH = 8 × 108 M⊙). Imaging and model-fitting techniques were applied to the data to parameterize the fine-scale source structure and its variation. We find a multicomponent inner jet morphology with the northernmost component elongated perpendicular to the direction of the jet, as imaged at longer wavelengths. The elongated nuclear structure is consistent on all four observing days and across different imaging methods and model-fitting techniques, and therefore appears robust. Owing to its compactness and brightness, we associate the northern nuclear structure as the VLBI “core”. This morphology can be interpreted as either a broad resolved jet base or a spatially bent jet. We also find significant day-to-day variations in the closure phases, which appear most pronounced on the triangles with the longest baselines. Our analysis shows that this variation is related to a systematic change of the source structure. Two inner jet components move non-radially at apparent speeds of ∼15 c and ∼20 c (∼1.3 and ∼1.7 μas day−1, respectively), which more strongly supports the scenario of traveling shocks or instabilities in a bent, possibly rotating jet. The observed apparent speeds are also coincident with the 3C 279 large-scale jet kinematics observed at longer (cm) wavelengths, suggesting no significant jet acceleration between the 1.3 mm core and the outer jet. The intrinsic brightness temperature of the jet components are ≲1010 K, a magnitude or more lower than typical values seen at ≥7 mm wavelengths. The low brightness temperature and morphological complexity suggest that the core region of 3C 279 becomes optically thin at short (mm) wavelengths.
    Print ISSN: 0004-6361
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0746
    Topics: Physics
    Published by EDP Sciences
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