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  • Articles  (102,961)
  • Springer  (102,961)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Natural Sciences in General  (102,961)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discussion of David Freedman's “Some issues in the foundations of statistics” (1995)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 1 (1995), S. 41-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: Objective Bayesians ; Significance testing ; InterpretingP-values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract While results from statistical modelling too often receive blind acceptance, we question whether there is any real alternative to use of modelling. This does not diminish the main point of Professor Freedman, which is that healthy scepticism towards models is needed. While agreeing with many of Professor Freedman's points concerning the “objectivist” debate, we argue that there is a Bayesian school of objectivists that possesses considerable advantages over the classical objectivist school. At the least, the “debate” needs to be enlarged to include this school.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208724
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A philosophical approach to foundations of science (1995)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 1 (1995), S. 5-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Foundational research focuses on the theory, but theories are to be related also to other theories, experiments, facts in their domains, data, and to their uses in applications, whether of prediction, control, or explanation. A theory is to be identified through its class of models, but not so narrowly as to disallow these roles. The language of science is to be studied separately, with special reference to the relations listed above, and to the consequent need for resources other than for theoretical description. Peculiar to the foundational level are questions of completeness (specifically in the representation of measurement), and of interpretation (a topic beset with confusions of truth and evidence, and with inappropriate metalinguistic abstraction).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208722
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some issues in the foundation of statistics (1995)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 1 (1995), S. 19-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: Statistics ; Probability ; Objectivist ; Subjectivist ; Bayes ; de Finetti ; Decision theory ; Model validation ; Regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract After sketching the conflict between objectivists and subjectivists on the foundations of statistics, this paper discusses an issue facing statisticians of both schools, namely, model validation. Statistical models originate in the study of games of chance, and have been successfully applied in the physical and life sciences. However, there are basic problems in applying the models to social phenomena; some of the difficulties will be pointed out. Hooke's law will be contrasted with regression models for salary discrimination, the latter being a fairly typical application in the social sciences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208723
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rejoinder (1995)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 1 (1995), S. 69-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Conclusion My favorite opponent in this debate once made a remarkable concession, not that it interfered with business as usual: No sensible social scientist believes any particular specification, coefficient estimate, or standard error. Social science theories ... imply that specifications and parameters constant over situations do not exist ... One searches for qualitative theory ... not for quantitative specifications Achen (1987, p.149). . With Hooke's law and the like, we are estimating parameters in specifications that are constant across time—at least to a very good degree of approximation But see Cartwright (1983). . What are the social scientists doing when they estimate non-existent parameters, and put standard errors on the output? How can that help them search for qualitative theory? Those are among the first of my questions, and I never get answers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208725
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applications of quantum statistics in psychological studies of decision processes (1995)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 1 (1995), S. 85-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: Quantum mechanics ; Statistics ; Psychology ; Quantum structures ; Non-Baysian statistics ; Interactive statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract We present a new approach to the old problem of how to incorporate the role of the observer in statistics. We show classical probability theory to be inadequate for this task and take refuge in the epsilon-model, which is the only model known to us caapble of handling situations between quantum and classical statistics. An example is worked out and some problems are discussed as to the new viewpoint that emanates from our approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208726
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blame not the laws of nature (1995)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 1 (1995), S. 131-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract 1. Lies, Error and Confusion 2. Lies 3. The Demarcation of Science: Historical 4. The Demarcation of Science: Recent 5. Observed Regularities and Laws of Nature
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208729
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Operationism, probability and quantum mechanics (1995)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 1 (1995), S. 99-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: Operationism ; Quantum mechanics ; Frequentism ; Subjectivism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the kind of empiricism combined with an operationalist perspective that, in the first decades of our Century, gave rise to a turning point in theoretical physics and in probability theory. While quantum mechanics was taking shape, the “classical” (Laplacian) interpretation of probability gave way to two divergent perspectives: frequentism and subjectivism. Frequentism gained wide acceptance among theoretical physicists. Subjectivism, on the other hand, was never held to be a serious candidate for application to physical theories, despite the fact that its philosophical back-ground strongly resembles that underlying quantum mechanics, at least according to the Copenhagen interpretation. The reasons for this are explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208727
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computational empiricism (1995)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 1 (1995), S. 119-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: Computational science ; Theories ; Models ; Scientific instruments ; Syntax ; Semantics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract I argue here for a number of ways that modern computational science requires a change in the way we represent the relationship between theory and applications. It requires a switch away from logical reconstruction of theories in order to take surface mathematical syntax seriously. In addition, syntactically different versions of the “same” theory have important differences for applications, and this shows that the semantic account of theories is inappropriate for some purposes. I also argue against formalist approaches in the philosophy of science and for a greater role for perceptual knowledge rather than propositional knowledge in scientific empiricism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208728
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biographical notes (1995)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 1 (1995), S. 155-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208730
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Summary of AFOS workshop, 1994 (1995)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 1 (1995), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208732
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