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  • Articles  (1,143)
  • Oxford University Press
  • Geography  (1,143)
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  • Articles  (1,143)
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  • 1
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    Why did the Portuguese economy stop converging with the OECD? Institutions, politics and innovation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Underlying the crisis affecting peripheral European countries is their structural, long-term loss of competitiveness (Hadjimichalis, 2011, European Urban and Regional Studies , 18: 254–274). This article will focus on the Portuguese case and discuss the institutional constraints that hindered its economy from transitioning towards the production of higher-value added goods and services. It will discuss institutions as the product of a political process laden with power asymmetries and argue that the dominance of a relatively small community at the heart of economic and political life in Portugal has conditioned the development of the economy as a whole. Using this framework, this article will then contribute to the literatures on innovation and technological modernisation and argue that alongside a technical process of catching up there is a political process that can enable or constrain development.
    Keywords: B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, P16 - Political Economy
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 2
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    The geography of financial inclusion across Europe during the global crisis (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: This article identifies the main determinants of financial inclusion, defined as the probability of using both banking and credit services, across 18 Eastern European economies and 5 Western European ‘comparator’ countries. We elicit demographic and socio-economic information on 25,000 European households from the second round of the Life in Transition Survey undertaken during the 2008–2010 global crisis; the survey also includes several questions on households’ financial decisions collecting data at the regional and local level. Our results show that households hit by negative job or income shocks and without any asset to pledge are less likely to be financially included, especially in Eastern Europe. The individual likelihood of financial inclusion is also affected by the average use of financial services at the local level suggesting the presence of a financial multiplier effect. These results provide useful information for mapping financial inclusion across Europe during the crisis, which in turn can inform policy action at the local level.
    Keywords: D14 - Personal Finance, G21 - Banks ; Other Depository Institutions ; Micro Finance Institutions ; Mortgages
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 3
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    The economic effects of owner distance and local property management in US office markets (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Using a large dataset of US offices we analyse the relationship between investors’ distance to their assets and the effective rent of these assets, and study the extent to which property managers can influence this relationship. We construct hedonic rent models to control for other known rent determinants. It turns out that proximity matters: holding everything else constant, investors located closely to their office buildings are able to extract significantly higher effective rents from these assets, especially if these buildings are of low quality. This effect is due to significant differences in occupancy levels. Interestingly, property managers can affect this relationship, mitigating the adverse effects of investor distance on effective office rents. Especially if the owner does not reside in the same state as the building, external property management is of importance, most prominently so for class-B office buildings.
    Keywords: G11 - Portfolio Choice ; Investment Decisions, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis, R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 4
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    Exporting to Russia? Entry barriers for food suppliers in a territory in transition (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: This article draws on extensive fieldwork conducted in Central Asia to explore food exports to Russia. It takes its theoretical starting point in global value chain theory and pinpoints chain entry barriers relating to financing, transportation and standards. The article also proposes rethinking the aspects of territoriality and institutional context, and suggests their integration into one concept, or rather a process of contextualizing territories. In doing so, the article argues for a methodology that not only examines current events, but also captures change as particularly important in what we term the territory in transition examined here.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 5
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    Regions and material flows: investigating the regional branching and industry relatedness of port traffics in a global perspective (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: This article proposes a quantitative analysis of the interdependencies between port specialization and regional specialization across the world. A global database is elaborated, covering about 360 port regions in both developed and developing countries. One goal is to verify how interdependent port traffic and regional characteristics are, in a context of increasingly flexible commodity and value chains. Despite the aggregated dimension of available data and the heterogeneity of local situations, the main results confirm the affinity between the primary sector and raw materials traffic, and between the tertiary sector and general cargo traffic, whereas the industrial sector offers mixed evidence. This allows us to address fundamental questions raised by both economic geography and regional science about transport and local development. The global typology of port regions points to certain regularities in their spatial distribution, and the article discusses the policy implications of particular cases.
    Keywords: L90 - General, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R40 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 6
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    Towards a typology of repositioning strategies of GVC/GPN suppliers: the case of functional upgrading and downgrading (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: This article examines various upgrading and downgrading repositioning firm strategies within global value chains (GVCs) or global production networks (GPNs). It builds upon recent evidence that the mode of governance could vary profoundly among firms engaged in the same GVC/GPN. Therefore, the relevance of particular types of upgrading that were originally derived from the ideal types of GVC/GPN governance will be reconsidered. It is argued that the existing dissonance in the literature over possibilities for functional upgrading can be attributed to the different modes of governance that can exist within a particular GVC/GPN and to the diverse nature of functional upgrading. Consequently, a typology of functional upgrading is outlined, and it is argued that these different types vary significantly according to their probability and potential risk-benefit ratios. The article also introduces passive, adaptive and strategic downgrading and outlines their potential negative and positive effects on firms.
    Keywords: F63 - Economic Development, L23 - Organization of Production, L60 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 7
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    Infrastructure as a traded product: A relational approach to finance in practice (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: As nations continue to grapple with growing infrastructure demand, financial markets will play an increasingly prominent role in the landscape for urban infrastructure. Yet existing literature tends to depict the ‘financialization’ of urban infrastructure assets as a restless move towards market efficiency aided by the growing transparency of financial information. This article offers a different view, showing how the spatial richness of financial data for infrastructure has progressed towards what we term a more permanent state of ‘informational translucency’. We draw on 53 interviews with participants in the market for infrastructure investment to present this more complicated picture of infrastructure finance, thereby elaborating a more granular understanding of how information flows through and shapes financial market geography. From this we propose a relational model that contributes to theoretical understandings of how financial products are intermediated over time and space.
    Keywords: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 8
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    Islamic charitable infrastructure and giving in East London: Everyday economic-development geographies in practice (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: This article extends research exploring progressive models of reproducing economic life by reporting on research into some of the infrastructure, practices and motivations for Islamic charitable giving in London. In so doing the article: (i) makes visible sets of values, practices and institutions usually hidden in an otherwise widely researched international financial centre; (ii) identifies multiple, hard-to-research civic actors who are mobilising diverse resources to address economic hardship and development needs; and (iii) considers how these charitable values, practices and agents contribute to contemporary thinking about progressive economic possibilities.
    Keywords: D14 - Personal Finance, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 9
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    Estimating the impact of Mexican drug cartels and drug-related homicides on crime and perceptions of safety (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: We estimate the impact of drug cartels and drug-related homicides on crime and perceptions of security in Mexico. Since the location where drug cartels operate might be endogenous, we combine the difference-in-difference estimator with instrumental variables. Using surveys on crime victimization we find that people living in areas that experienced drug-related homicides are more likely to take extra security precautions. Yet, these areas are also more likely to experience certain crimes, particularly thefts and extortions. In contrast, these crimes and perceptions of insecurity do not change in areas where cartels operate without leading to drug-related homicides.
    Keywords: C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation, K49 - Other, R59 - Other
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 10
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    The evolution of municipal structure (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: In most US states, urban expansions are governed by ‘popular determination’, under which residents make annexation decisions through referendum. Yet little research analyzes how urban spatial structure evolves under this system. We develop a model to examine how urban residents’ collective decisions on annexations and property taxes and their interactions with agricultural landowners affect municipal structure under popular determination. We find that the evolution process of an urban area can be divided into four stages similar to human life stages (infancy, juvenile, adulthood and maturity), characterized by the pace of development. The key parameters that determine urban spatial structure include agricultural rents, construction costs, interest rate, and the rate and uncertainty of income growth. Cities tend to be more spread-out and consist of a large number of smaller municipalities, in regions with lower agricultural land rents, lower construction costs, and lower rate and uncertainty of income growth.
    Keywords: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects, Q24 - Land, R14 - Land Use Patterns
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 11
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    Railroads, factor channelling and increasing returns: Cleveland and the emergence of the American manufacturing belt (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: American Manufacturing Belt (AMB) emergence has been used by NEG theorists as a prime example of how increasing returns foster industrial concentration. Other studies suggest the AMB was in place before increasing returns became established. This study examines this previously unrecognized contradiction. An analysis of Cleveland, one of the fastest growing of AMB cities, is undertaken using new data sources. This finds the railroad sector crucial in generating direct employment and stimulating related industrial investment through forward and backward linkages. The former are associated with ‘factor channeling’—planned strategies to direct raw material flows to the city. NEG theorists’ under-emphasis on raw material provision and their use of the iceberg model to avoid analysis of the railroad sector is therefore found to be erroneous. The increasing returns hypothesis is evaluated using new data for several industrial sectors and rejected as a valid explanation for early manufacturing growth in Cleveland.
    Keywords: N61 - U.S. ; Canada: Pre-1913, N71 - U.S. ; Canada: Pre-1913, R15 - Econometric and Input-Output Models ; Other Models
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 12
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    Global pipelines for innovation: insights from the case of Norway (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: Using data on 418 Norwegian firms, the results confirm the hypotheses that innovative/radically innovative firms tend to be more involved in international personal and formal networks than non-innovative/incrementally innovative ones. While regional and national networks are much more widespread than international ones, they are not significantly positively associated with innovation. International personal networks and international links with suppliers and customers and with universities and research institutions, as well as global buzz with strangers, are positively related to innovation. This suggests that innovation management and policy, in particular in countries with a limited national innovation base, could benefit from facilitating certain international networks.
    Keywords: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, R00 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 13
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    Culture, spatial diffusion of ideas and their long-lasting imprints--evidence from Froebel's kindergarten movement (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: We document the spatial diffusion of Friedrich Froebel’s radical invention of kindergartens in 19th-century Germany. The first kindergarten was founded at Froebel’s birthplace. Early spatial diffusion can be explained by cultural proximity, measured by historical dialect similarity, to Froebel’s birthplace. This result is robust to the inclusion of higher order polynomials in geographic distance and similarity measures with respect to industry, geography or religion. Our findings suggest that a common cultural basis facilitates the spill-over of ideas. We further show that the contemporaneous spatial pattern of child care coverage is still correlated with cultural similarity to Froebel’s place of birth.
    Keywords: J13 - Fertility ; Family Planning ; Child Care ; Children ; Youth, N33 - Europe: Pre-1913, Z13 - Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 14
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    Local warming and violent conflict in North and South Sudan (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: Our article contributes to the emerging micro-level strand of the literature on the link between local variations in weather shocks and conflicts by focusing on a pixel-level analysis for North and South Sudan between 1997 and 2009. Temperature anomalies are found to strongly affect the risk of conflict, whereas the risk is expected to magnify in a range of 24–31% in the future under a median scenario. Our analysis also sheds light on the competition over natural resources, in particular water, as the main driver of such relationship in a region where pastoralism constitutes the dominant livelihood.
    Keywords: D74 - Conflict ; Conflict Resolution ; Alliances, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 15
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    Accuracy and efficiency in simulating equilibrium land-use patterns for self-organizing cities (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: Lucas and Rossi-Hansberg (L&RH) (2002, Econometrica , 70: 1445–1476) and Fujita and Ogawa (F&O) (1982, Regional Science and Urban Economics , 12: 161–196, 1989, Environment and Planning A , 21: 363–374) develop urban models in which economic activity self-organizes due to spillovers in production. However, F&O (1982, Regional Science and Urban Economics , 12: 161–196, 1989, Environment and Planning A , 21: 363–374) show that rents and employment density are flat or falling as the city center is approached, while in the simulations of L&RH (2002, Econometrica , 70: 1445–1476), rents rise at an increasing rate toward the center suggesting a concentration of employment near the center. For the Lucas and Rossi-Hansberg model, we prove that land rents and density must be flat or falling near the center. We explain how using a polar coordinate system when approximating a two-dimensional integral can create systematic imprecision in their simulations, and then present revised simulations. The proofs and simulations suggest that in urban models where economic activity self-organizes firms do not unduly cluster at the center of a central business district even in monocentric equilibria.
    Keywords: R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies, R14 - Land Use Patterns, R30 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 16
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    Chicken or egg? The PVAR econometrics of transportation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: To analyse the mutually dependent relationship between local economic performance, demand for and supply of transport services, we employ the structural panel VAR method that is popular in the macroeconomic literature, but has not previously been applied to the modelling of the within-city dynamics of transportation. We focus on a within-city panel of Berlin, Germany during the heyday of the construction of its dense public transit network (1890–1914). Our results suggest that economic outcomes and a supply of transport infrastructure mutually determine each other. We find a short-run (long-run) elasticity of property prices with respect to transport supply of 2% (8.5%). Both transport demand and supply seem to be driven more by firms than by residents.
    Keywords: N73 - Europe: Pre-1913, N74 - Europe: 1913-, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R14 - Land Use Patterns, R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion ; Safety and Accidents ; Transportation Noise
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 17
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    Transnational corporations shaping institutional change: the case of English law firms in Germany (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: Questions remain about the factors that influence the ability of transnational corporations (TNCs) to shape processes of institutional change. In particular, questions about power relations need more attention. To address such questions, this article develops a neo-institutional theory-inspired analysis of the case of English law firms and their impacts on institutional change in Germany. The article shows that the shaping of the direction of institutional change by English legal TNCs was a product of conjunctural moments in which local institutional instability combined with the presence, resources and strategies of the TNCs to redirect the path of institutional evolution. This draws attention to the need to go beyond the TNC and its resources and to consider the way a diverse array of local actors and their generating of instability in existing institutional structures influence the ability of TNCs to become involved in processes of institutional change in particular, conjunctural moments in time.
    Keywords: General, L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services, M16 - International Business Administration
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 18
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    Airport cities and metropolitan labor markets: an extension and response to Cidell (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: Using Census 2000 CTPP tract-level data for the 51 largest U.S. metropolitan areas, airport cities—agglomerations of employment anchored by airports—are placed in the context of metropolitan spatial form in order to understand their emergence and function. Major airports anchor significant concentrations of employment which average one-third to one-half the size of the respective CBDs, depending upon the operationalization, while 80% of the airports anchor employment agglomerations. Airport cities are anchored by airports but not driven by aviation. The relationship between spatial form and economic function suggests that need for airport access determines the location of transportation-providing employment while spatial employment filtering, based on urban land costs and agglomeration benefits, are responsible for the presence of transportation-supporting and transportation-using employment, such as producer services.
    Keywords: L93 - Air Transportation, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 19
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    The role of major infrastructure in subregional economic development: an empirical study of airports and cities (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: The link between airports, air service and regional economic development has been well-established and used to justify airport expansion at the expense of local communities because of subsequent region-wide benefits. However, local-level spatial analyses based on US Economic Census data indicate that economic benefits in terms of professional and administrative employment do not necessarily offset local economic and quality of life costs. Furthermore, arguments for an airport city or aerotropolis phenomenon in the US context ignore the individual histories and morphologies of metropolitan areas and overstate the influence an airport has on the economic development of its region.
    Keywords: L93 - Air Transportation, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion ; Safety and Accidents ; Transportation Noise, R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis ; Public Investment and Capital Stock
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 20
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    Cities and product variety: evidence from restaurants (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: This article measures restaurant variety in US cities and argues that city structure directly increases product variety by spatially aggregating demand. I discuss a model of entry thresholds in which market size is a function of both population and geographic space and evaluate implications of this model with a new data set of 127,000 restaurants across 726 cities. I find that geographic concentration of a population leads to a greater number of cuisines and the likelihood of having a specific cuisine is increasing in population and population density, with the rarest cuisines found only in the biggest, densest cities. Further, there is a strong hierarchical pattern to the distribution of variety across cities in which the specific cuisines available can be predicted by the total count. These findings parallel empirical work on Central Place Theory and provide evidence that demand aggregation has a significant impact on consumer product variety.
    Keywords: L10 - General, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 21
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    The New Geography of Capitalism: Firms, Finance, and Society (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 22
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    Econometric modelling of the regional knowledge production function in Europe (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: By adopting a semiparametric approach, the ‘traditional’ regional knowledge production function is developed in three complementary directions. First, the model is augmented with region-specific time trends to account for endogeneity due to selection on unobservables . Second, the nonparametric part of the model relaxes the standard assumptions of linearity and additivity regarding the effect of R&D and human capital. Finally, the assumption of homogeneity in the effects of R&D and human capital is also relaxed by explicitly accounting for the differences between developed and lagging regions. The analysis of the genesis of innovation in the regions of the European Union unveils nonlinearities, threshold effects, complex interactions and shadow effects that cannot be uncovered by standard parametric formulations.
    Keywords: C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods, C23 - Models with Panel Data, O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 23
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    Local variety and firm diversification: an evolutionary economic geography perspective (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: The aim of this article is to investigate whether and how local agglomeration forces—related and unrelated variety—influence firm diversification. Using a large dataset of 5112 Italian manufacturing business groups for the year 2001, and estimating Tobit models, we show the ‘consistency’ between the patterns of firm diversification and that of the local system in which the firm is located. Specifically, firms located in local systems dominated by unrelated variety are more likely to show unrelated diversification patterns, while firms located in local systems dominated by related variety are more likely to show related diversification patterns. This supports the Evolutionary Economic Geography prediction of firm similarity ‘within’ the same local system, and firm heterogeneity ‘between’ different local systems.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 24
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    Globalization and local profiles of economic growth and industrial change (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: The aggregate German economy is characterized by a secular decline of manufacturing and a rise of modern service industries. This trend of structural change is not uniform across space, however. Some regions exhibit it at an accelerated pace, while other regions reinforced their manufacturing specializations. We first categorize all German regions into one of three groups, with ‘pro-trend’, ‘anti-trend’ or ‘featureless’ growth and provide a detailed comparison of these groups. Afterwards we propose an explanation why a particular region ended up in one of those groups: We argue that the profiles of regional growth and change are systematically related to the initial sizes, and the import and export exposures of the local manufacturing sectors.
    Keywords: F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions, O14 - Industrialization ; Manufacturing and Service Industries ; Choice of Technology, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 25
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    On firms product space evolution: the role of firm and local product relatedness (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: We explore the role of firm- and local product-specific capabilities in fostering the introduction of new products in the Turkish manufacturing. Firms’ product space evolution is characterised by strong cognitive path dependence that, however, is relaxed by firm heterogeneity in terms of size, efficiency and international exposure. The introduction of new products in laggard Eastern regions, which is importantly linked to the evolution of their industrial output, is mainly affected by firm’s internal product- specific resources. On the contrary, product innovations in Western advanced regions hinge relatively more on the availability of local technological- related competencies.
    Keywords: D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O53 - Asia including Middle East
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 26
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    Measuring industry coagglomeration and identifying the driving forces (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: Understanding industry agglomeration and its driving forces is critical for the formulation of industrial policy in developing countries. Crucial to this process is the definition and measurement of agglomeration. We construct a new coagglomeration index based purely on the location of firms. We examine what this index reveals about the importance of transport costs, labour market pooling and technology transfer for agglomeration processes, controlling for overall industry agglomeration. We compare the results based on our new measure to existing measures in the literature and find very different underlying stories at work. We conclude that in conducting analyses of this kind giving consideration to the source of agglomeration economies, employees or entrepreneurs, and finding an appropriate measure for agglomeration, are both crucial to the process of identifying agglomerative forces.
    Keywords: L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L60 - General, O14 - Industrialization ; Manufacturing and Service Industries ; Choice of Technology, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Geography and intra-national home bias: U.S. domestic trade in 1949 and 2007 (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: This article examines home bias in U.S. domestic trade in 1949 and 2007. We use a unique data set of 1949 carload waybill statistics produced by the Interstate Commerce Commission, and 2007 Commodity Flow Survey data. The results show that home bias was considerably smaller in 1949 than in 2007 and that home bias in 1949 was even negative for several commodities. We argue that the difference between the geographical distribution of the manufacturing activities in 1949 and that of 2007 is an important factor explaining the differences in the magnitudes of home-bias estimates in those years.
    Keywords: F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade, F18 - Trade and Environment
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Financial networks and the globalization of transnational corporations: the case of educational services (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: In this article, I advance understandings of the intersection between financial and educational services from an economic geographical perspective by examining the importance of financial networks in shaping the internationalization activities of for-profit business education service firms. By combining relational approaches to the globalization of transnational corporations (TNCs) with work on monetary networks I argue that extra-firm networks with financial services are an important element in understanding how, where and why business education service firms internationalize. Theoretically, this argument responds to calls for firm finances to be more fully incorporated into understandings of wider economic geographies and, in particular, addresses the neglect of finance in extant understandings of the internationalization of TNCs. Empirically, I position educational services as an overlooked business services sector that deserves greater attention within economic geography.
    Keywords: G20 - General, I22 - Educational Finance, L80 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Industrial development in thin regions: trapped in path extension? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: Recent theorizing of path dependence supplements the traditional view of regional path-dependent industrial development characterized by lock-in effects with paths dealing with change, that is, path renewal and path creation. Few studies, however, examine why different types of regions experience diverse path-dependent development. This article examines why organizationally thin regions are much less likely to achieve path renewal and path creation than core regions. By use of a case study of industrial development in an organizationally thin and rather peripheral region in Norway the article contends that thin regions often need external investments to avoid being trapped in path extension.
    Keywords: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Single-firm case studies in economic geography: some methodological reflections on the case of Zara (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: In this article, I reassess the undeserved reputation of Inditex’s Zara as a ‘home-sewn exception to globalization’ for supposedly keeping manufacturing at home despite larger trends; and I use the occasion to make a case for rigorous, evidentially strong single-firm case studies. In the process, I draw attention to the manner in which the value-adding qualities of scholarly work are being judged in economic geography; and argue that the prioritization of novelty over unenhanced readings of realities may encourage case studies to be presented as more unique and exceptional than they actually are.
    Keywords: D21 - Firm Behavior, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope, L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The resilience of regional labour markets to economic shocks: Exploring the role of interactions among firms and workers (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: To date, theoretical and empirical insights in the determinants of regional resilience are still limited. Using a model, we explore how three regional factors jointly contribute to the resilience of regional labour markets to economic shocks. The localization of the supply network (1) is used to model the propagation of the shock, while possibilities for intersectoral (2) and interregional labour mobility (3) to analyse the recovery. An application of the model to Dutch data suggests that labour markets in centrally located and service-oriented regions have, on average, a higher recovery speed, irrespective of the type of shock hitting the economy.
    Keywords: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Migrant and ethnic diversity, cities and innovation: Firm effects or city effects? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The growing cultural diversity caused by immigration is seen as important for innovation. Research has focused on two potential mechanisms: a firm effect, with diversity at the firm level improving knowledge sourcing or ideas generation, and a city effect, where diverse cities help firms innovate. This article uses a dataset of over 2000 UK small- and medium-sized enterprises to test between these two. Controlling for firm characteristics, city characteristics and firm and city diversity, there is strong evidence for the firm effect. Firms with a greater share of migrant owners or partners are more likely to introduce new products and processes. This effect has diminishing returns, suggesting that it is a ‘diversity’ effect rather than simply the benefits of migrant run firms. However, there is no relationship between the share of foreign workers in a local labour market or fractionalization by country of birth and firm level innovation, nor do migrant-run firms in diverse cities appear particularly innovative. But urban context does matter and firms in London with more migrant owners and partners are more innovative than others. Firms in cities with high levels of human capital are also more innovative.
    Keywords: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm, M13 - New Firms ; Startups, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Spatial patterns of solar photovoltaic system adoption: The influence of neighbors and the built environment (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The diffusion of new technologies is often mediated by spatial and socioeconomic factors. This article empirically examines the diffusion of an important renewable energy technology: residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Using detailed data on PV installations in Connecticut, we identify the spatial patterns of diffusion, which indicate considerable clustering of adoptions. This clustering does not simply follow the spatial distribution of income or population. We find that smaller centers contribute to adoption more than larger urban areas, in a wave-like centrifugal pattern. Our empirical estimation demonstrates a strong relationship between adoption and the number of nearby previously installed systems as well as built environment and policy variables. The effect of nearby systems diminishes with distance and time, suggesting a spatial neighbor effect conveyed through social interaction and visibility. These results disentangle the process of diffusion of PV systems and provide guidance to stakeholders in the solar market.
    Keywords: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Trade Shows in the Globalizing Knowledge Economy (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Quality of government and innovative performance in the regions of Europe (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: This article aims to shed light on how institutions shape innovative capacity, by focusing on how regional government quality affects innovative performance in the regions of Europe. By exploiting new data on quality of government, we assess how government quality and its components (control of corruption, rule of law, government effectiveness and government accountability) shape patenting across the regions of the European Union (EU). The results of the analysis—which are robust to controlling for the endogeneity of institutions—provide strong evidence of a link between the quality of government and the capacity of regions to innovate. In particular, ineffective and corrupt governments represent a fundamental barrier for the innovative capacity of the periphery of the EU, strongly undermining any potential effect of any other measures aimed at promoting greater innovation. The results have important implications for the definition of innovation strategies in EU regions.
    Keywords: O52 - Europe, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Strategic nodes in investment fund global production networks: The example of the financial centre Luxembourg (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The patterns and dynamics of contemporary financial capitalism are mirrored in micro-production structures of finance in international financial centres (IFCs). Applying the global production network framework allows for analyses of these structures in greater detail, better illuminating the industry’s organization, its locally anchored professional practices, and the far-reaching power relationships between IFCs. The example of the IFC Luxembourg, the world’s largest cross-border investment fund centre, shows that, in particular, advanced business services firms facilitate the global reach of investment funds (i) in their close collaboration with both local and global financial corporations, and (ii) in their exploitation of localized arbitrage assets.
    Keywords: G23 - Pension Funds ; Other Private Financial Institutions, L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure, L80 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Spreading big ideas? The effect of top inventing companies on local inventors (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The article investigates whether the patenting activity of the most inventive companies has any causal effect on the number of patents granted to other local inventors in the same metropolitan area in USA. Economic theory predicts that positive agglomeration economies may be counterbalanced by upward pressure on wages, which are stronger within technological classes in the short term. The empirical analysis exploits the panel structure of the dataset to account for various fixed effects, and adopts an instrumental variable approach to prove causality. The results show that the effect is overall positive and stronger with a time lag. In addition, the effect is not bounded within narrow technological categories, suggesting that Jacob-type knowledge spillovers across sectors tend to prevail over other source of agglomeration economies within sectors, including sharing and matching mechanisms. The implications for local development policy are discussed.
    Keywords: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, R10 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The Way of the Gun: Estimating Firearms Trafficking across the US-Mexico Border (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: The volume of firearms sold in USA and trafficked across the US–Mexico border is notoriously difficult to estimate. We consider a unique approach using GIS-generated county-level panel data (1993–1999 and 2010–2012) of Federal Firearms Licenses to sell small arms (FFLs) to estimate the realized demand for firearms based on the distance by road from the nearest point on the US–Mexico border. We use a time-series negative binomial model paired with a post-estimation population attributable fraction (PAF) estimator. We do so to control determinants of domestic demand. We are able to estimate a total demand for trafficking, both in terms of firearms and dollar sales for the firearms industry. We find that nearly 2.2% (between 0.9% and 3.7%) of US domestic arms sales are attributable to the US–Mexico traffic in the period 2010–2012, representing 212,887 firearms (between 89,816 and 359,205) purchased annually to be trafficked.
    Keywords: D74 - Conflict ; Conflict Resolution ; Alliances, F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade, F52 - National Security ; Economic Nationalism, K14 - Criminal Law, K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Screening for collusion: a spatial statistics approach (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: We develop a method to screen for local cartels. We first test whether there is statistical evidence of clustering of outlets that score high on some characteristic that is consistent with collusive behavior. If so, we determine in a second step the most suspicious regions where further antitrust investigation would be warranted. We apply our method to build a variance screen for the Dutch gasoline market.
    Keywords: C11 - Bayesian Analysis, D40 - General, L12 - Monopoly ; Monopolization Strategies, L41 - Monopolization ; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Corporate social responsibility and labour agency: the case of Nike in Pakistan (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: This article examines the circumstances under which corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives facilitate and/or constrain labour agency in global production networks (GPNs). Using a case study of Nike’s CSR approach in the football manufacturing industry of Pakistan, we explore the extent to which the measures advocated in a new, emerging policy paradigm on CSR in GPNs enabled labour agency at Nike’s main football supplier factory in Pakistan. We argue that while such CSR policies can create enhanced space for labour agency, that potential agency is also shaped (i) by wider economic forces within the global economy and (ii) relationships with local/national actors and regulatory frameworks. Understanding the intersection of these dimensions becomes vital to interpreting the potential for, and activation of, labour agency within CSR-influenced GPNs.
    Keywords: F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, J31 - Wage Level and Structure ; Wage Differentials, J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation ; Collective Bargaining, J80 - General, L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Reformatted: Code, Networks, and the Transformation of the Music Industry Andrew Leyshon (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Commodity chains, creative destruction and global inequality: a class analysis (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: The majority of global commodity chain analysis is concerned with producer firm upgrading, because it is held to engender local-level development. This represents a myopic comprehension of the interaction of firms under capitalism. This article argues, in contrast, that lead firm chain governance and supplier firm upgrading attempts constitute strategies and practices that reproduce global poverty and inequality. Schumpeter’s concept of creative destruction represents a starting point in undertaking this endeavour. However, his formulation of capitalist competition ignores class and global economic relations. A Marxian conception of creative destruction, in contrast, rests upon an understanding of globally constituted class relations, which provides a novel perspective in comprehending and investigating processes that re-produce global poverty and inequality. The article substantiates these claims by examining cases of buyer-driven global commodity chains, and lead firm strategies of increasing labour exploitation throughout these chains.
    Keywords: B14 - Socialist ; Marxist, F50 - General, J01 - Labor Economics: General, J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
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    The determinants of regional specialisation in business services: agglomeration economies, vertical linkages and innovation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: The article accounts for the determinants of sectoral specialisation in business services (BS) across the EU-27 regions as determined by: (i) agglomeration economies (ii) the region-specific structure of intermediate linkages (iii) technological innovation and knowledge intensity and (iv) the presence of these factors in neighbouring regions. The empirical analysis draws upon the REGIO panel database over the period 1999–2003. By estimating a Spatial Durbin Model, we find significant spatial effects in explaining regional specialisation in BS. Our findings show that, besides urbanisation economies, the spatial structure of intermediate sectoral linkages and innovation, in particular Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), are important determinants of specialisation in BS. The article contributes to the debate on the global versus local determinants of regional specialisation in BS by restating the importance of the regional sectoral structure besides that of urbanisation. We draw policy implications by rejecting the ‘footloose hypothesis’ for BS.
    Keywords: L80 - General, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Migration and inter-industry mobility of UK graduates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: New university graduates are highly geographically mobile, but, as the literature has shown, often struggle in the labour market, working in non-graduate level jobs or in a field different from the one for which they are qualified. In this context, inter-industry moves can act as complements or substitutes for geographical moves, with graduates reacting to job mismatches by either changing location, industry, or both. Self-selection is also likely; industry movers may differ from non-movers in ways that also affect their career outcomes. We analyse the relationship between migration and inter-industry moves using longitudinal microdata for 7060 recent UK graduates.
    Keywords: I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions, J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity, J28 - Safety ; Job Satisfaction ; Related Public Policy, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Local entrepreneurship clusters in cities (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: We show that entrepreneurs are co-located within cities. One plausible source of such spatial clustering is local social interactions, where individuals’ decisions to become entrepreneurs are influenced by entrepreneurial neighbors. Using geo-coded matched employer–employee data for Sweden, we find that sharing residential neighborhood with established entrepreneurs has a statistically significant and robust influence on the probability that an individual leaves employment for entrepreneurship. An otherwise average neighborhood with a 5% point higher entrepreneurial intensity, all else equal, produces between six and seven additional entrepreneurs per square kilometer, each year. Our estimates suggest a local feedback-effect in which the presence of established entrepreneurs in a neighborhood influences the emergence of new local entrepreneurs. Our analysis supports the conjecture that social interaction effects constitute a mechanism by which local entrepreneurship clusters in cities develop and persist over time.
    Keywords: J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity, L26 - Entrepreneurship, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    A gravity equation for commuting with an application to estimating regional border effects in Belgium (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: This article derives a gravity equation for commuting and uses it to identify the effect of regional borders on commuting. We build on the seminal trade paper by Anderson and Van Wincoop (2003, Gravity with gravitas: a solution to the border puzzle. The American Economic Review , 93: 170–192) and highlight some interesting similarities between our model and Wilson’s doubly constrained gravity equation [Wilson, A. (2010) Entropy in urban and regional modelling: retrospect and prospect. Geographical analysis , 42: 364–394], a workhorse model from spatial interaction theory. The model is estimated by applying a negative binomial regression method on Belgian inter-municipal commuting data. We show that regional borders exert a sizeable residual deterrent effect on commuting, a finding with obvious implications for regional labour market integration. This border effect differs significantly between regions and depends on the direction in which the border is crossed.
    Keywords: F10 - General, J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Upgrading to lead firm position via international acquisition: learning from the global biomass power plant industry (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: This article examines the case of a Chinese firm that has upgraded to lead firm position in the global biomass power plant industry mainly through acquisitions of technological frontier firms in Denmark. Sustaining the lead firm position was, however, challenged by difficulties in developing innovative capability. Drawing on the literature on (i) firm-level technological capability and (ii) knowledge transfer in international acquisitions, we explain the reasons for insufficient innovative capability building. Based on these empirical findings, we suggest maintaining the existing upgrading framework but applying it analytically in a more flexible manner that avoids linearity, hierarchy and segmentation while stressing the co-existence of and inter-relationships between the different types of upgrading.
    Keywords: F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, L60 - General, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, R58 - Regional Development Policy
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    International trade and firm-level markups when location and quality matter (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: In this article, we estimate firm-level markups and test some micro-level predictions of a model of international trade with heterogeneous firms and endogenous markups. Our theoretical framework is an extended version of the Melitz and Ottaviano ( 2008 , Review of Economic Studies 75, 295–316) (MO) model that features both quality and spatial differentiation across firms. In line with our model, we find that firm markups are positively related to firm productivity and negatively related to the toughness of local competition. Considering the relationship between firm markups and exports, we find evidence that markups are higher for exporters, what appears to indicate that the quality-enhancing channel overbalances the price-depressing channel of global competition.
    Keywords: F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Inertia and change in multinational enterprise subsidiary capabilities: an evolutionary economic geography framework (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: In this article we argue for a process-centred use of the dynamic capabilities-based view of evolution in multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiary capabilities. In particular, we consider changes in the scale, scope and specialisation of resources and capabilities at subsidiaries over time by drawing on Dodgshon’s (1998) study of change in empires and societal systems. Following Dodgshon, we classify changes at MNE subsidiaries into processes of (i) expansion or contraction, (ii) reduction, (iii) involution, (iv) aggregation upwards and outwards, (v) accretion and (vi) replacement/substitution, illustrating this framework with reference to the extant literature. We suggest that the potential of this framework lies, in part, in its embrace of both change and inertia within MNEs and at their subsidiaries. It is important to consider both change and inertia if we are to understand the implications of MNE subsidiary evolution national and subnational economic development policy.
    Keywords: B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Historic amenities, income and sorting of households (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: We aim to estimate the impact of historic amenities on house prices and sorting of households. Historic district boundaries enable us to measure the external view effect of historic amenities, defined as the effect of a historic amenity on the price of other buildings through an improved view from the other buildings. We use a semiparametric regression-discontinuity approach to control for unobserved location characteristics and focus on houses constructed after 1970. It is shown that the (external) view effect of historic amenities is 3.5% of the house price. Rich households have a higher willingness to pay for a view on historic amenities and therefore sort themselves in historic districts, which contributes to an explanation for the substantial spatial income differences within cities.
    Keywords: R14 - Land Use Patterns, R21 - Housing Demand, R31 - Housing Supply and Markets, R38 - Government Policies ; Regulatory Policies
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Intervening in globalization: the spatial possibilities and institutional barriers to labours collective agency (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: Trade unions are facing a series of challenges around place-based forms of work in industries such as construction, transport and public services. New spatial strategies by employers involving corporate reorganization, increased outsourcing and the use of migrant labour, allied to a deepening of neoliberal governance processes are accelerating a race to the bottom in wages and conditions. Drawing upon the experience of two recent labour disputes in the UK—at Heathrow Airport and Lindsey Oil Refinery—we explore the potential for workers to intervene in such globalizing processes. We highlight both the ability of grassroots workers to mobilize their own spatial networks but also their limitations in an increasingly hostile neoliberal landscape.
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    Defining clusters of related industries (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: Clusters are geographic concentrations of industries related by knowledge, skills, inputs, demand and/or other linkages. There is an increasing need for cluster-based data to support research, facilitate comparisons of clusters across regions and support policymakers in defining regional strategies. This article develops a novel clustering algorithm that systematically generates and assesses sets of cluster definitions (i.e., groups of closely related industries). We implement the algorithm using 2009 data for U.S. industries (six-digit NAICS), and propose a new set of benchmark cluster definitions that incorporates measures of inter-industry linkages based on co-location patterns, input–output links, and similarities in labor occupations. We also illustrate the algorithm’s ability to compare alternative sets of cluster definitions by evaluating our new set against existing sets in the literature. We find that our proposed set outperforms other methods in capturing a wide range of inter-industry linkages, including the grouping of industries within the same three-digit NAICS.
    Keywords: C38-Classification Methods ; Cluster Analysis ; Factor Models
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Location of International Business Activities: Integrating Ideas from Research in International Business, Strategic Management and Economic Geography (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Global energy dilemmas: energy security and climate change (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Public housing magnets: public housing supply and immigrants location choices (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: This article investigates how a reform allowing immigrants with children in France access to public housing during the 1970s influenced their initial location choices across local labour markets. We find that cities with higher public housing supplies have a large ‘magnetic effect’ on the location choice of new immigrants with children. The estimated effect is substantial and quantitatively similar to the effect of the size of the ethnic group in the urban area. In cities with higher public housing supply, these immigrants tend to benefit from better housing conditions, but non-European immigrants are also more likely to be unemployed.
    Keywords: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races ; Non-labor Discrimination, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population, R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis ; Public Investment and Capital Stock
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Do rich households live farther away from their workplaces? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: One of the classic predictions of urban economic theory is that high-income and low-income households choose different residential locations and therefore, conditional on workplace location, have different commuting patterns. The effect of household income on commuting distance may be positive, because of an increased demand for housing as house prices are lower further from workplace locations, or negative, because of an increase in the value of travel time. In addition, the sign of this effect may depend on the location of residential amenities relative to workplaces. Empirical tests of this effect are not standard, due to reverse causation and lack of good control variables. To address reverse causation, this effect is derived using changes in household income and distance through residential moves keeping workplace location constant. Our results contradict previous results in the literature. We show that for Denmark, conditional on the workplace location, the income elasticity of distance is negative and in the order of –0.18. This elasticity is larger for single-earner than for dual-earner households. Conditional on that the household moves residence between municipalities, the elasticity is suggested to be around –0.60.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Geography, trade and regional development: the role of wage costs, exchange rates and currency/capital movements (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Existing theories of geographical specialization and trade can be classified into four groups: supply-side; demand-side; endogenous growth and institutional models. In the recent past, economic geographers have paid little attention to earlier regional economic analysis and concentrated for the most part on detailed examination of production structures, the chains linking upstream and downstream activities into production and value networks, clusters, institutions and more recently, economic evolution. As a result, existing economic geography is ill-equipped to deal with the impact of some aspects of the evolution of costs, exchange rates, trade and capital flows on regional development and pays relatively little attention to economic calculation. Geographical economics includes an underlying theory of trade and micro-foundations, yet its supply-side approach neglects the role of monetary and demand-side (except in gravity models of trade) factors. The aim of this article is to argue for an extension of existing theoretical frameworks to embrace these issues in the light of recent trends in global economic geography and successive financial and debt crises that have stricken the developed world.
    Keywords: F10 - General, F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade, F13 - Trade Policy ; International Trade Organizations, F21 - International Investment ; Long-Term Capital Movements, F31 - Foreign Exchange, F32 - Current Account Adjustment ; Short-Term Capital Movements, O10 - General, R10 - General, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The political economy of global production networks: regional industrial change and differential upgrading in the East European clothing industry (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Recent years have been testing times for the Eastern European clothing sector. Following two decades of deepening integration into European production networks, the sector has been struggling with the removal of trade quotas, increasing competitive pressures and the global economic crisis. This article takes a long-term view of the trajectories of change in the East European clothing industry drawing on the experience of the Slovak Republic. It examines the regional economic transformations that have resulted, how regional concentrations of clothing production sustained employment during the 1990s, and how tightening competitive pressures have unravelled these regional production systems leading to a differentiated landscape of firm-level upgrading strategies. The article argues that understandings of firm and regional upgrading and downgrading need to be attentive to the role of labour in the tightening landscape of ‘relative competitiveness’ and the political economy of regional integration policies, foreign ownership and the global economic crisis.
    Keywords: L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure ; Industrial Pri, L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather, P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Strategic decoupling, recoupling and global production networks: India's pharmaceutical industry (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Contemporary debates on economic globalization have emphasized the development opportunities for the Global South through local firms becoming integrated into the global commodity chains (GCCs), value chains (GVCs) and production networks (GPNs) governed by leading multinational corporations. With increasing attention to the negative sides of integration, an emergent issue is the role of disengagement from, and operation outside of, the GPNs of lead firms. Through the case of the Indian pharmaceutical industry, where a selective and short-term strategic decoupling and subsequent recoupling has played a crucial role in the development of what is now the largest such industry in the Global South, this article explores how decoupling from GPNs may lead to positive development outcomes. The experience of India and the pharmaceutical industry shows that a sequence of decoupling and recoupling can be an alternative to strategic coupling as a route to economic development.
    Keywords: O14 - Industrialization ; Manufacturing and Service Industries ; Choice of Technology, O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors ; Shadow Economy ; Institutional Arrangements, O20 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Innovation drivers, value chains and the geography of multinational corporations in Europe (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: This paper investigates the geography of multinational corporations’ investments in the EU regions. The ‘traditional’ sources of location advantages (i.e. agglomeration economies, market access and labour market conditions) are considered together with innovation and socio-institutional drivers of investments, captured by means of regional ‘social filter’ conditions. This makes it possible to empirically assess the different role played by such advantages in the location decision of investments at different stages of the value chain and disentangle the differential role of national vs. regional factors. The empirical analysis covers the EU-25 regions and suggests that regional socio-economic conditions are crucially important for the location decisions of investments in the most sophisticated knowledge-intensive stages of the value chain.
    Keywords: F21 - International Investment ; Long-Term Capital Movements, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R58 - Regional Development Policy
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Trade boom and wage inequality: evidence from Ugandan districts (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: The process of economic integration over the past two decades has been accompanied by expanding skilled wage premia—a key measure of wage inequality—in most countries. This was also the case for Ugandan wage employees during the 1990s, a period of abrupt trade opening, market reforms and improved relations with neighbouring Kenya. As in other unskilled labour abundant countries, this is a surprising result in light of the standard Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) framework. By using a novel district-level analysis, I find that in fact increased trade reduced wage inequality in line with the H–O predictions. During the 1990s districts more exposed to the trade boom experienced a rise in wage premia 2.8 percentage points lower relative to less-exposed districts. On the other hand, the intensification of domestic trade across districts and the increase in average education were associated with increased wage premia during the period of analysis.
    Keywords: F10 - General, F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade, F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O15 - Human Resources ; Human Development ; Income Distribution ; Migration
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Firm heterogeneity and regional business cycles differentials (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: We analyze the effect of firm heterogeneity on regional business cycle differentials. Using monthly firm-level data for Italy and estimating discrete-response models, we document sizeable and countercyclical differences in amplitude between the Northern and the Southern business cycles. We explore the role of sectoral mix and several firm-specific factors in explaining regional business cycle gaps. Results suggest that regional differences in sectoral composition are not responsible for these discrepancies, whereas firm-level heterogeneity explains 50% of the North–South gap. These results are robust to controlling for (i) firm fixed effects, (ii) spatial fixed effects and (iii) simultaneity bias.
    Keywords: D21 - Firm Behavior, E32 - Business Fluctuations ; Cycles, R10 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The effect of intra- and inter-regional labour mobility on plant performance in Denmark: the significance of related labour inflows (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: This article investigates the impact of labour mobility on plant performance in Denmark. Our study shows that the effect of labour mobility can only be assessed when one accounts for the type of skills that flow into the plant and the degree to which these match the existing skills at the plant level. As expected, we found that the inflow of skills that are related to skills in the plant impacts positively on plant productivity growth, while inflows of skills that are similar to the plant skills have a negative effect. We used a sophisticated indicator of revealed relatedness that measures the degree of skill relatedness between sectors on the basis of the intensity of labour flows between sectors. Intra-regional mobility of skilled labour had a negative effect on plant performance, but the impacts of intra- and inter-regional mobility depended on the type of skills that flow into the plant.
    Keywords: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Mapping local productivity advantages in Italy: industrial districts, cities or both? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: Using data from a large sample of Italian manufacturing firms we provide novel empirical evidence on the magnitude of local productivity advantages in two types of spatially concentrated regions: urban areas (UAs) and industrial districts (IDs). A larger surplus is estimated for cities compared to industrial clusters, only partially related to the more skilled workforce employed in UAs. Over the last decade, the productivity premium of UAs has remained essentially unchanged, while that of IDs has showed a tendency to decline, suggesting that the former were better able to cope with the major shocks that hit the world economy.
    Keywords: C52 - Model Evaluation and Selection, D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The path- and place-dependent nature of scientific knowledge production in biotech 1986-2008 (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: This study explores the worldwide spatial evolution of scientific knowledge production in biotechnology in the period 1986–2008. We employ new methodology that identifies new key topics in biotech on the basis of frequent use of title worlds in major biotech journals as an indication of new cognitive developments within this scientific field. Our analyses show that biotech is subject to a path- and place-dependent process of knowledge production. We observed a high degree of re-occurrences of similar key topics in biotech in consecutive years. Furthermore, slow growth cities in biotech are characterized by topics that are less technologically related to other topics, while high growth cities in biotech contribute to topics that are more related to the entire set of existing topics. Slow growth and stable growth cities in biotech introduced more new topics, while fast growth cities in biotech introduced more promising topics. Slow growth cities also showed low levels of research collaboration, as compared with stable and high growth cities.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L65 - Chemicals ; Rubber ; Drugs ; Biotechnology, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Global destruction networks, labour and waste (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: Analysis of waste has largely focused on the physical transformation of commodities at the ends of their lives. This has led to a discourse of ongoingness in which the re-use of commodities’ parts is often seen to be almost endless. Such a focus on form, though, fails to adequately account for the movement of value—used here in the Marxist sense of ‘congealed labour’—or to recognize the centrality of the labour process in shaping how previously used parts are prepared for inclusion in new commodities. As a way to correct such failings, here we present the concept of Global Destruction Networks (GDNs). In so doing we make two key arguments: (i) there are indeed limits to commodities’ ongoingness when viewed from the perspective of the production, transfer and realization of value and (ii) workers play key roles in shaping how GDNs are structured.
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    Co-agglomeration of knowledge-intensive business services and multinational enterprises (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: It has been argued that the relationship between knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) and multinational enterprises (MNEs) within the regional economy is advantageous for urban and regional dynamics. It is likely that KIBS aim to locate proximate to (internationally operating) MNEs because of agglomeration externalities. The impact of MNEs on the birth of KIBS has rarely been examined, and the research on the new formation of KIBS has mainly adopted a case study approach, thus limiting the opportunity for generalization. We have taken a more quantitative approach using a continuous space framework to test whether proximity is important for the co-location of KIBS and MNEs in the metropolitan area of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. Our results, controlled for other location factors, indicate that KIBS are co-agglomerated with MNEs and that the presence of a MNE significantly influences the birth of KIBS nearby, but the effect on such start-ups is considerably smaller than the positive effect of the presence of already established KIBS. We discuss the implications for urban and regional development strategies and policy initiatives.
    Keywords: F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope, L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The effect of agglomeration size on local taxes (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: Standard tax competition models predict a ‘race-to-the-bottom’ of corporate tax rates when firms are mobile. Recent theoretical literature shows that central regions with large clusters of economic activity are able to set positive tax rates without fear of losing firms to peripheral regions as the firms would forego ‘rents’ from agglomeration economies. We study whether local policy makers effectively tax such agglomeration rents. We test this with data from Swiss municipalities. We find that municipalities in large urban areas indeed set higher tax rates than those in small ones. Within urban areas, however, municipal tax rates are unrelated to the size of economic activity in and around municipalities while they are positively related to the size of the political jurisdiction. We see this result as evidence that the standard tax competition model for asymmetric jurisdictions is at work in the competition of municipalities within an urban area.
    Keywords: H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies, H32 - Firm, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R38 - Government Policies ; Regulatory Policies
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    The Quest for Prosperity: How Developing Economies Can Take Off (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Metropolitan Edison and cosmopolitan Pasteur? Agglomeration and interregional research network effects on European R&D productivity (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: This article examines empirically the relative influence of static and dynamic agglomeration effects on the one hand and research networking [measured by Framework Programme (FP) participation] on the other on regional R&D productivity in the European Union. We found that agglomeration is an important predictor of R&D productivity in the case of market-oriented (Edison-type) research while interregional scientific networking is an important determinant of R&D productivity in the case of science-driven (Pasteur-type) research. Importantly, the two determinants are never jointly significant. This finding indicates that in a knowledge production context, and contrary to what may happen in other areas of economic activity, agglomeration and scientific networking are neither substitutes nor complements but operate at distinct parts of the knowledge production process. Our findings uncover the principal components of regional knowledge production processes across European regions in a dynamic setting. They therefore allow us to explore counterfactual scenarios and characterize the effects of policy interventions. A simulation of the likely impacts of FP6 funds on regional R&D productivity demonstrates that the dynamic effect is greater in regions with high agglomeration.
    Keywords: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Work-life 'balance' and gendered (im)mobilities of knowledge and learning in high-tech regional economies (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-20
    Description: Over the past three decades, economic geographers have explored how the spatial co-location of firms in regional industrial agglomerations helps foster learning, innovation and economic competitiveness. While recent work highlights the crucial role of labour mobility in promoting inter-firm ‘knowledge spillovers’, it pays little attention to how gendered responsibilities of care and personal-life interests beyond the workplace shape workers’ (non)participation in the relational networks and communities of practice widely theorized as enabling learning and innovation. This article presents new data from two regional economies: Dublin, Ireland, and Cambridge, UK. It documents the role of ‘work–life balance’ provision across IT employers in shaping the cross-firm mobility of workers and the tacit knowledge, skills and competencies which they embody. The article disrupts the powerful premise that ‘cross-firm labour mobility is always and everywhere good’ which informs much of the regional learning literature. It also contributes to emerging debates around ‘holistic’ regional development.
    Keywords: J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility, J63 - Turnover ; Vacancies ; Layoffs
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    A Network-based view of regional growth (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-20
    Description: The need to better understand the mechanisms underlying regional growth patterns is widely recognized. This article argues that regional growth is partly a function of the value created through inter-organizational flows of knowledge within and across regions. It is proposed that investment in calculative networks by organizations to access knowledge is a form of capital, termed network capital , which should be incorporated into regional growth models. The article seeks to develop a framework to capture the value of network capital within these models based on the spatial configuration and the nature of the knowledge flowing through networks.
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    A probabilistic modeling approach to the detection of industrial agglomerations (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-20
    Description: Dating from the seminal work of Ellison and Glaeser in 1997, a wealth of evidence for the ubiquity of industrial agglomerations has been published. However, most of these results are based on analyses of single (scalar) indices of agglomeration. Hence, it is not surprising that industries deemed to be similar by such indices can often exhibit very different patterns of agglomeration—with respect to the number, size and spatial extent of individual agglomerations. The purpose of this article is thus to propose a more detailed spatial analysis of agglomeration in terms of multiple-cluster patterns, where each cluster represents a (roughly) convex set of contiguous regions within which the density of establishments is relatively uniform. The key idea is to develop a simple probability model of multiple clusters, called cluster schemes , and then to seek a ‘best’ cluster scheme for each industry by employing a standard model-selection criterion. Our ultimate objective is to provide a richer characterization of spatial agglomeration patterns that will allow more meaningful comparisons of these patterns across industries.
    Keywords: C49 - Other, L60 - General, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R14 - Land Use Patterns
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    The dynamics of the inventor network in German biotechnology: geographic proximity versus triadic closure (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-20
    Description: Economic geography has developed a stronghold analyzing how geography impacts innovation. Yet, despite increased interest in networks, a critical assessment of the role of geography in the evolution of networks is still lacking. This article attempts to explore the interplay between geographic distance and triadic closure as two main forces that drive the evolution of collaboration networks. Analyzing the evolution of inventor networks in German biotechnology, the article theoretically argues and empirically demonstrates that—as the technological regime of an industry changes over time—inventors increasingly rely on network resources by forming links to partners of partners, while the direct impact of geographic distance on tie formation decreases. Although initially triadic closure reinforces the geographic distance effect by closing triads among proximate inventors, over time triadic closure becomes an increasingly powerful vehicle to generate longer distance collaboration ties as the effect of geographic proximity decreases.
    Keywords: D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory, L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L65 - Chemicals ; Rubber ; Drugs ; Biotechnology, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Human capital externalities in cities: evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-20
    Description: We investigate whether increased geographic concentration of human capital generates positive externalities that benefit firms located in the area. Using a panel of Chinese manufacturing firms, we find a positive and statistically significant relationship between firm productivity and city-level human capital. This result is robust to alternative model specifications and estimation methods used and distinguishable from the effect of industry agglomeration and the spillover effect associated with foreign direct investment. We argue that human capital spillovers do not occur automatically and freely. The intensity of spillovers depends on the benefits and costs accrued to individual workers, which in turn depend on the growth, technological and institutional environments in which the firm operates. We find that the intensity of spillovers is greater in industries where human capital matters more, in larger or more densely populated cities and in more economically vibrant coastal cities. We also find that the intensity of spillovers is generally greater for non-state-owned firms than for state-owned ones and displays an upward trend, which is suggestive of an intensifying impact of market-oriented reforms on human capital externalities.
    Keywords: J30 - General, O40 - General, R10 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The economic geography of the IT industry in the Asia-Pacific region (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-20
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    On the spatial stickiness of UK new firm formation rates (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-20
    Description: This research explores persistence of new firm formation at the UK NUTS II level for the 1994–2007 period. The results obtained herewith suggest that interregional differences in new firm formation and their determinants are time persistent. The evidence produced shows that past new firm formation rates determine future ones and that, depending on the econometric specification, human capital, local industry structure, sources of external economies and local economic conditions and wealth are significant determinants. The analysis of new firm formation distribution dynamics suggests that whatever changes may arise in the external shape of distribution are not significant and intra-distribution mobility is limited.
    Keywords: C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods, L26 - Entrepreneurship, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    On the notion of regional economic resilience: conceptualization and explanation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: Over the past few years a new buzzword has entered academic, political and public discourse: the notion of resilience, a term invoked to describe how an entity or system responds to shocks and disturbances. Although the concept has been used for some time in ecology and psychology, it is now invoked in diverse contexts, both as a perceived (and typically positive) attribute of an object, entity or system and, more normatively, as a desired feature that should somehow be promoted or fostered. As part of this development, the notion of resilience is rapidly becoming part of the conceptual and analytical lexicon of regional and local economic studies: there is increasing interest in the resilience of regional, local and urban economies. Further, resilience is rapidly emerging as an idea ‘whose time has come’ in policy debates: a new imperative of ‘constructing’ or ‘building’ regional and urban economic resilience is gaining currency. However, this rush to use the idea of regional and local economic resilience in policy circles has arguably run somewhat ahead of our understanding of the concept. There is still considerable ambiguity about what, precisely, is meant by the notion of regional economic resilience, about how it should be conceptualized and measured, what its determinants are, and how it links to patterns of long-run regional growth. The aim of this article is to address these and related questions on the meaning and explanation of regional economic resilience and thereby to outline the directions of a research agenda.
    Keywords: B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary, R10 - General, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Same difference? Minority ethnic inventors, diversity and innovation in the UK (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: Minority ethnic inventors play important roles in US innovation, especially in high-tech regions such as Silicon Valley. Do ‘ethnicity–innovation’ channels exist elsewhere? Ethnicity could influence innovation via production complementarities from diverse inventor communities, co-ethnic network externalities or individual ‘stars’. I explore these issues using new UK patents microdata and a novel name-classification system. UK minority ethnic inventors are spatially concentrated, as in the USA, but have different characteristics reflecting UK-specific geography and history. I find that the diversity of inventor communities helps raise individual patenting, with suggestive influence of East Asian-origin stars. Majority inventors may benefit from multiplier effects.
    Keywords: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races ; Non-labor Discrimination, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Does neighbourhood influence ethnic inequalities in economic activity? Findings from the ONS Longitudinal Study (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: This article aims to test whether geographical factors have an important role in explaining ethnic inequalities in transitions between economic activities. It is based on the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study, which links together results from successive censuses in England for a random sample of respondents. It allows us to estimate the probability of transition into and out of employment and the labour market. Our analyses reported that ethnic minorities were, more likely than their White peers, to become unemployed and less likely to become employed. Living in a deprived neighbourhood was associated (positively) with transitions to unemployment and (negatively) with transitions to employment, especially among men. Ethnic diversity was negatively associated with job loss among employed women, but also for homemaking women and their chances of finding employment. Deprivation partially explained the ethnic minority disadvantage in the English labour market.
    Keywords: J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    A sharper image? Estimates of the precision of nighttime lights as a proxy for economic statistics (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: Much aggregate social-science analysis relies upon the standard national income and product accounts as a source of economic data. These are recognized to be defective in many poor countries, and are missing at the regional level for large parts of the world. Using updated luminosity (or nighttime lights) data, the present study examines whether such data contain useful information for estimating national and regional incomes and output. The bootstrap method is used for estimating the statistical precision of the estimates of the contribution of the lights proxy. We conclude that there may be substantial cross-sectional information in lights data for countries with low-quality statistical systems. However, lights data provide very little additional information for countries with high-quality data wherever standard data are available. The largest statistical concerns arise from uncertainties about the precision of standard national accounts data.
    Keywords: E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth, O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth ; Aggregate Productivity ; Cross-Country Output Convergence, R14 - Land Use Patterns
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The Butterfly Defect: How Globalization Creates Systemic Risks and What to Do about It (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Land use regulation and productivity--land matters: evidence from a UK supermarket chain (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: We use store-specific data for a UK supermarket chain to estimate the impact of planning on store output. Exploiting the variation in policies between England and other UK countries, we isolate the impact of Town Centre First (TCF) policies introduced in England. We find they directly reduced output by forcing stores onto less productive sites. We estimate TCF policies imposed a loss of output of 32% on a representative store opening after their rigorous implementation in 1996. Additionally, we show that, household numbers constant, more restrictive local authorities have fewer stores and lower chain sales within their areas.
    Keywords: L51 - Economics of Regulation, L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade ; e-Commerce, R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Tax havens and the production of offshore FDI: an empirical analysis (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: While most research on foreign direct investment (FDI) focuses on the ‘real’ economy, at least 30% of global FDI stock is intermediated through tax havens. Using 2010 IMF data on FDI stocks, this article sheds new light on geographical, historical and political determinants of offshore FDI. Despite its intangibility, offshore FDI is as sensitive to physical distance as real FDI. Offshore FDI links are particularly strong between colonial powers and their current and former colonies. The OECD, while officially leading an agenda against tax evasion, internalizes significant offshore FDI within its membership. Indeed, offshore FDI is pervasive, affecting wealthy economies as much as developing countries.
    Keywords: F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, G15 - International Financial Markets, H26 - Tax Evasion
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Cumulative exposure to disadvantage and the intergenerational transmission of neighbourhood effects (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: Studies of neighbourhood effects typically investigate the instantaneous effect of point-in-time measures of neighbourhood poverty on individual outcomes. It has been suggested that it is not solely the current neighbourhood, but also the neighbourhood history of an individual that is important in determining an individual’s outcomes. Using a population of parental home-leavers in Stockholm, Sweden, this study investigates the effects of two temporal dimensions of exposure to neighbourhood environments on personal income later in life: the parental neighbourhood at the time of leaving the home and the cumulative exposure to poverty neighbourhoods in the subsequent 17 years. Using unique longitudinal Swedish register data and bespoke individual neighbourhoods, we are the first to employ a hybrid model, which combines both random and fixed effects approaches in a study of neighbourhood effects. We find independent and non-trivial effects on income of the parental neighbourhood and cumulative exposure to poverty concentration neighbourhoods.
    Keywords: I30 - General, J60 - General, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Seeking Talent for Creative Cities: The Social Dynamics of Innovation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Accessing remote knowledge--the roles of trade fairs, pipelines, crowdsourcing and listening posts (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: Work on clusters during the last few decades convincingly demonstrates enhanced opportunities for local growth and entrepreneurship, but external upstream knowledge linkages are often overlooked or taken for granted. This article is an attempt to remedy this situation by investigating why and how young, single-site firms search for distant sources of complementary competences. The discussion is positioned within a comprehensive framework that allows a systematic investigation of the approaches available to firms engaged in globally extended learning. By utilizing the distinction between problem awareness (what remote knowledge is needed?) and source awareness (where does this knowledge reside?) the article explores the relative merits and inherent limitations of pipelines, listening posts, crowdsourcing and trade fairs to acquire knowledge and solutions from geographically and relationally remote sources.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Epistemic communities, localization and the dynamics of knowledge creation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: This article aims to clarify how epistemic communities dynamically shape the process of knowledge creation in a localized context and how the evolving interaction between different members of these communities enables knowledge to transit from its locus of emergence to the global market. It is argued that these dynamics rest on a series of clashes between different frames of reference, which enables bits of knowledge to be progressively revealed, enhanced, nurtured, interpreted and enacted collectively.
    Keywords: D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes, Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    How controversial innovation succeeds in the periphery? A network perspective of BASF Argentina (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: This article builds elements of a theory of peripheral innovation in transnational corporations. Although subsidiaries at the geographical periphery of the global economy and at the organizational periphery of their headquarters often contribute a negligible amount to the corporate global revenues, this article provides evidence on the role of these peripheries in knowledge creation and in enforcing controversial innovations. Based on an embedded and mixed-method case study of the Argentinean subsidiary of the chemical corporation BASF that uses qualitative interviews and a social network survey of knowledge sharing among employees, this article develops three sets of propositions about contextual and network opportunities for creating and enforcing innovations in the periphery of transnational corporations.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Exploring the role of industry intermediaries in the construction of 'Local Pipelines': The case of the Montreal Fur Garment Cluster and the rise of Fur-Fashion connections (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: The fur garment cluster in Montreal, Canada has been undergoing a gradual process of transformation in the last two decades, marked by the increasing incorporation of fashion design as a competitive strategy. This article explores the role played by a trade association intermediary, the Fur Council of Canada, to promote this design-led form of development. In particular, it examines a series of initiatives undertaken by the Fur Council in collaboration with other actors to promote greater links, or ‘local pipelines’, between the fashion and fur industries. Drawing primarily on semi-structured interviews, the article draws particular attention to efforts to reduce the cognitive distance between potential pipeline actors as a basis for pipeline construction.
    Keywords: Z13 - Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Negotiating conventions and creating community: the case of Cartoon and European animation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: This article examines the processes of negotiation and institution building through which transnational networks of learning are fashioned. It does so by examining the case of the European animation industry and the activity of an association, Cartoon, which facilitated the development of common conventions supporting cooperation and learning in this industry. The case draws attention to how issues of institutional context can frustrate collaboration and limit the scope of learning; simultaneously, it illustrates interventions that permitted the negotiation between situated and context-specific understandings on the one hand and the development of shared understandings and common conventions for action within the industry on the other. In sum, the article sheds light on the institutional work required to mobilize situated forms of knowledge and the important bridging functions that institutional entrepreneurs can play in this process.
    Keywords: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The creation of knowledge: local building, global accessing and economic development--toward an agenda (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: This article argues that local knowledge building and global (nonlocal) knowledge-accessing practices in economic development are intrinsically interwoven. They generate fundamental feedback loops, which are channeled through and lead to ongoing knowledge circulation. To better understand the nature of the specific mechanisms and conditions underlying these processes, three key areas of research are identified for current and future research. These are related to (i) creative agents and the nature of local creative processes, (ii) community formation and local creativity from ideas to market penetration and (iii) temporary gatherings as translocal knowledge platforms.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L23 - Organization of Production, M21 - Business Economics, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Global temporary networks of clusters: structures and dynamics of trade fairs in Asian economies (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: Acting as temporary clusters, trade fairs can turn into trans-local learning spaces in global industrial communities. However, up to now, how temporary gatherings are related to regional/national economies has not yet been systematically investigated. This article approaches the question with an international comparative study of trade fairs in Asian economies. Generally, consistent with a dynamic interpretation of temporary clusters, trade fairs exhibit a more diverse configuration of participants, being a setting more compatible for knowledge creation, in more developed Asian economies. However, structures of trade fairs are also influenced by organizational features of embedded economies. Further, seven flagship electronics fairs suggest an architecture of global temporary networks of clusters for high-end learning processes in the global knowledge economy.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, O53 - Asia including Middle East, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Africas information revolution: technical regimes and production networks in South Africa and Tanzania (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Dynamics of economic spaces in the global knowledge-based economy--theory and East Asian cases (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Evidence on immigrants assimilation into recipient labour markets using UK longitudinal data between 1981 and 2006 (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
    Description: How well do immigrants entering the UK assimilate into recipient labour markets? Using the underexploited, sizeable and long Lifetime Labour Market Database between 1981 and 2006, we investigate the evolution of the immigrant–native earnings gap—a measure of immigrants’ assimilation—across the entire earnings distribution, across cohorts and across nationalities. We are able to control for observable and unobservable individual-specific characteristics as well as for specific characteristics of both time periods and recipient labour markets, defined as small geographical areas, and crucially, for the interaction of the two, in a robust empirical model specification anchored in the human capital theory. We also control for cohort-specific effects and nationality-specific effects. Our results show little evidence of large or persistent earnings disparities across the earnings distribution, across cohorts or across nationalities. These findings are supportive evidence of successful assimilation of immigrants into the UK, suggesting that recipient labour markets primarily reward individuals’ characteristics other than, and regardless of, their immigration status. Nevertheless, some distinctive features emerge. When investigating the evolution of the immigrant–native earnings gap over time, our results illustrate how immigrants from different continents and cohorts have very different assimilation trajectories.
    Keywords: F22 - International Migration, J31 - Wage Level and Structure ; Wage Differentials, J71 - Discrimination
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The emergence of new technology-based industries: the case of fuel cells and its technological relatedness to regional knowledge bases (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
    Description: Evolutionary economic geographers propose that regional diversification is a path-dependent process whereby industries grow out of pre-existing industrial structures through technologically related localised knowledge spillovers and learning. This article examines whether this also applies to emerging radical technologies that create the foundation for new industries. The article develops a new measure for technological relatedness between the knowledge base of a region and that of a radical technology based on patent classes. It demonstrates that emerging fuel cell technology develops where the regional knowledge base is technologically related to that of fuel cells and consequently confirms the evolutionary thesis.
    Keywords: C23 - Models with Panel Data, Q55 - Technological Innovation, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Local development that money cannot buy: Italys Contratti di Programma (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
    Description: The study evaluates the effectiveness of a major Italian place-based policy ( Contratti di Programma ), by means of which the state approves and finances investment projects proposed by private firms. Using the areas to be exposed to the same policy at a later date as counterfactuals, the study finds little evidence of it having had a positive effect. It estimates a limited impact on plant and employment growth rates, which is confined to a small area (a single municipality) and likely crowds out the economic growth of the surrounding areas.
    Keywords: C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes, R58 - Regional Development Policy
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Everyday family experiences of the financial crisis: getting by in the recent economic recession (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
    Description: Literature within economic geography on the financialisation of everyday life has so far overlooked the role of family. Using data collected from ethnographic research with six families in the UK before and during the recent financial crisis, this article argues the case for using family as a lens through which to conceptualise everyday experiences of recession and finance. The findings highlight interpersonal family relationships, inter- and intra-generationality, gender responsibilities, reciprocity, shared experiences and memories as essential to conceptualising how people get by in times of financial crisis and relate to finance in everyday life. The conclusions outline the key contributions of the article to literatures on geographies of finance and family.
    Keywords: H31 - Household, I30 - General, Z13 - Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The geography of learning: Ferrari gestione sportiva 1929-2008 (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-19
    Description: This article considers the mechanisms that permit and enhance the movement of highly tacit component (technical) knowledge and geographically sticky architectural knowledge across borders and between clusters and firms. We address a number of critical research questions that relate to intra- and inter-locational knowledge transfer. We use a theory-driven, longitudinal, single case study to develop a conceptual framework to examine and describe how shifting the geography of knowledge sourcing can facilitate architectural change by following the transformation of one business unit within a specialist global organization through a series of evolutionary steps that involved internalizing new component knowledge from other firms and locations, transforming the company’s architectural knowledge through various transactions with firms and individuals from a foreign cluster, and eventually radically transforming the concept of the firm and its focus. We close by generalizing this model to address the fundamental processes of the spatial aspects of organizational learning.
    Keywords: O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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