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  • Articles  (5,401)
  • Oxford University Press  (5,401)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (4,258)
  • Geography  (1,143)
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  • Articles  (5,401)
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  • 1
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    Policy ideas and policy learning about 'basic research' in South Korea (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: ‘Basic research’ is based on epistemological and intentional criteria. In terms of science policy, however, these criteria imply contradictory views on investment in ‘basic research’. The former espouses the linear model of innovation and encourages policy-makers concerned with economic problems to expand investment on basic research. However, the latter can collide with the policy norm of policy-makers and discourage investment in ‘basic research’ in an institutional setting where the nation-state prevails over scientists, as in South Korea. Emphasizing policy ideas and policy learning, this paper empirically shows that changes in investment priority and the emergence of new concepts about ‘basic research’ are co-products of a policy paradigm of the linear model and a policy norm of industrial competitiveness in Korea. Specifically, emphasis was placed on the balance between pure and oriented basic research, but moved on to ‘oriented basic research’, ‘basic engineering’, and to ‘basic research’ coupled with ‘woncheon-technology’.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 2
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    Collaborative research for academic knowledge creation: How team characteristics, motivation, and processes influence research impact (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: Contending that collaboration management practices and interpersonal relationships are the main factors in successful collaboration in R&D, scholars have turned their attention to the relationships between collaborators. Internal factors in research collaboration activities are not yet understood at the team level. They are the so-called black box of collaboration study. The purpose of this paper is to empirically demonstrate how factors relating to team characteristics, motivation, and processes influence research impact. The study works from a multi-theoretical perspective, extending from behavioral science to general management study, and seeks to answer the question: How should we organize and manage a collaborative team to improve its research impact? The empirical results show that, along with previously identified qualitative and quantitative factors, input factors such as: project motivation, transformational leadership, frequent face-to-face communication, more outsourcing, more attentional resource, and more evenly distributed workload improve research impact.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 3
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    Why do international research collaborations last? Virtuous circle of feedback loops, continuity and renewal (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: It is often argued that the unintended consequences of science policy transformation over the last 50 years—increased role of fixed-term project funding, evaluation and temporary contracts—are short-termism, fragmentation and limited freedom to choose research topics and collaborators. This paper focuses on a phenomenon that should be highly unlikely in this context: long-term international research collaborations lasting over 10 and 20 years which remain creative and productive. To shed light on the little studied topic of why and how long-term international research collaborations evolve, the paper develops a mid-range theory from multiple longitudinal case studies. It suggests that long-term collaborations combining formal and informal interactions operate as virtuous circles whereas earlier results ensure feedback loops and thematic and organisational continuity, but renewal is crucial. The emergent theory is built from multiple data sources and methods analysing international collaborations in the emerging field of nanosciences in Europe.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 4
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    Cheap and Clean: How Americans Think About Energy in the Age of Global Warming by Stephen Ansolabehere and David M. Konisky (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 5
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    Vulnerability in Technological Cultures: New Directions in Research and Governance edited by Anique Hommels, Jessica Mesman and Wiebe E. Bijker (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 6
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    A cross-national environmental cluster collaboration: Shifting between an analytical and management level of the triple helix (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: The STInno project, which was part of the EU Framework Programme 7 aimed to minimise the distance between south–north regions in Europe with a specific focus on wastewater treatment clusters. Three triple helix collaborations from three different countries participated, using their knowledge to work on a case study of olive mill wastewaters. The objective of this paper was to study how the triple helix functioned in practice. Results showed that a management model of the triple helix is somewhat different from the analytical model. A shift between these two views occurred during the project and the participants had to relate to this, as it had an effect on the outcomes. Concepts of social capital and trust are used to further elaborate on this by emphasising the importance of the people side of the triple helix and how the original, analytical model can be limiting when used in management practice.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 7
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    Openness determinants of national research funding programmes in EU27 (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: We empirically study how the characteristics of research and innovation systems influence the openness of national research funding programmes as regards the availability of funding to non-resident researchers. Based on a unique data set of national R&D programmes in the EU27 we identify a number of country-specific factors. These factors determine the degrees of programme openness observed when controlling for programme features in a hierarchical estimation model. Interestingly, we find that the quality and performance of national research add to the explanation of programme openness, whereas national integration into EU funding and research collaboration does not.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 8
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    Why did the Portuguese economy stop converging with the OECD? Institutions, politics and innovation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Underlying the crisis affecting peripheral European countries is their structural, long-term loss of competitiveness (Hadjimichalis, 2011, European Urban and Regional Studies , 18: 254–274). This article will focus on the Portuguese case and discuss the institutional constraints that hindered its economy from transitioning towards the production of higher-value added goods and services. It will discuss institutions as the product of a political process laden with power asymmetries and argue that the dominance of a relatively small community at the heart of economic and political life in Portugal has conditioned the development of the economy as a whole. Using this framework, this article will then contribute to the literatures on innovation and technological modernisation and argue that alongside a technical process of catching up there is a political process that can enable or constrain development.
    Keywords: B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, P16 - Political Economy
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 9
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    The geography of financial inclusion across Europe during the global crisis (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: This article identifies the main determinants of financial inclusion, defined as the probability of using both banking and credit services, across 18 Eastern European economies and 5 Western European ‘comparator’ countries. We elicit demographic and socio-economic information on 25,000 European households from the second round of the Life in Transition Survey undertaken during the 2008–2010 global crisis; the survey also includes several questions on households’ financial decisions collecting data at the regional and local level. Our results show that households hit by negative job or income shocks and without any asset to pledge are less likely to be financially included, especially in Eastern Europe. The individual likelihood of financial inclusion is also affected by the average use of financial services at the local level suggesting the presence of a financial multiplier effect. These results provide useful information for mapping financial inclusion across Europe during the crisis, which in turn can inform policy action at the local level.
    Keywords: D14 - Personal Finance, G21 - Banks ; Other Depository Institutions ; Micro Finance Institutions ; Mortgages
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 10
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    Negotiated expertise in policy-making: How governments use hybrid advisory committees (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: By linking the realms of public policy-making, science and the public, advisory committees that include academics, state representatives and societal stakeholders answer to a double challenge that governments face today: a need for technical knowledge and an increasing demand for public acceptance and accountability. In contrast to purely scientific policy advice, little theoretical attention has so far been paid to these hybrid advisory committees. Drawing on and adapting research on knowledge utilisation, theories of delegation, decision-making and governance, an analytical framework of the use of multi-source, negotiated expertise will be developed and applied to four cases set up by the German Federal Government with mandates in social policy and in science and technology policy. The study shows the committees’ pronounced governance potential, which builds on their political and epistemic authority. It describes two distinct dynamics that lend the committees to instrumental, problem solving, and symbolic, substantiating purposes.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 11
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    Stakeholder-led knowledge production: Development of a long-term management plan for North Sea Nephrops fisheries (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: This paper investigates how different kinds of knowledge are mobilised in interactions between the stakeholders, scientists and bureaucrats who are involved in EU fisheries management. It reports on an initiative led by the North Sea Regional Advisory Council aimed at making a long-term management plan for Nephrops fisheries in the North Sea. The sharing of knowledge between the actors is explored using insights from organisation management, focusing on the kinds of resources and efforts that are needed at different boundaries to allow knowledge sharing and knowledge production to occur. The findings point to the challenge of reaching a common understanding between actors when both novelty and high stakes are involved. Experiences gained during this pioneering initiative raise questions about how far it is possible to take a ‘bottom up’ collaborative process aimed at developing management instruments within a setting where there are conflicts of interests between the stakeholders involved.
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  • 12
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    Integrating the supply and demand sides of public support to new technology-based firms (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: This paper analyses public support and argues that supply does not match demand in terms of the support needs of different types of new technology-based firms (NTBFs). The demand side of public support to NTBFs is analysed by developing a typology of NTBFs, based on venture origin and degree of innovativeness. Each type’s characteristics, challenges and support needs are identified. The supply side is analysed in terms of the goals, instruments and level of aggregation of the two main policy areas that provide support for NTBFs: small and medium-sized enterprise policy and science, technology and innovation policy. Finally, the demand and supply sides are compared and three main shortcomings of existing public support to NTBFs are identified. This paper makes a twofold contribution: first, the typology gives guidelines for policy-makers with respect to the support needs of the NTBFs. Second, it identifies shortcomings in existing public support and recommends improvements.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 13
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    Characterizing and comparing innovation systems by different 'modes' of knowledge production: A proximity approach (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: Though the concept of innovation systems has become influential in both academia and policy-making, an analytical approach to understanding innovation systems is still lacking. In particular, there is no analytical framework to measure ‘Mode 1’ and ‘Mode 2’ knowledge production. We propose a framework based on the proximity concept. Mode 1 and Mode 2 knowledge production are characterized by collaborations with cognitive, organizational, social, institutional and geographical proximity, and distance, respectively. Using a gravity model approach we apply our framework to the case of type 2 diabetes research and provide a characterization of the global innovation system and a comparative analysis of the North American and European innovation systems. Our main results hold that although collaborative research on type 2 diabetes generally follows a logic of proximity and hence is not characterized as Mode 2, important differences and similarities exist between the North American and European innovation systems.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 14
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    Epistemic integration of the European Research Area: The shifting geography of the knowledge base of Finnish research, 1995-2010 (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: The integration of national research systems is one of the central objectives of European research policies. Yet the epistemic objectives of this project have been poorly defined, and scant attention has been paid to whether political, social and financial integration of the European Research Area (ERA) is accompanied by epistemic integration. We discuss the conceptual framework and methodological practices to monitor research integration, and conclude that most of them, such as research collaboration, are only partial indicators of it. To augment existing approaches with an analysis of epistemic integration, we analyse the geographical sources of knowledge of Finnish research in the period 1995–2010. We show a broad shift towards a European knowledge base, demonstrating epistemic integration into the ERA, and that Finnish researchers are, paradoxically, sourcing knowledge from an increasingly distributed system of European knowledge hubs. As policy implications, we recommend clarifying the ERA’s epistemic objectives and redefining its strategy of ‘reducing fragmentation’.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 15
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    Research collaboration in the social sciences: What factors are associated with disciplinary and interdisciplinary collaboration? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: Attention is increasingly directed toward better understanding the factors driving collaborations among researchers, particularly between researchers from different disciplinary backgrounds. This study investigates factors associated with disciplinary and interdisciplinary research collaboration in the social sciences. We utilize data from a survey of Australian-based social scientists. Interdisciplinary collaboration constitutes a considerable proportion of social scientists’ collaboration activity. Factors linked to the duration and diversity of research careers are positively associated with participation in collaborations. Job experience in Australian and foreign universities also boosts total collaboration, while holding an international citizenship increases interdisciplinary collaboration. Interdisciplinary collaborations are also associated with researcher orientation toward applied research activity. Investment in social science research is important for maintaining existing interdisciplinary and applied collaborations, although better information on these collaborations is desirable. Measures to expand such collaborations should take career stage into account. Broad-based population policies may also be an important underlying factor supporting international collaboration.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 16
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    The economic effects of owner distance and local property management in US office markets (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Using a large dataset of US offices we analyse the relationship between investors’ distance to their assets and the effective rent of these assets, and study the extent to which property managers can influence this relationship. We construct hedonic rent models to control for other known rent determinants. It turns out that proximity matters: holding everything else constant, investors located closely to their office buildings are able to extract significantly higher effective rents from these assets, especially if these buildings are of low quality. This effect is due to significant differences in occupancy levels. Interestingly, property managers can affect this relationship, mitigating the adverse effects of investor distance on effective office rents. Especially if the owner does not reside in the same state as the building, external property management is of importance, most prominently so for class-B office buildings.
    Keywords: G11 - Portfolio Choice ; Investment Decisions, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis, R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 17
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    Exporting to Russia? Entry barriers for food suppliers in a territory in transition (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: This article draws on extensive fieldwork conducted in Central Asia to explore food exports to Russia. It takes its theoretical starting point in global value chain theory and pinpoints chain entry barriers relating to financing, transportation and standards. The article also proposes rethinking the aspects of territoriality and institutional context, and suggests their integration into one concept, or rather a process of contextualizing territories. In doing so, the article argues for a methodology that not only examines current events, but also captures change as particularly important in what we term the territory in transition examined here.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 18
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    Regions and material flows: investigating the regional branching and industry relatedness of port traffics in a global perspective (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: This article proposes a quantitative analysis of the interdependencies between port specialization and regional specialization across the world. A global database is elaborated, covering about 360 port regions in both developed and developing countries. One goal is to verify how interdependent port traffic and regional characteristics are, in a context of increasingly flexible commodity and value chains. Despite the aggregated dimension of available data and the heterogeneity of local situations, the main results confirm the affinity between the primary sector and raw materials traffic, and between the tertiary sector and general cargo traffic, whereas the industrial sector offers mixed evidence. This allows us to address fundamental questions raised by both economic geography and regional science about transport and local development. The global typology of port regions points to certain regularities in their spatial distribution, and the article discusses the policy implications of particular cases.
    Keywords: L90 - General, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R40 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 19
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    Towards a typology of repositioning strategies of GVC/GPN suppliers: the case of functional upgrading and downgrading (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: This article examines various upgrading and downgrading repositioning firm strategies within global value chains (GVCs) or global production networks (GPNs). It builds upon recent evidence that the mode of governance could vary profoundly among firms engaged in the same GVC/GPN. Therefore, the relevance of particular types of upgrading that were originally derived from the ideal types of GVC/GPN governance will be reconsidered. It is argued that the existing dissonance in the literature over possibilities for functional upgrading can be attributed to the different modes of governance that can exist within a particular GVC/GPN and to the diverse nature of functional upgrading. Consequently, a typology of functional upgrading is outlined, and it is argued that these different types vary significantly according to their probability and potential risk-benefit ratios. The article also introduces passive, adaptive and strategic downgrading and outlines their potential negative and positive effects on firms.
    Keywords: F63 - Economic Development, L23 - Organization of Production, L60 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 20
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    Infrastructure as a traded product: A relational approach to finance in practice (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: As nations continue to grapple with growing infrastructure demand, financial markets will play an increasingly prominent role in the landscape for urban infrastructure. Yet existing literature tends to depict the ‘financialization’ of urban infrastructure assets as a restless move towards market efficiency aided by the growing transparency of financial information. This article offers a different view, showing how the spatial richness of financial data for infrastructure has progressed towards what we term a more permanent state of ‘informational translucency’. We draw on 53 interviews with participants in the market for infrastructure investment to present this more complicated picture of infrastructure finance, thereby elaborating a more granular understanding of how information flows through and shapes financial market geography. From this we propose a relational model that contributes to theoretical understandings of how financial products are intermediated over time and space.
    Keywords: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 21
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    Islamic charitable infrastructure and giving in East London: Everyday economic-development geographies in practice (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: This article extends research exploring progressive models of reproducing economic life by reporting on research into some of the infrastructure, practices and motivations for Islamic charitable giving in London. In so doing the article: (i) makes visible sets of values, practices and institutions usually hidden in an otherwise widely researched international financial centre; (ii) identifies multiple, hard-to-research civic actors who are mobilising diverse resources to address economic hardship and development needs; and (iii) considers how these charitable values, practices and agents contribute to contemporary thinking about progressive economic possibilities.
    Keywords: D14 - Personal Finance, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 22
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    Estimating the impact of Mexican drug cartels and drug-related homicides on crime and perceptions of safety (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: We estimate the impact of drug cartels and drug-related homicides on crime and perceptions of security in Mexico. Since the location where drug cartels operate might be endogenous, we combine the difference-in-difference estimator with instrumental variables. Using surveys on crime victimization we find that people living in areas that experienced drug-related homicides are more likely to take extra security precautions. Yet, these areas are also more likely to experience certain crimes, particularly thefts and extortions. In contrast, these crimes and perceptions of insecurity do not change in areas where cartels operate without leading to drug-related homicides.
    Keywords: C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation, K49 - Other, R59 - Other
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 23
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    The evolution of municipal structure (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: In most US states, urban expansions are governed by ‘popular determination’, under which residents make annexation decisions through referendum. Yet little research analyzes how urban spatial structure evolves under this system. We develop a model to examine how urban residents’ collective decisions on annexations and property taxes and their interactions with agricultural landowners affect municipal structure under popular determination. We find that the evolution process of an urban area can be divided into four stages similar to human life stages (infancy, juvenile, adulthood and maturity), characterized by the pace of development. The key parameters that determine urban spatial structure include agricultural rents, construction costs, interest rate, and the rate and uncertainty of income growth. Cities tend to be more spread-out and consist of a large number of smaller municipalities, in regions with lower agricultural land rents, lower construction costs, and lower rate and uncertainty of income growth.
    Keywords: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects, Q24 - Land, R14 - Land Use Patterns
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 24
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    Small and medium-sized enterprises, intellectual property, and public policy (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: The objective of this paper is to study the use of intellectual property (IP) rights by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The paper draws on different surveys and studies in selected countries, with an emphasis on Canadian SMEs, to compare the use and exploitation of IP by company size. The paper finds that despite the potential benefits of acquiring formal IP rights for SMEs, they use IP rights to a lesser degree than large companies due to several factors, mainly the low rate of innovation compared to large companies and the cost and complexity of the IP system. The paper also presents a framework to analyze whether there is a role for government to play in this area, and how the government could address this under-utilization of IP rights by SMEs.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 25
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    Interdisciplinary research and geography: Overcoming barriers through proximity (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: Contributions on interdisciplinary research have so far focused on barriers to such collaborations and strategies for overcoming these. In this paper, we propose that a geographical perspective contributes to understand the formation of successful interdisciplinary research collaborations. The empirical analysis of a centre for clinical cancer research illustrates the importance of considering the role of geographical proximity to collaborators and decision-makers, as well as the co-location of excellent research groups within different fields, in overcoming barriers to interdisciplinary research. We suggest that policies aimed at stimulating lasting interdisciplinary research collaborations should take the distance between collaborators into account.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 26
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    Knowledge-Intensive Entrepreneurship in Low-Tech Industries edited by Hartmut Hirsch-Kreinsen and Isabel Schwinge (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 27
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    Education, training and skills in innovation policy (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: The main question that guides this paper is how governments are focusing (and must focus) on competence building (education, training and skills) when designing and implementing innovation policies. After a brief literature review, this paper suggests a typology of internal/external and individual/organizational sources of competences that are related to innovation activities. This serves to examine briefly the most common initiatives that governments are taking in this regard. The paper identifies three overall deficiencies and imbalances in innovation systems in terms of education, training and skills: the insufficient levels of competences in a system, the time lag between firms’ short-term needs for specific competences and the long time required to develop them, and the imbalances between internal and external sources of competences in firms. From these, the paper elaborates a set of overall criteria for the (re)design of policy instruments addressing those tensions and imbalances.
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    Ex-ante evaluation of publicly funded R&D projects: Searching for exploration (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: Ex-ante evaluation of publicly funded R&D projects is a very important part of the public funding process. The main purpose of the ex-ante evaluation process is to rate and choose which R&D projects the public program wishes to support financially. Publicly funded R&D projects in the energy sector can contribute to the further development of explorative and existing energy technologies that meet climate challenges. The aim of this paper is to investigate the ex-ante evaluation process of a Danish energy program with regard to exploration. The paper applies a qualitative approach, combining in-depth interviews with an observation study of 34 project evaluations. The findings show that there is a divergence and confusion between what the informants think constitutes the main purpose of the program, the ex-ante evaluation process, and the level of exploration. The policy implications can help to improve the ex-ante evaluation process of publicprograms.
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    The evolving role of collaboration in developing scientific capability: Evidence from Korean government-supported research institutes (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: Scholars have emphasized the role of collaboration for the development of scientific capability and economic growth in developing countries. However, due to the difficulty in obtaining the appropriate evidence, there has been little empirical research on the role of collaboration in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolving collaboration strategy of Korea’s government-supported research institutes (GRIs). Using 44 years of bibliographic data, our analytic framework, which considers the dependence and diversity in knowledge creation, established three main findings. First, the transition of knowledge inflow into the competency of research organizations in developing countries requires the drive of the government along with the internalization of knowledge. Second, universities play an important role in sharing knowledge as scientific capability grows. Third, the role of GRIs with regards to collaboration changes as the scientific capability of external R&D entities and policy directions change.
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    Shale gas: Energy innovation in a (non-)knowledge society: A press discourse analysis (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: For years, technological innovations have been the cause of controversy. In reaction to this, increasingly often the bodies responsible for implementing these innovations undertake social dialogue with stakeholders. An important environment for this is media discourse, which defines the problems and key actors and disseminates strategies for argumentation. Effective communication on public policies is one of the challenges in deliberative democracy. This paper aims to analyse the role of experts and knowledge in reference to the models of public communication on shale gas. Using a qualitative press analysis, an incoherence was observed in the understanding of knowledge and the profile of experts and the models of communication using them. The communication, which is rather oriented towards persuasion without legitimisation of scientific factual knowledge, fails. Reference in the discourse to the unknown or uncertain directs attention to the issues related to the strategic exploitation of nonknowledge.
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    The Innovator's Hypothesis: How Cheap Experiments Are Worth More Than Good Ideas by Michael Schrage (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
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    What do scientists think about the public and does it matter to their online engagement? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: A survey of a large, US-based science organization with members from a range of disciplines ( n = 431) found relatively positive views about the public but such views were largely unrelated to past online engagement or willingness to engage in the future. Social norms, efficacy, and a desire to contribute to the public debate were the primary correlates of engagement. The research aims to provide quantitative evidence about how specific attitudes might limit scientists’ willingness to communicate with the public online in the context of recent calls to scientists to take a more active role in public debates about policy involving scientific issues. It highlights substantial remaining uncertainty about the drivers of engagement and the attendant need for ongoing research.
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    Innovation and Inequality: Emerging Technologies in an Unequal World edited by Susan Cozzens and Dhanaraj Thakur (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
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    Railroads, factor channelling and increasing returns: Cleveland and the emergence of the American manufacturing belt (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: American Manufacturing Belt (AMB) emergence has been used by NEG theorists as a prime example of how increasing returns foster industrial concentration. Other studies suggest the AMB was in place before increasing returns became established. This study examines this previously unrecognized contradiction. An analysis of Cleveland, one of the fastest growing of AMB cities, is undertaken using new data sources. This finds the railroad sector crucial in generating direct employment and stimulating related industrial investment through forward and backward linkages. The former are associated with ‘factor channeling’—planned strategies to direct raw material flows to the city. NEG theorists’ under-emphasis on raw material provision and their use of the iceberg model to avoid analysis of the railroad sector is therefore found to be erroneous. The increasing returns hypothesis is evaluated using new data for several industrial sectors and rejected as a valid explanation for early manufacturing growth in Cleveland.
    Keywords: N61 - U.S. ; Canada: Pre-1913, N71 - U.S. ; Canada: Pre-1913, R15 - Econometric and Input-Output Models ; Other Models
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Global pipelines for innovation: insights from the case of Norway (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: Using data on 418 Norwegian firms, the results confirm the hypotheses that innovative/radically innovative firms tend to be more involved in international personal and formal networks than non-innovative/incrementally innovative ones. While regional and national networks are much more widespread than international ones, they are not significantly positively associated with innovation. International personal networks and international links with suppliers and customers and with universities and research institutions, as well as global buzz with strangers, are positively related to innovation. This suggests that innovation management and policy, in particular in countries with a limited national innovation base, could benefit from facilitating certain international networks.
    Keywords: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, R00 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Culture, spatial diffusion of ideas and their long-lasting imprints--evidence from Froebel's kindergarten movement (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: We document the spatial diffusion of Friedrich Froebel’s radical invention of kindergartens in 19th-century Germany. The first kindergarten was founded at Froebel’s birthplace. Early spatial diffusion can be explained by cultural proximity, measured by historical dialect similarity, to Froebel’s birthplace. This result is robust to the inclusion of higher order polynomials in geographic distance and similarity measures with respect to industry, geography or religion. Our findings suggest that a common cultural basis facilitates the spill-over of ideas. We further show that the contemporaneous spatial pattern of child care coverage is still correlated with cultural similarity to Froebel’s place of birth.
    Keywords: J13 - Fertility ; Family Planning ; Child Care ; Children ; Youth, N33 - Europe: Pre-1913, Z13 - Economic Sociology ; Economic Anthropology
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Local warming and violent conflict in North and South Sudan (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: Our article contributes to the emerging micro-level strand of the literature on the link between local variations in weather shocks and conflicts by focusing on a pixel-level analysis for North and South Sudan between 1997 and 2009. Temperature anomalies are found to strongly affect the risk of conflict, whereas the risk is expected to magnify in a range of 24–31% in the future under a median scenario. Our analysis also sheds light on the competition over natural resources, in particular water, as the main driver of such relationship in a region where pastoralism constitutes the dominant livelihood.
    Keywords: D74 - Conflict ; Conflict Resolution ; Alliances, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Accuracy and efficiency in simulating equilibrium land-use patterns for self-organizing cities (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: Lucas and Rossi-Hansberg (L&RH) (2002, Econometrica , 70: 1445–1476) and Fujita and Ogawa (F&O) (1982, Regional Science and Urban Economics , 12: 161–196, 1989, Environment and Planning A , 21: 363–374) develop urban models in which economic activity self-organizes due to spillovers in production. However, F&O (1982, Regional Science and Urban Economics , 12: 161–196, 1989, Environment and Planning A , 21: 363–374) show that rents and employment density are flat or falling as the city center is approached, while in the simulations of L&RH (2002, Econometrica , 70: 1445–1476), rents rise at an increasing rate toward the center suggesting a concentration of employment near the center. For the Lucas and Rossi-Hansberg model, we prove that land rents and density must be flat or falling near the center. We explain how using a polar coordinate system when approximating a two-dimensional integral can create systematic imprecision in their simulations, and then present revised simulations. The proofs and simulations suggest that in urban models where economic activity self-organizes firms do not unduly cluster at the center of a central business district even in monocentric equilibria.
    Keywords: R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies, R14 - Land Use Patterns, R30 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Chicken or egg? The PVAR econometrics of transportation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: To analyse the mutually dependent relationship between local economic performance, demand for and supply of transport services, we employ the structural panel VAR method that is popular in the macroeconomic literature, but has not previously been applied to the modelling of the within-city dynamics of transportation. We focus on a within-city panel of Berlin, Germany during the heyday of the construction of its dense public transit network (1890–1914). Our results suggest that economic outcomes and a supply of transport infrastructure mutually determine each other. We find a short-run (long-run) elasticity of property prices with respect to transport supply of 2% (8.5%). Both transport demand and supply seem to be driven more by firms than by residents.
    Keywords: N73 - Europe: Pre-1913, N74 - Europe: 1913-, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R14 - Land Use Patterns, R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion ; Safety and Accidents ; Transportation Noise
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    Transnational corporations shaping institutional change: the case of English law firms in Germany (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: Questions remain about the factors that influence the ability of transnational corporations (TNCs) to shape processes of institutional change. In particular, questions about power relations need more attention. To address such questions, this article develops a neo-institutional theory-inspired analysis of the case of English law firms and their impacts on institutional change in Germany. The article shows that the shaping of the direction of institutional change by English legal TNCs was a product of conjunctural moments in which local institutional instability combined with the presence, resources and strategies of the TNCs to redirect the path of institutional evolution. This draws attention to the need to go beyond the TNC and its resources and to consider the way a diverse array of local actors and their generating of instability in existing institutional structures influence the ability of TNCs to become involved in processes of institutional change in particular, conjunctural moments in time.
    Keywords: General, L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services, M16 - International Business Administration
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    Airport cities and metropolitan labor markets: an extension and response to Cidell (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: Using Census 2000 CTPP tract-level data for the 51 largest U.S. metropolitan areas, airport cities—agglomerations of employment anchored by airports—are placed in the context of metropolitan spatial form in order to understand their emergence and function. Major airports anchor significant concentrations of employment which average one-third to one-half the size of the respective CBDs, depending upon the operationalization, while 80% of the airports anchor employment agglomerations. Airport cities are anchored by airports but not driven by aviation. The relationship between spatial form and economic function suggests that need for airport access determines the location of transportation-providing employment while spatial employment filtering, based on urban land costs and agglomeration benefits, are responsible for the presence of transportation-supporting and transportation-using employment, such as producer services.
    Keywords: L93 - Air Transportation, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The role of major infrastructure in subregional economic development: an empirical study of airports and cities (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: The link between airports, air service and regional economic development has been well-established and used to justify airport expansion at the expense of local communities because of subsequent region-wide benefits. However, local-level spatial analyses based on US Economic Census data indicate that economic benefits in terms of professional and administrative employment do not necessarily offset local economic and quality of life costs. Furthermore, arguments for an airport city or aerotropolis phenomenon in the US context ignore the individual histories and morphologies of metropolitan areas and overstate the influence an airport has on the economic development of its region.
    Keywords: L93 - Air Transportation, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion ; Safety and Accidents ; Transportation Noise, R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis ; Public Investment and Capital Stock
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    Cities and product variety: evidence from restaurants (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: This article measures restaurant variety in US cities and argues that city structure directly increases product variety by spatially aggregating demand. I discuss a model of entry thresholds in which market size is a function of both population and geographic space and evaluate implications of this model with a new data set of 127,000 restaurants across 726 cities. I find that geographic concentration of a population leads to a greater number of cuisines and the likelihood of having a specific cuisine is increasing in population and population density, with the rarest cuisines found only in the biggest, densest cities. Further, there is a strong hierarchical pattern to the distribution of variety across cities in which the specific cuisines available can be predicted by the total count. These findings parallel empirical work on Central Place Theory and provide evidence that demand aggregation has a significant impact on consumer product variety.
    Keywords: L10 - General, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The New Geography of Capitalism: Firms, Finance, and Society (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
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    Econometric modelling of the regional knowledge production function in Europe (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: By adopting a semiparametric approach, the ‘traditional’ regional knowledge production function is developed in three complementary directions. First, the model is augmented with region-specific time trends to account for endogeneity due to selection on unobservables . Second, the nonparametric part of the model relaxes the standard assumptions of linearity and additivity regarding the effect of R&D and human capital. Finally, the assumption of homogeneity in the effects of R&D and human capital is also relaxed by explicitly accounting for the differences between developed and lagging regions. The analysis of the genesis of innovation in the regions of the European Union unveils nonlinearities, threshold effects, complex interactions and shadow effects that cannot be uncovered by standard parametric formulations.
    Keywords: C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods, C23 - Models with Panel Data, O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    The combined effects of age and seniority on research performance of full professors (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: In this paper we examine the relationship between research performance, age, and seniority in academic rank of full professors in the Italian academic system. Differently from a large part of the literature, our results generally show a negative monotonic relationship between age and research performance, in all the disciplines under analysis. We also highlight a positive relationship between seniority in rank and performance, occurring particularly in certain disciplines. While in medicine, biology, and chemistry this result could be explained by the ‘accumulative advantage’ effect, in other disciplines, like civil engineering, and pedagogy and psychology, it could be due to the existence of a large performance differential between young and mature researchers, at the moment of the promotion to full professors. These results, witnessed both generally and at the level of the individual disciplines, offer useful insights for policy makers and administrators in academia on the role of older professors.
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    Too big to innovate? Exploring organizational size and innovation processes in scientific research (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: We explore the impact of organizational size in six federally funded research organizations on a range of organizational processes related to the pursuit of innovation. The data utilized consisted of 266 scientists drawn from 64 research projects across five programmatic research areas: alternative energies, biology, chemistry, geophysical sciences, and material sciences. A sixth project category was added to accommodate the highly interdisciplinary character of a handful of projects. Although the data had some limitations, it was found that organizational size had a negative impact on three categories of innovation processes: the amount of time spent in research and professional activities, how research time is spent, and exchanges of technical knowledge. In addition, some potential advantages of larger size, such as: greater research resources, better perceived managerial quality or a visionary strategy, were not found to be significant.
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    Resilient science: The civic epistemology of disaster risk reduction (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: In this paper, we use insights from science studies to elucidate the nature of advisory science in the context of disasters, particularly those involving geophysical hazards. We argue that there are some key differences between disaster advisory science and the issues that are most discussed in science studies: they are both time- and space-specific and they constitute major social, economic and scientific shocks. We suggest that disasters require flexible advisory structures that maximise the co-production of science and social order, and present a framework for this. We argue that the aim of increasing resilience to natural hazards requires that sociology of scientific knowledge play a part in the application of scientific advice: disaster studies has focused on the reduction of vulnerability as a reaction against technical-rational models of scientific advice, but in doing so has restricted the potential role of the social sciences in the framing of scientific advice and expertise.
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    How venture capitalists decide which new medical technologies come to exist (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: To encourage the commercial translation of biomedical discoveries, public policies increasingly seek to stimulate the venture capital industry. Very little is known, however, about the way venture capitalists assess the likely benefits new technologies may bring to clinical practice and healthcare systems. Drawing on a five-year fieldwork conducted in Quebec (Canada), which included in-depth interviews and document analysis, we explore why capital investors choose to invest in certain health technology-based ventures and how they influence the innovation process. Our findings clarify how capital investors: first, use market-oriented valuations when they pick and ‘coach’ technology entrepreneurs; second, act to transform and protect their investments; and finally, exert their authority along the technology development process. Current innovation policies should be carefully examined because capital investors’ understanding of the world in which they operate largely determines which health technologies make their way into healthcare systems and which may never come into existence.
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    Signaling and accrediting new technology: Use of procurement for innovation in China (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: In China the use of public procurement as an innovation policy instrument has been closely associated with the drive to promote indigenous innovation. Implementation was largely through the use of catalogues intended to signal and to formally accredit the supply and demand of technologically-oriented products. This paper reviews these experiences by examining the wider context and three case studies. Accreditation is shown to carry a risk of protectionism. Signaling performs a function analogous to a technology roadmap and was assisted by giving listed technologies priority for public procurement. For both types of instrument the intended mechanism did not work as planned but the broader role they sought to fill was an important factor in bringing innovations to market. The appropriateness and effectiveness of such instruments are shown to be dependent upon the state of both the innovation and the procurement systems in which they are set.
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    Moral hazard and adverse selection in research funding: Centres of excellence in Norway and Sweden (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: The past two decades have seen an increase in the use of funding schemes such as ‘centres of excellence’. This paper examines how centre of excellence schemes have been adapted to two distinct national public research systems (Norway and Sweden) and the role of the schemes in the systems. It develops a conceptual framework involving three impact dimensions of the centres: organisational, social and international. Together with principal–agent theory the conceptual framework is used to investigate and explain which dimensions are given the most emphasis in the two countries. The main findings are that, in a country with a highly competitive funding system (Sweden), funding agencies emphasise organisational impact to overcome the problem of moral hazard, while a country characterised by relatively high block grant funding of the universities (Norway) tends to emphasise international impact, and invests in strategies to overcome the problem of adverse selection.
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    Gender and patterns of temporary mobility among researchers (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: This article addresses the patterns of gender and temporary international research visits among researchers, using data from a population of 10,349 Spanish doctorate holders in nine research fields. It analyzes rates of international mobility, and the frequency, duration, and destinations of temporary visits, by gender, with implications for scientific careers. We find that in their overall rates of mobility across fields, women are more internationally mobile than men. But compared to men: first, women’s frequency of international visits is lower; second, their visits occur at earlier ages and stages in their careers; third, their visits are shorter; and finally, their destinations are closer to home. Given the paucity of empirical research on gender and international research mobility, the patterns reported here are sound data points for continuing comparative, cross-national investigations, and point to consequential considerations for gender equity and science and public policy.
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    Incentives and barriers for R&D-based SMEs to participate in European research programs: An empirical assessment for the Netherlands (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: As participation by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in European collaboration research programs is less than has been striven for, this study investigates the motives of R&D-based SMEs for (non)participation in these programs. Based on the resource-based view, we formulate a set of hypotheses about incentives and barriers that influence the likelihood of participation by SMEs. These hypotheses are empirically tested using a survey of 247 Dutch R&D-based SMEs. We find that European collaborative research programs attract the participation of rather limited numbers of especially science-based SMEs having prior experience with international collaboration, based on the incentives of cost sharing and knowledge sharing and the barrier formed by the costs of participating in these programs. Policy measures are derived that might improve the participation of SMEs in European collaborative research programs are derived from our results.
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    Innovating in Urban Economies: Economic Transformation in Canadian City-Regions edited by David A. Wolfe (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Convergence or divergence? Wind power innovation paths in Europe and Asia (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: Wind power is increasingly vital for meeting energy challenges and mitigating global climate change and is therefore an important part of renewable energy portfolios in many countries. Given the key and evolving roles of European and Asian countries in driving this sector, this article focuses on two sets of key questions: first, do wind power innovation paths differ between Europe and Asia? If so, how do they differ? Second, do innovation paths reflect different initial conditions in Europe and Asia? Can we expect divergence in the future? We find that although national paths are shaped by a range of national characteristics and therefore differ along key dimensions, the increasing roles of cross-national firm interactions amplify tendencies towards global convergence. These patterns of divergence and convergence can potentially enhance the contribution of wind power to the low-carbon transition but also have implications for the competitive dynamics of the wind power industry.
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    Limits to meritocracy? Gender in academic recruitment and promotion processes (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: According to the literature, women researchers are sometimes at a disadvantage in academic recruitment due to insufficient network ties and subtle gender biases among evaluators. But how exactly do highly formal recruitment procedures allow space for mobilizing informal, potentially gendered, network ties? Focusing on the preliminary stages of recruitment, this study covers an underexposed aspect of women’s underrepresentation in academia. By combining recruitment statistics and interviews with department heads at a Danish university, it identifies a discrepancy between the institutionalized beliefs among managers in the meritocracy and the de facto functioning of the recruitment procedures. Of the vacancies for associate- and full professorships, 40% have one applicant, and 19% are announced under closed procedures with clear implications for gender stratification. The interviews reveal a myriad of factors explaining these patterns showing how department heads sometimes exploit decoupling processes to reduce external constraints on management function and ensure organizational certainty.
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    Twenty challenges for innovation studies (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: With the field of innovation studies (IS) now half a century old, the occasion has been marked by several studies looking back to identify the main advances made over its lifetime. Starting from a list of 20 advances over the field’s history, this discussion paper sets out 20 challenges for coming decades. The intention is to prompt a debate within the IS community on what are, or should be, the key challenges, and more generally on what sort of field we aspire to be. It is argued that the empirical focus of our studies has failed to keep pace with the fast changing world, especially the shift from manufacturing to services and the increasingly urgent need for sustainability. The way we conceptualise, define, operationalise and analyse ‘innovation’ seems somewhat rooted in the past, leaving us less able to grapple with other less visible or ‘dark’ forms of innovation.
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    Chemicals without Harm: Policies for a Sustainable World by Ken Geiser (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
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    Local variety and firm diversification: an evolutionary economic geography perspective (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: The aim of this article is to investigate whether and how local agglomeration forces—related and unrelated variety—influence firm diversification. Using a large dataset of 5112 Italian manufacturing business groups for the year 2001, and estimating Tobit models, we show the ‘consistency’ between the patterns of firm diversification and that of the local system in which the firm is located. Specifically, firms located in local systems dominated by unrelated variety are more likely to show unrelated diversification patterns, while firms located in local systems dominated by related variety are more likely to show related diversification patterns. This supports the Evolutionary Economic Geography prediction of firm similarity ‘within’ the same local system, and firm heterogeneity ‘between’ different local systems.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Globalization and local profiles of economic growth and industrial change (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: The aggregate German economy is characterized by a secular decline of manufacturing and a rise of modern service industries. This trend of structural change is not uniform across space, however. Some regions exhibit it at an accelerated pace, while other regions reinforced their manufacturing specializations. We first categorize all German regions into one of three groups, with ‘pro-trend’, ‘anti-trend’ or ‘featureless’ growth and provide a detailed comparison of these groups. Afterwards we propose an explanation why a particular region ended up in one of those groups: We argue that the profiles of regional growth and change are systematically related to the initial sizes, and the import and export exposures of the local manufacturing sectors.
    Keywords: F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions, O14 - Industrialization ; Manufacturing and Service Industries ; Choice of Technology, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    On firms product space evolution: the role of firm and local product relatedness (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: We explore the role of firm- and local product-specific capabilities in fostering the introduction of new products in the Turkish manufacturing. Firms’ product space evolution is characterised by strong cognitive path dependence that, however, is relaxed by firm heterogeneity in terms of size, efficiency and international exposure. The introduction of new products in laggard Eastern regions, which is importantly linked to the evolution of their industrial output, is mainly affected by firm’s internal product- specific resources. On the contrary, product innovations in Western advanced regions hinge relatively more on the availability of local technological- related competencies.
    Keywords: D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O53 - Asia including Middle East
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Measuring industry coagglomeration and identifying the driving forces (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: Understanding industry agglomeration and its driving forces is critical for the formulation of industrial policy in developing countries. Crucial to this process is the definition and measurement of agglomeration. We construct a new coagglomeration index based purely on the location of firms. We examine what this index reveals about the importance of transport costs, labour market pooling and technology transfer for agglomeration processes, controlling for overall industry agglomeration. We compare the results based on our new measure to existing measures in the literature and find very different underlying stories at work. We conclude that in conducting analyses of this kind giving consideration to the source of agglomeration economies, employees or entrepreneurs, and finding an appropriate measure for agglomeration, are both crucial to the process of identifying agglomerative forces.
    Keywords: L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L60 - General, O14 - Industrialization ; Manufacturing and Service Industries ; Choice of Technology, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Regional innovation policy and coordination: Illustrations from Southern Sweden (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: The analytical framework of regional innovation systems highlights the systemic nature of regional economies and the need for policy coordination within regions. Coordination presupposes an understanding of the underlying problems that may act as barriers to regional development. Three generic problems facing regions are: lack of resources (e.g. human and financial capital), negative lock-in (e.g. to historically strong sectors), and fragmentation of actors and activities. There are only a few examples of innovation system studies that investigate these problems by analysing actors and their activities as well as the institutional framework surrounding them. This paper offers a framework for analysing innovation system problems, focusing on actors and activities as well as institutions. In doing so, the need for coordination of activities performed by different actors is highlighted, as is the relevance of neutrality in the coordinating function. Three sectoral policy initiatives in a Swedish region are studied.
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    Politicization and expertise: Changing research-policy dialogues on migrant integration in Europe (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: Intractable policy controversies like migrant integration often involve a high level of politicization. This paper looks specifically at how and why politicization changes research–policy dialogues, involving both the structure of these dialogues and how they affect policy-making and knowledge production. Migrant integration policy (in five EU countries and at EU level) is taken as a case study. Bringing together theories on knowledge utilization, knowledge production and the structure of research–policy relations (dialogue structures), our analysis shows that a process of ‘politicization of science’ goes hand in hand with a process of ‘scientification of politics’. Research–policy dialogues continue in the context of politicization, but in a fundamentally different way. Different sorts of institutional dialogues between research and policy emerge that do justice to political primacy, knowledge utilization becomes more symbolic but not less important, and knowledge production tends to become more fragmented in the context of politicization.
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    Models and visions of science-policy interaction: Remarks from a Delphi study in Italy (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: In recent decades, many disciplines have dealt with the relationship between scientific research and policy-making, and many different models for science–policy interactions have been proposed. This paper aims to investigate the models of science–policy interaction implicitly or explicitly adopted by stakeholders, by means of a Delphi study performed with Italian researchers, politicians, doctors and journalists. The study was developed within the framework of the European project on Research into Policy to Enhance Physical Activity, which aimed to improve evidence-informed policy-making using the field of physical activity as the case study. Our results show the persistence of the traditional linear model and how it coexists with subsequent models in the same individual visions.
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    Geography and intra-national home bias: U.S. domestic trade in 1949 and 2007 (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: This article examines home bias in U.S. domestic trade in 1949 and 2007. We use a unique data set of 1949 carload waybill statistics produced by the Interstate Commerce Commission, and 2007 Commodity Flow Survey data. The results show that home bias was considerably smaller in 1949 than in 2007 and that home bias in 1949 was even negative for several commodities. We argue that the difference between the geographical distribution of the manufacturing activities in 1949 and that of 2007 is an important factor explaining the differences in the magnitudes of home-bias estimates in those years.
    Keywords: F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade, F18 - Trade and Environment
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Financial networks and the globalization of transnational corporations: the case of educational services (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: In this article, I advance understandings of the intersection between financial and educational services from an economic geographical perspective by examining the importance of financial networks in shaping the internationalization activities of for-profit business education service firms. By combining relational approaches to the globalization of transnational corporations (TNCs) with work on monetary networks I argue that extra-firm networks with financial services are an important element in understanding how, where and why business education service firms internationalize. Theoretically, this argument responds to calls for firm finances to be more fully incorporated into understandings of wider economic geographies and, in particular, addresses the neglect of finance in extant understandings of the internationalization of TNCs. Empirically, I position educational services as an overlooked business services sector that deserves greater attention within economic geography.
    Keywords: G20 - General, I22 - Educational Finance, L80 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Industrial development in thin regions: trapped in path extension? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: Recent theorizing of path dependence supplements the traditional view of regional path-dependent industrial development characterized by lock-in effects with paths dealing with change, that is, path renewal and path creation. Few studies, however, examine why different types of regions experience diverse path-dependent development. This article examines why organizationally thin regions are much less likely to achieve path renewal and path creation than core regions. By use of a case study of industrial development in an organizationally thin and rather peripheral region in Norway the article contends that thin regions often need external investments to avoid being trapped in path extension.
    Keywords: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Single-firm case studies in economic geography: some methodological reflections on the case of Zara (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: In this article, I reassess the undeserved reputation of Inditex’s Zara as a ‘home-sewn exception to globalization’ for supposedly keeping manufacturing at home despite larger trends; and I use the occasion to make a case for rigorous, evidentially strong single-firm case studies. In the process, I draw attention to the manner in which the value-adding qualities of scholarly work are being judged in economic geography; and argue that the prioritization of novelty over unenhanced readings of realities may encourage case studies to be presented as more unique and exceptional than they actually are.
    Keywords: D21 - Firm Behavior, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope, L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The resilience of regional labour markets to economic shocks: Exploring the role of interactions among firms and workers (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: To date, theoretical and empirical insights in the determinants of regional resilience are still limited. Using a model, we explore how three regional factors jointly contribute to the resilience of regional labour markets to economic shocks. The localization of the supply network (1) is used to model the propagation of the shock, while possibilities for intersectoral (2) and interregional labour mobility (3) to analyse the recovery. An application of the model to Dutch data suggests that labour markets in centrally located and service-oriented regions have, on average, a higher recovery speed, irrespective of the type of shock hitting the economy.
    Keywords: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Migrant and ethnic diversity, cities and innovation: Firm effects or city effects? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The growing cultural diversity caused by immigration is seen as important for innovation. Research has focused on two potential mechanisms: a firm effect, with diversity at the firm level improving knowledge sourcing or ideas generation, and a city effect, where diverse cities help firms innovate. This article uses a dataset of over 2000 UK small- and medium-sized enterprises to test between these two. Controlling for firm characteristics, city characteristics and firm and city diversity, there is strong evidence for the firm effect. Firms with a greater share of migrant owners or partners are more likely to introduce new products and processes. This effect has diminishing returns, suggesting that it is a ‘diversity’ effect rather than simply the benefits of migrant run firms. However, there is no relationship between the share of foreign workers in a local labour market or fractionalization by country of birth and firm level innovation, nor do migrant-run firms in diverse cities appear particularly innovative. But urban context does matter and firms in London with more migrant owners and partners are more innovative than others. Firms in cities with high levels of human capital are also more innovative.
    Keywords: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm, M13 - New Firms ; Startups, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Spatial patterns of solar photovoltaic system adoption: The influence of neighbors and the built environment (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The diffusion of new technologies is often mediated by spatial and socioeconomic factors. This article empirically examines the diffusion of an important renewable energy technology: residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Using detailed data on PV installations in Connecticut, we identify the spatial patterns of diffusion, which indicate considerable clustering of adoptions. This clustering does not simply follow the spatial distribution of income or population. We find that smaller centers contribute to adoption more than larger urban areas, in a wave-like centrifugal pattern. Our empirical estimation demonstrates a strong relationship between adoption and the number of nearby previously installed systems as well as built environment and policy variables. The effect of nearby systems diminishes with distance and time, suggesting a spatial neighbor effect conveyed through social interaction and visibility. These results disentangle the process of diffusion of PV systems and provide guidance to stakeholders in the solar market.
    Keywords: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Trade Shows in the Globalizing Knowledge Economy (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Quality of government and innovative performance in the regions of Europe (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: This article aims to shed light on how institutions shape innovative capacity, by focusing on how regional government quality affects innovative performance in the regions of Europe. By exploiting new data on quality of government, we assess how government quality and its components (control of corruption, rule of law, government effectiveness and government accountability) shape patenting across the regions of the European Union (EU). The results of the analysis—which are robust to controlling for the endogeneity of institutions—provide strong evidence of a link between the quality of government and the capacity of regions to innovate. In particular, ineffective and corrupt governments represent a fundamental barrier for the innovative capacity of the periphery of the EU, strongly undermining any potential effect of any other measures aimed at promoting greater innovation. The results have important implications for the definition of innovation strategies in EU regions.
    Keywords: O52 - Europe, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Strategic nodes in investment fund global production networks: The example of the financial centre Luxembourg (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The patterns and dynamics of contemporary financial capitalism are mirrored in micro-production structures of finance in international financial centres (IFCs). Applying the global production network framework allows for analyses of these structures in greater detail, better illuminating the industry’s organization, its locally anchored professional practices, and the far-reaching power relationships between IFCs. The example of the IFC Luxembourg, the world’s largest cross-border investment fund centre, shows that, in particular, advanced business services firms facilitate the global reach of investment funds (i) in their close collaboration with both local and global financial corporations, and (ii) in their exploitation of localized arbitrage assets.
    Keywords: G23 - Pension Funds ; Other Private Financial Institutions, L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure, L80 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Spreading big ideas? The effect of top inventing companies on local inventors (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The article investigates whether the patenting activity of the most inventive companies has any causal effect on the number of patents granted to other local inventors in the same metropolitan area in USA. Economic theory predicts that positive agglomeration economies may be counterbalanced by upward pressure on wages, which are stronger within technological classes in the short term. The empirical analysis exploits the panel structure of the dataset to account for various fixed effects, and adopts an instrumental variable approach to prove causality. The results show that the effect is overall positive and stronger with a time lag. In addition, the effect is not bounded within narrow technological categories, suggesting that Jacob-type knowledge spillovers across sectors tend to prevail over other source of agglomeration economies within sectors, including sharing and matching mechanisms. The implications for local development policy are discussed.
    Keywords: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, R10 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Innovation policy mix in a multi-level context: The case of the Baltic Sea Region countries (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: Innovation policies are no longer the responsibility of national-level governments alone, because regions and supra-national organizations also implement these policies. This paper aims to identify the character of the relations between different government levels which implement innovation policy in six Baltic Sea Region (BSR) countries (Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania). Expansion of innovation policy to different government levels may create a risk of overlapping between various initiatives, therefore a distribution of tasks and policy coordination is important. The theoretical background of the paper focuses on the concept of policy mix which emphasizes the role of interactions between different policies in different dimensions. Innovation policy strategies and in-depth interviews with policy-makers were analysed to characterize the multi-level innovation policy mixes. The results demonstrate that innovation policy mixes in the BSR countries are not characterized by incoherence or overlapping, however, strong mutual reinforcement cannot be identified either.
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    Toward an assessment of impacts from US technology and innovation policies (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: Five important policy initiatives were promulgated in response to the slowdown in US productivity in the early 1970s, and then again in the late 1970s and early 1980s. These initiatives included the Bayh–Dole Act of 1980, the Stevenson–Wydler Act of 1980, the Research and Experimentation Tax Credit Act of 1981, the Small Business Innovation and Development Act of 1982, and the National Cooperative Research Act of 1984. Scholars and policy-makers have long debated the direction and magnitude of impacts from these policies but empirical evidence remains modest, especially evidence of their aggregate effects. Our assessment of these policies is based on quantifying their collective impact on industrial investments in R&D in the post-productivity slowdown period. Our findings support the conclusion that the relative levels of industrial investments in R&D from 1980 onwards were significantly higher than before, ceteris paribus .
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    Censorship and free speech in scientific controversies (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: Many publicly debated issues have implications for health, including smoking, pesticides, food additives, seat belts, fluoridation, vaccination and climate change. Campaigners on such issues use a variety of methods, including presenting evidence and arguments, denigrating opponents, lobbying and organising protests. In some cases, campaigners seek to censor opponents, most commonly on the grounds that their views are false and dangerous. To probe rationales for censorship, recent events in the Australian public debate over vaccination are examined. A citizens’ group critical of vaccination has come under heavy attack, with pro-vaccination campaigners and politicians trying to shut down the group and restrict its speech. This case study provides a window into arguments about free speech on scientific controversies with implications for public health. It highlights the tension between the alleged dangers of expressing ideas and the value of open debate in a free society.
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    Technology licensing in China (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: We explore the landscape of technology licensing among Chinese entities in the period 2000–12, using a unique database on technological licensing from the State Intellectual Property Office of China. We find that: first, among Chinese licensee organizations, firms have dominated in terms of the number of licensed technologies; second, the geographical distribution of licensed technologies among the provinces has gradually reached a new quantitative balance; third, utility models are the most popular technologies to be licensed and the majority of technology licensing in China has been between Chinese entities, and most transactions have been local within provinces; and finally, Chinese firms have gradually in-licensed newer and newer technologies, but the technologies in-licensed from foreign sources are by no means state-of-the-art. We make several suggestions for innovation policy-making and for directions for futureresearch.
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    Governance of EU research policy: Charting forms of scientific democracy in the European Research Area (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: The nature of public participation in EU research governance is an under-explored area. Assumptions that governance arrangements enable direct participation of ‘the public’ are identified in the academic literature on science communication. This paper considers the extent to which such assumptions can be supported. It presents findings from a preliminary investigation into the discursive construction of the ‘scientific citizen’ in selected official texts of the EU in the context of the development of the European Research Area, focusing on new research infrastructures with the legal status of a European Research Infrastructure Consortium. Specific modes of participation are identified: as assessors of the accountability of decision-makers; as recipients and beneficiaries of scientists’ knowledge-based decisions; and as participants in the scientific process via open access arrangements. The participation of the ‘scientific citizen’ is constructed as linked but external to the decision-making processes.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    University R&D Funding Strategies in a Changing Federal Funding Environment (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: This paper evaluates how changes in US National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding levels affected US universities’ total biomedical R&D efforts, over a period of dramatic change in the federal funding environment. Instrumental variables estimation reveals that during the NIH budget doubling period (1998–2003), each federal dollar that US universities received spurred an additional $0.26 in research support from non-federal sources, with stronger complementarity found among historically less-research-intensive institutions. However, in the more competitive post-doubling environment (2006 onwards), the more research-intensive PhD-granting universities substituted funding from non-federal sources to maintain stable levels of R&D expenditures. In contrast, at non-PhD-granting and historically less-research-intensive institutions, total R&D funding and expenditures declined overall with reduced availability of federal funds. However, the effect of successful federal applications on subsequent non-federal investment remained significant and positive for this latter group, suggesting federal R&D funding may play an important signaling role.
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    Science Media Centres and public policy (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: The Science Media Centre (SMC) is a new type of organisation at the science–media interface that acts like a press office and supports newsrooms. The first SMC was founded in 2002 in the UK, but, despite its supposed success, its impact on public debates has so far hardly been studied. Based on theoretical considerations and an interview study, this paper argues that the SMC can be understood as a public policy instrument to secure science’s licence to practice. As a technical fix to the social problem of a ‘crisis of public trust in science’, the SMC acts as an emergency press office in science- and technology-intensive controversies. Its deficit model-informed communication policy is that the political is technical, the technical should be evidence-based and this evidence should come from scientific experts. The implications for public debates are considered.
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    Can medical products be developed on a non-profit basis? Exploring product development partnerships for neglected diseases (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: Reliance on market forces can lead to underinvestment in social welfare enhancing innovation. The lack of new medical products in the area of neglected diseases is a case in point. R&D for neglected diseases has increased with new funding and collaborations taking place mainly through product development partnerships (PDPs). PDPs are self-governing, private non-profit R&D organizations. In contrast to push and pull instruments designed to address private-sector R&D underinvestment, PDPs have emerged voluntarily to address this public health challenge. In this study we examine how non-profit R&D collaboration for neglected diseases takes place through PDPs. We find that PDPs act as ‘system integrators’ that leverage the resources and capabilities of a network of public, philanthropic and private-sector partners. This paper contributes to an understanding of R&D in a non-profit context and highlights the importance of collaboration and non-market institutions for promoting innovation where market failures occur.
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    Unpreparedness and risk in Big Science policy: Sweden and the European Spallation Source (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: The politics of European collaborative Big Science are inherently uncertain. The European Spallation Source (ESS) for materials science, planned to be built in Sweden with a collaborative European funding solution that was recently finalized is the most recent example. Sweden has so far invested around one billion SEK (110 million), taking a significant risk given these uncertainties and given Sweden’s complete lack of experience in hosting such big labs. Tracing the Swedish government’s investments in the ESS project, this article shows that so far, the Swedish ESS bid seems to be generally well funded, but that a long-term plan for the funding and a contingency plan for increased costs seem to be absent. This adds to the seeming unpreparedness of Sweden and elevates the already quite high level of risk for Swedish science and science policy of investing in the ESS.
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    The Internationalization of Business R&D edited by Bernhard Dachs, Robert Stehrer and Georg Zahradnik (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
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    The state of the art in societal impact assessment for security research (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: This paper sets out a structured methodology for conducting a societal impact assessment (SIA) of security research and security measure implementation. It first provides an overview of the need for and role of SIA, then presents an account of the existing impact assessment methodologies that have influenced this guide. The paper then describes the core methodology based upon an iterative approach to six key sectors of impact, then provides analytical questions for use in this process, before setting out a step-by-step process guideline. This guideline includes guidance on identifying stakeholders and incorporating best practice in impact assessment. Guidance on the content of an SIA report is then provided. The paper concludes with recommendations as how to best embed such a methodology within the broader security research process. The methodology has particular relevance for security research conducted within the EU.
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    Can we bridge the 'Anthropocene gap'? Global Environmental Governance, Technology and Politics: The Anthropocene Gap by Victor Galaz (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
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    Beyond Bibliometrics: Harnessing Multidimensional Indicators of Scholarly Impact edited by Blaise Cronin and Cassidy R. Sugimoto (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    The Way of the Gun: Estimating Firearms Trafficking across the US-Mexico Border (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: The volume of firearms sold in USA and trafficked across the US–Mexico border is notoriously difficult to estimate. We consider a unique approach using GIS-generated county-level panel data (1993–1999 and 2010–2012) of Federal Firearms Licenses to sell small arms (FFLs) to estimate the realized demand for firearms based on the distance by road from the nearest point on the US–Mexico border. We use a time-series negative binomial model paired with a post-estimation population attributable fraction (PAF) estimator. We do so to control determinants of domestic demand. We are able to estimate a total demand for trafficking, both in terms of firearms and dollar sales for the firearms industry. We find that nearly 2.2% (between 0.9% and 3.7%) of US domestic arms sales are attributable to the US–Mexico traffic in the period 2010–2012, representing 212,887 firearms (between 89,816 and 359,205) purchased annually to be trafficked.
    Keywords: D74 - Conflict ; Conflict Resolution ; Alliances, F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade, F52 - National Security ; Economic Nationalism, K14 - Criminal Law, K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Screening for collusion: a spatial statistics approach (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: We develop a method to screen for local cartels. We first test whether there is statistical evidence of clustering of outlets that score high on some characteristic that is consistent with collusive behavior. If so, we determine in a second step the most suspicious regions where further antitrust investigation would be warranted. We apply our method to build a variance screen for the Dutch gasoline market.
    Keywords: C11 - Bayesian Analysis, D40 - General, L12 - Monopoly ; Monopolization Strategies, L41 - Monopolization ; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Corporate social responsibility and labour agency: the case of Nike in Pakistan (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: This article examines the circumstances under which corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives facilitate and/or constrain labour agency in global production networks (GPNs). Using a case study of Nike’s CSR approach in the football manufacturing industry of Pakistan, we explore the extent to which the measures advocated in a new, emerging policy paradigm on CSR in GPNs enabled labour agency at Nike’s main football supplier factory in Pakistan. We argue that while such CSR policies can create enhanced space for labour agency, that potential agency is also shaped (i) by wider economic forces within the global economy and (ii) relationships with local/national actors and regulatory frameworks. Understanding the intersection of these dimensions becomes vital to interpreting the potential for, and activation of, labour agency within CSR-influenced GPNs.
    Keywords: F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, J31 - Wage Level and Structure ; Wage Differentials, J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation ; Collective Bargaining, J80 - General, L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Reformatted: Code, Networks, and the Transformation of the Music Industry Andrew Leyshon (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Marianna Mazzucato The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs Private Sector Myths (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
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    The size of research funding: Trends and implications (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: This paper examines the role of grant size in research funding. There is an increasing focus in a number of countries on larger grant forms, such as centers of excellence, and in some cases also increases in the size of individual project grants. Among the rationales for this are economies of scale in research and redistribution of resources towards top researchers in order to increases scientific productivity and pathbreaking research. However, there may potentially also be negative impacts of increasing funding size, and there is limited empirical evidence on the actual consequences of increases in size. In this paper we critically examine the rationales behind increases in funding size and the empirical evidence on the impacts of size in research funding. Our goal here is to present a more coherent view of the potential impacts of these initiatives, both positive and negative, that can help inform funding design.
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    Challenges for regional innovation policies in Central and Eastern Europe: Spatial concentration and foreign control of US patenting (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: On the basis of patent information available online at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) we point at two major and interconnected challenges that policy-makers face in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) when combating the lagging innovation performance. First, we address the spatial concentration by using a distribution analysis at the city level. The results suggest that patenting is concentrated in post-socialist territories more than in western nations and regions. However, there is not a single outstanding hub in CEE when one compares USPTO patents normalized for the respective population sizes. Secondly, we argue that dominance of foreign control over USPTO patents is mostly embodied in international co-operations at the individual level, and only rarely spilled-over to MNE subsidiaries. In our opinion, catching-up of CEE in terms of patenting is unlikely, unless innovation policy measures focus on growing hubs and target both domestic inventors and international relations of companies.
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    The role of policy incentives in the reproduction of asymmetries within nanotechnology knowledge networks (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: We explore new perspectives for analysing knowledge networks, arguing that knowledge networks can no longer be referred to as egalitarian, non-hierarchical, and neutral forms of social organization. Instead, networks reproduce tensions, asymmetries, and hierarchies linked to science, technology, and innovation policy incentives and incorporate dynamic and multi-situated nodes of power. This paper draws on evidence gathered from a case study on transnational and translocal knowledge networks in nanotechnology, which have central nodes at a public research center located in Chihuahua (Chihuahua) and its auxiliary branch in Monterrey (Nuevo Leon) in Northern Mexico. We propose that, in order to understand the production of asymmetries in knowledge networks, an incentive policy element must be added to the equation. The latter refer to monetary, symbolic, and material incentives stemming from all arenas where networks interact.
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    In discursive negotiation: Knowledge and the formation of Finnish innovation policy (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: This paper analyses the formation of Finnish innovation policy from the mid-1980s to 2010. Inspired by Foucauldian thinking in line with selected social-constructivist policy approaches, it conceptualises innovation policy as a discourse constituted of policy knowledge and policy-making practices. Our alternative approach towards policy formation, introduced in this paper, highlights the role of rules, and gradual changes in these, in defining truth values in policy knowledge, which in turn actualise in policy practice. The paper shows three phases in the investigated policy in Finland. Based on theoretical insights on policy formation, the paper argues that changes in innovation policy cannot be explained as a rational learning process or as isomorphic convergence processes across countries. Rather, they are an outcome of highly politicised negotiations in trans-local contexts where the role of a nation state can vary over time. Another finding is that changes in policy occur in relatively slowly.
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    Economic Organization, Industrial Dynamics and Development: Selected Essays by Giovanni Dosi (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
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    The roles of universities in fostering knowledge-intensive clusters in Chinese regional innovation systems (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: This paper aims to understand the roles universities play in regional innovation systems in China. Specifically, it examines how Chinese practice concerning the engagement of the universities with society for promoting regional innovation systems differs from Western practices from the perspective of the Triple Helix. It focuses on China’s leading metropolis, Shanghai, and takes as a case study the Tongji Creative Cluster which, unlike most other clusters in China, is based on knowledge-intensive services rather than high-tech manufacturing. We find that although it is commonly assumed that the statist Triple Helix model characterises the development of the innovation system in China, the practices of the Tongji Creative Cluster take a different approach, combining both bottom-up initiatives in the initial stage and top-down coordination in later developments. We argue that this model is more useful for China’s regional innovation systems as it can overcome many challenges in the statist model.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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