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  • Articles  (590)
  • Oxford University Press  (590)
  • 2010-2014  (590)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (590)
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  • Articles  (590)
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  • 1
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    Introduction to special section: Governing privacy and data protection issues of emerging technologies (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: In this special section of this issue of Science and Public Policy , authors are reflecting the fundamental challenges that the rapid progress in science and technology poses for human rights and privacy in particular. They aim to find new answers to the question how a (global) governance of science and technology could address these challenges. Earlier versions of the papers were presented at the International Conference on Privacy and Emerging Sciences and Technologies, held 27-28 November 2012 in Berlin and at the First European Conference on Technology Assessment that took place in Prague on 13-15 March 2013.
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  • 2
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    (Not so) smart cities?: The drivers, impact and risks of surveillance-enabled smart environments (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: The possibility of so-called ‘smart' technologies to improve city life has filled both pages of concern and PR leaflets. While the corporations driving these developments have emphasized how smart technologies can improve efficiency, critics have warned against the risks associated with the proliferation of smart surveillance. However, a critical discourse about the potential, limits and risks of the proliferation of smart technologies has not yet emerged, and in most instances public officials and decision-makers are ill-equipped to judge both the value and the externalities of the technologies being sold under the label ‘smart cities'. This paper presents a summary of smart solutions and definitions, and draws on the surveillance literature to address issues and risks related to the global drive to outsmart competing cities in a context of global governance. Using a multi-faceted and multi-disciplinary approach, it aims to provide a starting point for a public debate that involves policy-makers, developers and academics.
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  • 3
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    Social network sites, privacy and the blurring boundary between public and private spaces (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: With social network sites (SNS) becoming a pervasive phenomenon, already existing conflicts with privacy are further intensified. As shown in this paper, online and (once) offline contexts increasingly conflate, thereby posing new challenges to the protection of the private sphere. SNS quickly evolve their features and challenge privacy preferences, often without user consent; ‘social graphs’ make social relations highly transparent; social plugins interconnect user traces from within and outside the SNS. As the large amounts of personal information available in SNS are processed with context-rich information, the individual’s informational self-determination is heavily strained. These data attract potential and real observers for behavioural advertising and also for profiling by security authorities. We argue that the emerging usage of SNS (social plugins, increasing role of biometrics and mobile computing) multiplies privacy challenges as all types of privacy become affected. This raises additional demand for public policy to foster privacy-by-design combined with awareness-raising mechanisms to improve informational self-determination.
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  • 4
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    The commodification of privacy on the Internet (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: This paper critically explores, from a political economy perspective on public policy, the commodification of privacy on the Internet as a practical-economic and a discursive process. On the one hand, dominant online business models conflict structurally with users’ need for privacy and the users themselves work on their own powerlessness in this regard. On the other hand, there is a privacy discourse that is possessive individualistic in nature but broadly informs the public policy process. It is argued that this discourse is not suitable to prevent economic-practical commodification of personal data and its problems. Criteria and strategies for improvement are identified, and concrete legal, self-regulatory, and technical implications for public privacy policy are derived. This paper uses material from a qualitative interview study and the example of social networking sites to exemplify its theoretical claims.
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  • 5
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    Low Carbon Communities: Imaginative Approaches to Combating Climate Change Locally edited by Michael Peters, Shane Fudge and Tim Jackson (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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  • 6
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    Environmental science and public policy in Executive government: Insights from Australia and Canada (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: This paper presents the results of an exploratory study into the science–policy experiences of former Environment Ministers (senior politicians) and Department Secretaries/Deputy Ministers (senior public servants) to better understand the role of science-based knowledge in the Executive decision-making processes of Westminster-based governments. Our participants identified a number of factors affecting the value of science-based evidence to strategic public policy processes. They described a lack of access to appropriately contextualized knowledge and a lack of accountability to demonstrate how science was considered in Cabinet decision-making. Many participants felt senior academics had an obligation to be more involved in public policy debates, to advocate policy positions based on their research and to ask questions that could assist governments on environmental issues. Concomitant was the desire for fundamental institutional changes, including greater use of deliberative public participation tools in environmental science and policy and more networked approaches to science.
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  • 7
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    Responsible research and innovation: The role of privacy in an emerging framework (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: The concept of responsible research and innovation (RRI) is increasingly used to describe novel ways of governing research and the relationship between key research stakeholders including researchers, industry, policy-makers and civil society. It is thus of key importance for science, research and innovation policy. This paper defines RRI as a higher-level responsibility or meta-responsibility that aims to shape, maintain, develop, coordinate and align existing and novel research and innovation-related processes, actors and responsibilities with a view to ensuring desirable and acceptable research outcomes. It shows the role privacy has in the developing framework of RRI. The paper discusses dimensions of RRI as well as weaknesses of the current approach towards RRI and provides future directions for research and practice that will allow RRI to live up to its promise and ensure that past and present work on privacy and data protection find an appropriate place within this framework.
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  • 8
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    New modes of thought required for the Age of Ecology * Plato's Revenge: Politics in the Age of Ecology by William Ophuls (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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  • 9
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    Disclosure of university research to third parties: A non-market perspective on an Italian university (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: Nations, universities, and regional governments promote the dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge. They focus on knowledge-based innovations and the university’s economic function in terms of technology transfer, intellectual property, university–industry–government relations etc. Faculties other than engineering or applied sciences, however, may not be able to recognize opportunities in this ‘linear model’ of technology transfer. We elaborate a non-market perspective on the third mission in terms of disclosure of the knowledge and areas of expertise available for disclosure to other audiences at a provincial university. The use of information and communications technologies can enhance communication between actors on the supply and demand sides. Using an idea developed in the context of the Dutch science shops, university staff were questioned about keywords and areas of expertise with the specific purpose of disclosing this information to audiences other than academic colleagues. The results were brought online in a hyperlink index structure.
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  • 10
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    Planning with Complexity: An Introduction to Collaborative Rationality for Public Policy by Judith E. Innes and David E. Booher (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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  • 11
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    Networked: The New Social Operating System by Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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  • 12
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    GM Food on Trial: Testing European Democracy by Les Levidow and Susan Carr (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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  • 13
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    Creating Competitiveness: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Policies for Growth edited by David B. Audretch and Mary Linenstein Walshok (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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  • 14
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    Seeds, Science, and Struggle: The Global Politics of Transgenic Crops by Abby Kinchy (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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  • 15
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    Innovation, Dual Use, and Security: Managing the Risks of Emerging Biological and Chemical Weapons edited by Jonathan B. Tucker (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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  • 16
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    Towards a social impact assessment of security technologies: A bottom-up approach (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: This paper presents a bottom-up approach to systematising the informal assessment dimensions of security technologies. Drawing on the empirical analysis of different security technology projects within mass transport systems, it shows how decision-making on the development and implementation of security technologies is influenced by the divergent perspectives of the actors and conflicting criteria within those areas. An attempt to sort assessment perspectives is presented. It is argued that the purpose of a structured approach to societal impact assessment (SIA) is particularly to stress conflict and divergent perspectives. Thus, a SIA has to create a space for discussion and negotiation that ensures a continuous enhancement of inter-subjectivity without the compulsion to find consensus at all stages of the R&D process. The overall objective of a SIA of security technologies is to enhance the accountability of decision-making.
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  • 17
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    Beyond the hype: Exploring interfaces of the knowledge economy * Foundations of the Knowledge Economy: Innovation, Learning and Clusters edited by Knut Ingar Westeren (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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  • 18
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    The financial crisis and Greek R&D policy from a Schumpeterian perspective (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: The current financial crisis has important consequences for small national research systems of the European periphery, where in some cases it leads to reform and significant downsizing of public R&D efforts. This paper develops a normative theoretical framework for guiding decisions concerning reform of R&D systems in periods of financial crises. The aim is to provide guidance for the reform of Greek R&D system and lessons for other national R&D systems faced with financial crises. Contrary to what is generally regarded as ‘perceived wisdom’, this paper argues that periods of crisis are not suitable for major reforms of R&D systems, even though they may seem to provide political opportunities for reform. Crises exacerbate the costs of R&D reforms and restrict the potential for benefits. Crises, as the discussion of the case of Greece shows, can undermine the trust between the government and the research community, generating important barriers to reform.
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  • 19
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    The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa by Calestous Juma (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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  • 20
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    Space debris: Conjunction opportunities and opportunities for international cooperation (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: Space debris comprises all non-functional human-made objects in Earth orbit or re-entering the atmosphere. Potentially hazardous orbital debris is proliferating. If current trends continue, orbital debris will become a significant factor in constraining space activity. Space, however, is one of the most strategically important theatres of the 21st century. It is thus imperative, given humanity’s reliance on space, that the issue of space debris be addressed. This paper provides an overview of the existing space debris environment, sources of debris and international efforts to monitor it. It analyses space debris mitigation guidelines and the proposed International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities. It considers an international treaty to govern space debris as well as the establishment of an international review board to assist in regulating and reducing the amount of debris. It also assesses the challenges of remediation and other policy actions to increase international cooperation to preserve the space environment.
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  • 21
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    Integrating privacy and ethical impact assessments (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: New and emerging technologies often raise both ethical and privacy issues. The analysis and assessment of such issues is the task of privacy impact assessments and ethical impact assessments. Although there are various privacy impact assessment methodologies and ethical impact assessment methodologies, the two have not been integrated. Nevertheless, some researchers have been thinking about the utility and feasibility of integrating privacy and ethical impact assessment methodologies.
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  • 22
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    Better Doctors, Better Patients, Better Decisions: Envisioning Health Care 2020 edited by Gerd Girgerenzer and J. A. Muir Gray (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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  • 23
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    An in-depth study of direct and indirect impacts from the research of a physics professor (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Some policymakers believe that academic R&D generates insufficient economic benefits. However, they often exclude the long-term and multi-dimensional impacts that are mediated through the activities of companies, students or policymakers. This case study, which is mainly interview-based, traces and characterises such impacts applying the technological innovation systems approach to the case of a physics professor. Multi-dimensional impacts are revealed in the areas of catalysis, biomaterials and research policy. Impacts on the development, social capital and search processes are continuous and cumulative, while impacts on resource mobilisation and legitimation follow upon these. Entrepreneurial experimentation and market formation are impacted in later stages, sometimes with decade-long time lags. The impact is often subtle, deeply intertwined with the action of others, and it unfolds in sequences of impact. Implications are drawn for research policy, emphasising the importance of accounting for indirect impacts in order to understand the full effect of academic R&D.
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  • 24
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    Predictors of attitudes toward carbon capture and storage using data on world views and CCS-specific attitudes (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Despite the potential environmental and economic benefits of carbon capture and storage (CCS), many factors limit its prospects for implementation, including economic feasibility, geologic and legal constraints, risk uncertainties, and public acceptance. This study focuses on the challenge of public acceptance and support by analyzing survey data on publis attitudes toward CCS implementation in the coal-intensive state of Indiana. It was determined that specific information that defined individuals’ general world views can be used to predict support or opposition for CCS implementation. However, additional analysis found that specific attitudes about potential CCS risks and benefits are also significantly correlated with support or opposition to CCS implementation. These variables include: the respondents’ impressions of the potential dangers associated with CCS; attitudes about the potential for CCS implementation to bring jobs to the local economy; and the amount of fear of a CCS facility near their home or community.
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  • 25
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    EU innovation policy: One size doesn't fit all * Challenges for European Innovation Policy: Cohesion and Excellence from a Schumpeterian Perspective edited by Slavo Radosevic and Anna Kaderabkova (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
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  • 26
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    Research agendas involving patients: Factors that facilitate or impede translation of patients' perspectives in programming and implementation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Patients are increasingly involved in agenda setting in health research policy, but little is known about whether or not patients’ topics are translated into a funding programme and taken up by researchers. A qualitative evaluation of nine multi-stakeholder agenda-setting projects in the Netherlands was conducted. Document study and 54 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders were undertaken. Three strategies for the translation of research agendas into research programmes were identified: first, one-on-one translation; second, agendas were used to adapt general policies; and third, no translation. A number of factors, facilitating or impeding this translation, were identified, relating to the context or the process of programming and implementation. Context appeared to be crucial: positive attitudes towards patient involvement, good relations between stakeholders and supportive characteristics of organizations. Patient involvement was rarely sustained during programming and implementation. These insights contribute to more effective procedures for programming and implementing research agendas.
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  • 27
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    Choreographing the end of the beginning of human stem cell research: An ethically intricate affair * Good Science: The Ethical Choreography of Stem Cell Science by Charis Thompson (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
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  • 28
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    Varieties of research coordination: A comparative analysis of two strategic research consortia (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Strategic research consortia as policy instruments for research coordination have been on the rise for more than a decade. Despite their rising popularity as coordination structures, there has been little comparative analysis of the actual coordination approaches such consortia develop. In order to enhance our understanding of consortia as coordination structures, this paper makes a systematic and in-depth comparison of the coordination approaches of two Dutch consortia. The analysis shows that research consortia coordinate their activities in very different ways. A consortium’s coordination approach turns out to be strongly influenced by its internal characteristics. The observed influence of internal consortium characteristics implies that the eventual coordination approach of consortia will not always match the rationale behind a policy measure to support these consortia. We recommend policy-makers to foster strategic research consortia with a heterogeneous composition that have organised sufficient flexibility for reacting to unforeseen developments.
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  • 29
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    Political representations of nano in Swedish government documents (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: This paper addresses the political dimensions of nanotechnology and related nanophenomena, by conducting a systematic and detailed analysis of the linguistic practices in Swedish government documents. A total of 180 documents (1985–2011) referring to nano are analysed with regard to the types of phenomena referred to in terms of nano and what is said about these nanophenomena. More precisely, the lexical and grammatical context of nano in sentences is explored. Based on these linguistic patterns, general themes are identified, for example, knowledge, support, innovation, benefits, competence and competition, application, risk, and regulation. Based on the findings, the conclusion is drawn that government discourse on nano is political in three senses: it is articulated by politicians; it formulates matters of collective concern; and it expresses and promotes specific social interests, rather than others, namely, government support of an allegedly uniform nanofield.
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  • 30
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    The politics of ideas: The complex interplay of health inequalities research and policy (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Public health research is overtly orientated towards influencing policy and yet, despite official commitments to ‘evidence-based policy’, most analyses conclude that the impact of public health research has been limited. Based on an analysis of post-1997 UK policy statements and interviews with 112 key actors, this paper argues that the failure of ‘evidence-based’ policy to emerge relates to the fact it is ideas, not evidence, which travel between research and policy, and that these malleable entities are translated as they move between actors. By unpacking six factors that appear to have shaped the ‘interplay of ideas’ about health inequalities, this paper draws attention to the ways in which policy influences research (as well as vice versa). The paper argues that two distinct ‘idea-types’ are evident within the data, each of which helps explain the difficulties in achieving ‘evidence-based’ policy responses to health inequalities: ‘institutionalised ideas’ and ‘chameleonic ideas’.
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  • 31
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    Co-marketing alliances in the Brazilian biofuel sector: An analysis based on strategic alliances (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Brazil is among the world’s largest producers of biofuels. This situation stimulates agreements and strategic alliances for cooperation between countries where biofuel feedstocks are scarce and those where they are abundant. Thus, this study aims to analyze the strategic alliances for cooperation between countries for biofuel production. This research study was conducted using information from the website of the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and national and international journals, on strategic alliances for cooperation between Brazil and other countries for biofuel production since 2006. It is known that those involved in the strengthening of strategic alliances for cooperation, can work together through the formation of co-marketing alliances, can contribute to the global development of the biofuel industry. They can also extend this development to other agribusiness chains. Finally, co-marketing alliances lead to actions that benefit all countries and participants in the biofuel production chain, as well as society as a whole.
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    Identifying international research cooperation capabilities in information and communication technologies (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: This paper presents a methodological approach to the identification of potential priority areas to support the creation of policies for research cooperation. The analysis of national research capabilities is an important prerequisite in the development of research policies, in particular for developing strategies for international collaboration. In the past, the identification of a country’s research capabilities was often based on only a few indicators. Here a methodology is presented that takes a broad view of a country’s research and technology base and applies it to Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. The methodology for the identification of research capabilities is based on a multi-dimensional approach that takes into account existing information and communication technologies research and technology development groups based on their size and quality, the interests of the researchers based on interviews and national industry characteristics to identify the economic collaboration potential in thematic areas.
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    Institutional frameworks and terms of reference: The public discussion on clinical xenotransplantation in Australia (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: This paper explores how institutional frameworks compromised the potential for public engagement on clinical xenotransplantation in Australia. Through critical discourse analysis, these limitations are exposed through two factors: the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Act, which limits public consultation to being responsive; and the terms of reference provided to the Xenotransplantation Working Party, which constrained their consultative practices. These findings contribute towards understandings of public participatory practices by examining how frameworks that exist prior to public involvement, including institutional acts and terms of reference, can marginalize the publics and continue to give authority to those voices that already hold privilege. As a result, there is a need to alter how public consultation is framed in the NHMRC Act, which will provide an opportunity to reframe and improve consultative practices and potentially facilitate meaningful discursive public debate and engagement on scientific matters in Australia.
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    Spatial distribution of scientific activities: An exploratory analysis of Brazil, 2000-10 (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: The literature analyzing the spatial distribution of scientific and technological production in Brazil identifies differences in the regional distribution of scientific and technological resources. In this paper, we contribute to this discussion, by analyzing the dynamics of the production of new scientific knowledge in the states that contributed the most to national scientific production in the period 2000–10: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, also known as the ‘scientific quartet’. Our hypothesis is that even with federal policies aimed at the expansion and decentralization of the production of new scientific knowledge, this production is still strongly anchored in the ‘scientific quartet’. We further identify a concentration of scientific production in three major areas of knowledge: agricultural, biological and health sciences.
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    Governance, Regulation and Innovation: Theory and Evidence from Firms and Nations edited by Mehmet Ugur (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
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    The many ways of academic researchers: How is science made useful? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: In assessing the performance of academic research, there is a growing interest in combining excellence with impact criteria. A frequently encountered belief is that impact should be understood in terms of new firms and patents. Others argue that academic R&D generates impacts that greatly exceed such commercialization efforts by academic researchers. The tension between these two beliefs reveals a risk that the criteria for assessing the impact of academic R&D, including criteria for allocating performance-based funding, may neglect vital aspects of how science is made useful. With insights gained from a comprehensive analysis of a well-reputed academic body, Chalmers Energy Initiative, we address this risk with the aim of contributing to the eventual design of an evidence-based science policy with appropriate evaluation routines.
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    Creating problems in the governance of science: Bioethics and human/animal chimeras (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: The governance of science is driven by the need to maintain public trust in conditions where scientific advance may challenge important societal values. As the traditional reliance on scientific expertise as a source of governance legitimacy has proved less efficacious, so new forms of governance have emerged, in particular public engagement and, most lately, bioethics. This paper explores the extent to which public bioethics is evolving its modus operandi in order to enhance its political utility and hence extend its governance territory. Using the case of human/animal chimeras, it shows how bioethics has begun to create governance problems to which it has the ethical and policy answers. In so doing, bioethics is evolving a new role where it actively promotes its own agenda through its construction of a specialist mediating function in the governance of science to complement its existing role of the passive interpretation of the agenda of others.
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    Tacit knowledge and the biological weapons regime (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Bioterrorism has become increasingly salient in security discourse in part because of perceived changes in the capacity and geography of life science research. Yet its salience is founded upon a framing of changes in science and security that does not always take into consideration the somewhat slippery concept of ‘tacit knowledge’, something poorly understood, disparately conceptualised and often marginalised in discussions on state and non-state biological weapons programmes. This paper looks at how changes in science and technology—particularly the evolution of information and communications technology—has contributed to the partial erosion of aspects of tacit knowledge and the implications for the biological weapons regime. This paper concludes by arguing that the marginalisation of tacit knowledge weakens our understanding of the difficulties encountered in biological weapons programmes and can result in distorted perceptions of the threat posed by dual-use biotechnology in the 21st century.
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    Urban Competitiveness and Innovation edited by Pengfei Ni and Zheng Qiongjie (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
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    Citizens' support for government spending on science and technology (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: This paper analyses public support for government spending on science and technology (S&T) and its determinants. It constructs hypotheses based on previous findings from two streams of research: public preferences for government spending and public understanding of science. Using data from a large national survey in Spain, it develops multivariate models to test the relevance of various predictors of public support for government spending on S&T. Findings identify several variables that are clear and consistent predictors of public support for government spending on S&T: the respondent’s educational level, interest and participation in science, knowledge of science, and positive values and views of S&T. However, the effects of other variables also related to general attitudes towards science are less clearly associated with support for government spending on S&T.
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    Can R&D be identified and measured in services? Empirical evidence from university hospitals (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: This paper proposes an in-depth analysis of some of the constraints on case studies conducted at French university hospital services, aiming to better understand R&D in their services. We begin with an analysis of the intangibility of inputs (knowledge and information) and outputs that confirms the difficulty in recognizing innovations based on the social sciences and humanities. This empirical study verified that there was a diversity of actors who contributed to the generation and increase of the stock of knowledge. Concerning R&D funding, it is noted that R&D in services is not always planned in terms of a formal project. Finally, one could argue that advances in research allow the recognition of different relationships at the same time as the boundaries of R&D in services are expanded, allowing a better measurement of its results.
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    Network analysis to evaluate cross-disciplinary research collaborations: The Human Sensing Research Center, Korea (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Government-funded research collaborations have received increased attention in science and engineering policies. Public support programs designed to encourage group research efforts by university research centers may have direct/indirect effects on the way they build cross-disciplinary linkages and research collaboration networks. We present empirical evidence on how the group research support program affects the formation of research collaboration networks. This study utilized a method of network analysis as an evaluation tool to address whether the Science/Engineering Research Center program, the first government-sponsored university research center program in Korea, has been successful in forming research collaboration networks that promote cross-disciplinary group research activities. The results shows that the research collaboration networks are implemented by the group research support program as intended. They lead to relational dynamics which promote dissemination of knowledge across a broad range of research fields and combine research activities related to the different science and engineering capabilities and expertise.
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    Twenty five years of private wheat breeding in the UK: Lessons for other countries (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Crop research sectors in many countries are facing reduced public support with public breeding programs being gradually replaced by private ones. This paper explores the UK experience with the privatization of wheat breeding that began in 1987. The analysis presented in this paper is based on interviews with sixteen experts currently involved in wheat research breeding in the UK. Taking a snapshot of UK wheat research today, it would be easy to conclude that the UK sector made a smooth transition from public to private breeding. However, this is not the case. The UK faced many challenges in establishing an integrated wheat innovation system and has only recently developed policies and funding processes that have enabled upstream public scientists to work with private wheat breeding industry. As policy makers around the world contemplate the privatization of crop breeding, important lessons can be drawn from the UK crop research funding model.
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    Moving from monodisciplinarity towards transdisciplinarity: Insights into the barriers and facilitators that scientists faced (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Transdisciplinary research aims to integrate scientific knowledge and societal perspectives. Although transdisciplinarity increasingly plays a role in science, practical implications remain largely unreported in literature. A dialogue is common strategy in this type of research to stimulate mutual learning between scientists and societal stakeholders. This paper presents a four-year dialogue, using tailor-made interventions, between scientists in an interdisciplinary animal welfare research program and societal stakeholders. The dialogue aimed to encourage the scientists to move from a monodisciplinary approach to a more transdisciplinary one. Three learning phases were identified and described along with elements that worked as either barriers or facilitators of learning. We argue that this learning process can be shortened by starting with team building and the design of a shared research project after which individual experiments can be planned. Additional practical strategies are discussed.
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    Enabling work? Family-friendly policies and academic productivity for men and women scientists (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Universities throughout the USA have adopted family-friendly policies to enable life and career balance and to encourage the attraction and retention of women scientists. Although family-leave policies are designed to provide job protection for parents and ensure that faculty can remain productive scholars, it is unclear whether or not formal family-leave policies have played a positive role in areas of academic productivity such as publishing and teaching. This research investigates the relationships between university family-leave policies and productivity among faculty in six fields of science using responses from a national survey of 1,598 faculty at 150 research universities and data from status of women reports and faculty handbooks. The hierarchical multi-level analysis indicates that generous formal family-leave policies, on-site childcare, and spousal hiring policies differently affect the productivity of women and men academic scientists.
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    Agglomeration, Clusters and Entrepreneurship: Studies in Regional Economic Development edited by Charlie Karlsson, Borje Johansson and Roger R. Stough (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
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    Nanotechnology: Rhetoric, risk and regulation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
    Description: Nanotechnology has engendered much debate. This article asks how we can best approach nanotechnology regulation and aims to separate out the risk rhetoric from the regulatory realities. It argues that any discussion of nanotechnology regulation requires us to traverse three fundamentally distinct languages: the language of ‘nanotechnology’ as a public policy phenomenon; the language of ‘nanotechnologies’ as a set of multiple scientific frontiers; and the language of regulation. These three languages co-exist and have a profound influence in framing policy debates. Nanotechnology needs to be understood as a brand as well as in terms of scientific frontiers. This article suggests that society now confronts a number of pressing regulatory challenges. These include: moving past the language game; filling scientific knowledge gaps; strengthening standards; articulating regulatory gaps; finding the right risk–reward balance; regulating in an optimum manner; and achieving appropriate transparency.
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    Individual perception vs. structural context: Searching for multilevel determinants of social acceptance of new science and technology across 34 countries (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
    Description: This study analyzes variations that occurred between individual and contextual factors in an individual’s acceptance of science and technology (S&T). Acceptance of S&T is not fully determined by individual thought. Rather, it is also determined by social context. Hence, an individual’s acceptance could be explained by both individual and contextual predictors, rather than by just one or the other predictor. Based on data collected from 31,390 respondents in 34 countries, we applied multilevel modeling to test the effects of individual and contextual factors on individuals’ acceptance of S&T. For the predictors required for the multilevel analysis in explaining the acceptance of S&T, we adopted perceived risk/benefit, knowledge, and affective image at the individual level, and economic state (gross domestic product per capita), religiosity, and post-materialism at the contextual level.
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    Which extramural scientists were funded by the US National Institutes of Health from its ARRA funds? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
    Description: The US National Institutes of Health distributed US$10 billion of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) research funds among principal investigators (PIs) in 2009–10. We studied how well the program created and retained jobs. To analyze the distribution of ARRA funding among PIs, we categorized them on the basis of their history of research funding, and the type of funding (ARRA and non-ARRA), each received in 2009 and 2010. These classifications provide insights into who received ARRA funding and how many research PI jobs were created or retained. We found that most recipients of ARRA awards already had grants and that new and retained PIs received relatively small shares of ARRA funds. Of 13,000 PIs, only 3,000 were created or retained, while the other 10,000 received additional funding. The ARRA was more efficient in creating PIs than the comparable budget doubling period. But, the PI job effect did not last.
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    Governing 'dual-use' research in Canada: A policy review (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
    Description: National and international organisations have implemented governance mechanisms to address a diversity of ethical, security and policy challenges raised by advances in research and innovation. These challenges become particularly complex when research or innovations are considered ‘dual-use’, i.e. can lead to both beneficial and harmful uses, and in particular, civilian (peaceful) and military (hostile) applications. While many countries have mechanisms (i.e. export controls) to govern the transfer of dual-use technology (e.g. nuclear, cryptography), it is much less clear how dual-use research from across the range of academic disciplines can or should be governed. Using the Canadian research and policy context as case study, this paper will first, examine the governance mechanisms currently in place to mitigate the negative implications of dual-use research and innovation; second, compare these with other relevant international governance contexts; and finally, propose some ways forward (i.e. a risk analysis approach) for developing more robust governance mechanisms.
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    Cycles, Crises and Innovation: Path to Sustainable Development - A Kaleckian-Schumpeterian Synthesis by Jerry Courvisanos (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
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    The fall of research and rise of innovation: Changes in New Zealand science policy discourse (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
    Description: Recent changes in national science policies have seen a strong swing towards demand-side policies whereby national innovation systems are harnessed as a means of achieving economic growth. In this paper, we analyse more than a decade of change within New Zealand science policy—a period during which economic arguments and priorities have become increasingly dominant. In particular, we examine the relative shifts in stakeholder power relations embodied in the changes, a subject that is not generally considered in science policy and innovation studies. Researchers are increasingly disempowered as the policy agency becomes the ‘driver’ of innovation in a demand-led scenario. A likely consequence of these changes is that the boundary between science and consultancy will become harder to distinguish. We argue that the potential ethical and accountability consequences of these changes have yet to be fully explored or addressed within science policy.
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    A sketchy portrait of the public-sector entrepreneur * Governpreneurship: Establishing a Thriving Entrepreneurial Spirit in Government by Robert D. Hisrich and Amr Al-Dabbagh (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
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    Transnational Culture in the Internet Age edited by Sean A. Pager and Adam Candeub (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
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    Government R&D funding in economic downturns: Testing the varieties of capitalism conjecture (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
    Description: People and governments tend to have shorter time horizons when faced with economic uncertainty. Scientific discoveries and technological innovations requiring long-term commitment and investment are thus likely to suffer from higher rates of future discounting in times of economic insecurity. At the same time, governments are pressed for counter-cyclical measures in economic downturns, since recessions create large demands for compensatory spending for people and sectors at risk. This study explores how government investment in science and technology responds to economic downturns with a panel analysis of the data from 21 OECD nations for the period 1981–2011. Drawing on the varieties of capitalism (VoC) theory, the study explores how institutional complementarities underlying different regimes of political economy influence the downturn behavior of government-funded R&D. The empirical evidence presented here is largely supportive of the VoC conjecture, showing that government R&D funding is distinctly counter-cyclical in coordinated market economies.
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    Cosmopolitan Commons: Sharing Resources and Risks across Borders, edited by Nil Disco and Eda Kranakis (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
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    Argumentative practices in science, technology and innovation policy: The case of clinician-scientists and translational research (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
    Description: A growing number of studies of science, technology and innovation policy are taking argumentative practices as a privileged unit of analysis. Underpinning this development is the observation that, empirically, science, technology and innovation policies are often formulated and implemented through bargaining between competing coalitions of actors. I put this claim to practice by examining the recent emergence of translational research and translational medicine as central priority in the biomedical policy of the USA and Germany. Drawing on document analysis and semi-structured interviews with thirty-five biomedical researchers and policy-makers, I find that a specific group of actors, clinician-scientists, have successfully built a coalition concerned with increasing institutional support for their profession by claiming their role as privileged leaders of translational research initiatives. In doing so, they have simultaneously shaped the research agendas and institutional practices associated with translational research.
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    The European Research Council and the European research funding landscape (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
    Description: The European Research Council (ERC), which was introduced in the Seventh Framework Programme, implements radically new principles in the Framework Programme. This paper develops a methodological framework for measuring the effects of the ERC on the European research funding landscape and presents empirical findings. It maps three analytically separate but closely related dimensions: the research policy, institutional, and organisational dimensions, all of which are pertinent to a study of the effects of the ERC. The paper notes that the ERC has prompted a number of significant changes in EU research funding policy. At the institutional level, the ERC has rapidly gained legitimacy and status in the context of European research policy and its scientific and scholarly constituencies, both of which are important prerequisites for its influence on a broader scale. At the organisational level, its effects are fewer and are partially overshadowed by developments in the European Research Area.
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    The heterogeneity of knowledge and the academic mode of knowledge governance: Italian evidence in the first part of the 20th century (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
    Description: This paper considers university–industry relations, identifying the heterogeneity of academic knowledge with respect to economic growth and analysing its implication for the working of the academic mode of knowledge governance. It provides unique historical evidence on the differentiated effects of academic spillovers, using professorial chairs distinguished by disciplinary field, as a proxy, for the total factor productivity growth. The results shed light on the impacts of the various disciplines on economic growth. The increase in the number of chairs in engineering and chemistry contributed most to the growth in the total factor productivity. This is consistent with the historical context, characterized by the radical transformation of a backward agricultural economy into a highly industrialized, prosperous one. The results of this analysis stress the need to control and direct the composition of the bundle of types of knowledge generated by the academic system with the support of public subsidies.
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    Creating and sustaining knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship * Managing Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship by MaureenMcKelvey and Astrid Heidemann Lassen (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
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    Societal Entrepreneurship: Positioning, Penetrating, Promoting edited by Karin Berglund, Bengt Johannisson and Birgitta Schwartz * Social Entrepreneurship: To Act as if and Make a Difference by Bjorn Bjerke and Mathias Karlsson (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-15
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    Towards dynamic research configurations: A framework for reflection on the contribution of research to policy and innovation processes (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
    Description: This paper seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the complex dynamics that shape the contribution of research to policy and innovation processes that address ‘competing claims’ on natural resources and their management. Research in the context of competing claims requires strategies that: (1) can cope with high uncertainty and unpredictability; (2) are concerned with understanding the multiple dimensions of the issue at stake; (3) can facilitate change across different scales and levels; (4) include collaboration with different actors and stakeholders; and (5) may imply new roles for research and researchers. This paper reviews and builds upon research approaches to address these challenges. These research approaches are combined in a framework for dynamic research configurations that aims to stimulate reflection among researchers and to promote more embedded, context-sensitive and flexible research strategies.
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    Bio-entrepreneurship as a bridge between science and business in a regional cluster: South Africa's first attempts (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
    Description: Biotechnology is a young, but important industry in South Africa. As elsewhere, entrepreneurship is considered crucial to unlocking the growth potential of biotechnology. This paper is novel in that it assesses the first structured attempts in South Africa to equip scientists to build a bridge between the science of biotechnology and the commercialisation of knowledge in this field. Employing case study methods, the bio-entrepreneurship training programme at Cape Biotech is evaluated. The main objective of the programme is to support and facilitate the development of business skills necessary for sustainable biotechnology ventures, and the development of bio-entrepreneurs and future business managers. The programme is evaluated against its objectives from the perspectives of the participants and against the backdrop of their understanding of bio-entrepreneurship, their views on the prospects for South Africa’s biotechnology industry, and their assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of this industry in the Western Cape region.
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    The instrumental use of technical doubts: Technological controversies, investment decisions and air pollution controls in the global shipping industry (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
    Description: In principle, the installation of emissions abatement technology (otherwise known as scrubbers) on ships would reduce air pollution and premature deaths from disease and allow vessels to save costs by continuing to burn cheap high-sulphur residual fuel oil. But very few scrubbers have been installed. A recent House of Commons Select Committee Inquiry was unable to decide between the competing technical claims of scrubber manufacturers and ship operators, over whether scrubber technology was sufficiently ‘mature’ for present installation. From the perspective of science and technology studies, this paper draws on interviews with stakeholders and written and oral evidence to the committee to argue that this was a dispute, which foregrounded technical arguments for investment decisions that were actually being taken on economic grounds. Where scientific/technical closure is a matter of communal understanding rather than technical demonstration, technical doubt can be used instrumentally for economic reasons to delay closure.
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    Erratum to 'Which extramural scientists were funded by the US National Institutes of Health from its ARRA funds?' (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
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    Competing through innovation: Technology Strategy and Antitrust Policies by David J. Teece (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
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    Interaction with science: In what sense a case of learning by doing? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
    Description: Since the contribution of Cohen et al. ( Management Science , 2002, 48: 1–23), it is well established that linkages between engineering firms and public research organisations serve to both suggest new R&D projects and comple existing projects. However, the literature has little to say about whether these two types of outcomes are linked or independent effects. Drawing on theories of organisational learning and empirical analysis of data on Swedish engineering firms, this paper establishes that the occurrence of useful impulses to further R&D is inherently linked to the achievement of objectives related to a firm’s ongoing R&D projects. This connection is, however, mediated by the character of the project objective. Compared to linkages where objectives of exploration and exploitation are balanced, the connection between serendipitous learning and the achievement of established R&D objectives is stronger when these objectives are oriented towards exploration and weaker when objectives are oriented towards exploitation.
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    Beyond the third mission: Exploring the emerging university function of co-creation for sustainability (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
    Description: This paper explores a global trend where universities are collaborating with government, industry and civil society to advance the sustainable transformation of a specific geographical area or societal sub-system. With empirical evidence, we argue that this function of ‘co-creation for sustainability’ could be interpreted as the seeds of an emerging, new mission for the university. We demonstrate that this still evolving mission differs significantly from the economic focus of the third mission and conventional technology transfer practices, which we argue, should be critically examined. After defining five channels through which a university can fulfil the emerging mission, we analyse two frontrunner ‘transformative institutions’ engaged in co-creating social, technical and environmental transformations in pursuit of materialising sustainable development in a specific city. This study seeks to add to the debate on the third mission and triple-helix partnerships. It does so by incorporating sustainable development and place-based co-creation with government, industry and civil society.
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    How does openness affect innovation? Evidence from national key laboratories in China (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
    Description: Drawing on data from 212 national key laboratories in China, this paper examines the impact of openness on both scientific and technological innovation at laboratory level. The results of the estimation of negative binomial regression models indicate that links with industry, international collaboration, and the employment of non-permanent staff are all curvilinearly related to the level of a laboratory’s scientific innovation measured by its publications. Links with industry have a U-shaped relationship, while those involving international collaboration and the employment of non-permanent staff have an inverted U-shaped relationship with a laboratory’s level of scientific innovation. Links with industry, international collaboration, and employment of non-permanent staff are all associated with a laboratory’s level of technological innovation, which is measured by patents. Links with industry and international collaboration have an inverted U-shaped relationship, while employment of non-permanent staff has a negatively linear relationship with a laboratory’s technological innovation. This paper also examines the relationship between scientific and technological innovations.
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    Handbook on the Economic Complexity of Technological Change edited by Cristiano Antonelli (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
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    Intellectual Property Rights and the Financing of Technological Innovation: Public Policy and the Efficiency of the Markets by Carl Benedikt Frey (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
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    How Entrepreneurs Do What They Do: Case Studies in Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship edited by Maureen McKelvey and Astrid Heidemann Lassen (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
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    Balancing credibility, relevance and legitimacy: A critical assessment of trade-offs in science-policy interfaces (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
    Description: To foster strong connections between knowledge and policy action, science–policy interfaces, and the information they produce and exchange, need to be credible, relevant and legitimate. Though this is widely accepted, there has been less emphasis on the problem of trade-offs between these attributes, and how the trade-offs manifest themselves in practice. Based on empirical material on biodiversity-related science–policy interfaces, we identify four major potential trade-offs: first, personal time trade-off: interfacing versus doing other activities; secondly, a clarity–complexity trade-off: simple messages versus communicating uncertainty; thirdly, a speed–quality trade-off: timely outputs versus in-depth quality assessment; and finally, push–pull trade-off: supply-driven versus demand-driven research. Trade-offs are dynamic, vary through policy cycles, and evolve with changing contexts or internal dynamics between actors at the science–policy interface. We outline ways of easing the tensions inherent in trade-offs, but stress that appropriate solutions must be determined on a case-by-case basis.
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    Brazilian pharmaceutical industry and generic drugs policy: Impacts on structure and innovation and recent developments (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
    Description: When generic drugs were introduced into the Brazilian market, the main aim was to decrease prices and minimize public health expenditure. However, in addition to this effect, this policy brought about unintended changes to the industrial structure. In this paper, we evaluate the unplanned impacts from the introduction of generic drugs, particularly with respect to the business scale and innovation. Our main results show a large increase in market share in favor of domestic companies, but just a small increase in R&D expenditure and innovation within those companies. Such an increase in the business scale represented a window of opportunity for national firms, but the recent mergers and acquisitions by foreign firms have challenged their position. The weak competitiveness of domestic firms stems from their poor technological capabilities, which are an outcome of a successful ‘demand pull’ industrial policy without the support of a ‘technological’ industrial policy.
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    Creativity and Entrepreneurship: Changing Currents in Education and Public Life edited by Lynn Book and David P. Phillips (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
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    Is American Science in Decline? by Yu Xie and Alexandra A. Killewald (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
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    Corrigendum to 'The New Knowledge Workers by Dariusz Jemielniak' (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
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    Congress's own think tank: Learning from the legacy of the Office of Technology Assessment (1972-95) (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: In 1972 the United States Congress established the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) as a small analytical agency to become better informed about implications of new and emerging technologies. OTA’s principal products—technology assessments—were designed to inform congressional deliberations and debates about issues that involved science and technology dimensions but without recommending specific policy actions. OTA's unique governance by a bicameral and bipartisan board of House and Senate Members helped ensure that issues the agency addressed were tightly aligned with the congressional agenda and that assessments were undertaken with partisan and other stakeholder bias minimized. For 23 years OTA completed reports on virtually all science and technology subject faced by the Congress until the agency's annual appropriation of funds to operate was eliminated in 1995 as one of a series of budget austerity measures. This paper recaps the OTA experience and recent efforts to fill the gap since OTA's closure.
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    Crisis, Innovation and Sustainable Development: The Ecological Opportunity edited by Blandine Laperche, Nadine Levratto and Dimitri Uzunidis (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
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    The role of early-career factors in the formation of serial academic inventors (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: This paper explores the importance of early-career characteristics of academic inventors and how they affect their patenting activity. Using a novel dataset on 555 UK academic inventors, we find that the quality of the first invention is the best predictor for subsequent participation in the patenting process. We further find evidence for a positive training effect whereby researchers who were trained at universities that had already established commercialisation units patent more. In addition, researchers who gained their first patenting experience in industry are able to benefit from stronger knowledge flows and receive more citations than their purely academic peers.
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    Introduction to special section: A retrospective look at US science and technology policy (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
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    Innovation in innovation policy management: The Experimental Technology Incentives Program and the policy experiment (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: The Experimental Technology Incentives Program (ETIP) was conceived by the White House in the early 1970s as an innovative response to the perception that the productivity of federally funded R&D needed to be improved. The program conducted studies and ‘policy experiments’ with US government agencies during the period 1972–80 to develop and demonstrate the use of experiments as a tool for managing innovation policy development. The objective was to provide government agencies with a low-risk and effective policy tool, specifically to provide substantial information on the expected performance of a proposed change before making a full-implementation decision. However, such a sophisticated approach was ahead of both a broad recognition of the need for more efficient policy development tools and the internal government capabilities to effectively use this policy development instrument. Thus, ETIP was terminated after 10 years of operation.
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    The US Federal Trade Commission's Line of Business Program and innovation research (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: This paper examines how the resources of the Line of Business (LB) Program of the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) leveraged academic research to develop understanding of science and technology policy and to point to new directions for both research and policy. The paper provides an overview and discussion of the birth and death of the FTC LB Program and its unique LB data, the innovation research using the LB data, and the legacy of the program.
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    An agent, not a mole: Assessing the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: This paper argues in favor of four criteria for assessing the performance of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) within the Executive Office of the US President: trying to killing bad ideas (and sometimes succeeding), mobilizing expertise and confidence to support crisis response, identifying new issues and developing presidential policy initiatives, and catalyzing and coordinating multi-agency science and technology activities, especially in response to presidential goals. These criteria are illustrated with episodes from OSTP’s history. They place OSTP in a variety of roles, ranging from disinterested broker of expertise to policy entrepreneur, but always as an agent of the President. Although a full assessment using these criteria may not be feasible due to data limitations, their identification is nonetheless valuable in order to spark scholarly debate and further research and to support planning by OSTP staff and their interlocutors inside and outside of government.
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    Informal collaborations between social sciences and humanities researchers and non-academic partners (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: The analysis of how research contributes to society typically focuses on the study of those transactions that are mediated through formal legal instruments (research contracts, patent licensing and the creation of companies). Research has shown, however, that informal means of technology transfer are also important. This paper explores the importance of informal collaborations and provides evidence of the extent to which informal collaborations between researchers and non-academic partners take place informally in the social sciences and humanities (SSH). Data is obtained from two studies on knowledge exchange involving researchers working in the SSH area of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research. We show that informal collaborations not officially recorded by the organisation are much more common than formal agreements and that many collaborations remain informal over time. We explore the causes of such prevalence of informality and discuss its policy implications.
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    On the drivers of international collaboration: The impact of informal communication, motivation, and research resources (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: International collaboration in research activities has been highlighted because it offers higher productivity and has a greater impact than non-international collaboration. Given the importance of international collaboration, researchers make strategic decisions on their collaboration modes in the light of their environments and the expected trade-offs, since long-distance research collaboration entails both costs and benefits. By using national data at the project level, this paper examines the possible factors in international collaboration in various research areas, mainly focusing on research activities by universities. Our empirical results suggest that substantial financial and attentional resources, academic excellence, individual motivation, and active informal communication play significant roles in accomplishing international collaboration. Additionally, this paper refines the understanding of the role of communication and policy in ensuring the most effective use of research resources, helping research managers to promote collaboration in an appropriate decision-making context.
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    The returns to R&D: Division of Policy Research and Analysis at the National Science Foundation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: The US National Science Foundation’s (NSF’s) Division of Policy Research and Analysis (PRA) supported academic research related to, among many other things, measurement of the returns to private and public R&D, during the early 1980s. The findings from this body of research became a foundation for a number of technology and innovation policies promulgated in the aftermath of the US productivity slowdown in the 1970s, and, as we suggest in this paper, a foundation for many contemporary technology and innovation policy initiatives. We argue that there are lessons to be learned from PRA’s successes from its sponsorship of research in this area, and we suggest one possible area of future emphasis for NSF’s ongoing Science of Science and Innovation Policy program.
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    Conceptual Richness and Methodological Diversity in Entrepreneurship Research edited by Alain Fayolle, Paula Kyro, Tonis Mets and Urve Venesaar (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
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    The new model innovation agencies: An overview (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: There have been four major innovation organization policy moments for the US federal government driven by the demands of politics and technology since World War II: first, the immediate post-war period where the Cold War helped drive a basic research model for new and expanded science agencies; second, the Sputnik aftermath with the formation of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and scaled up funding for science; third, the competitiveness era ‘valley of death’ programs of the 1980s, and finally, a recent energy technology shift driven by energy and climate demands. Some are advocating a fifth: advanced manufacturing. In that lengthy evolution, what lessons have we learned about the design of federal innovation organizations? What are the institutional elements in the ‘new generation’ innovation policy programs now developing or under consideration? The focus is on the evolving federal agency role: what innovation stages is it organized around within the innovation pipeline and how does it link to other innovation actors?.
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    Synthetic biology, water industry and the performance of an innovation barrier (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: This paper analyses the performance of a research programme that sought to address issues of innovation in the water industry through the application of synthetic biology approaches to water problems. We use this analysis to re-imagine the problem of innovation in the UK water sector. Using textual, observational and interview data, we examine how a series of discourses have, over time, become firmly connected in the context of water innovation. Discourses include: conceptualisation of public actors as consumers who are ignorant of the complexities of water and its true value; and the primacy of market-based mechanisms to produce innovation. We show how these discourses shaped the expectations of academic and industry actors as they sought to use synthetic biology as a solution to industrial problems. Expecting innovation barriers of a certain form, these actors helped to construct the very thing they sought to dismantle.
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    Upstream public engagement, downstream policy-making? The Brain Imaging Dialogue as a community of inquiry (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: UK science and policy networks increasingly advocate ‘upstream public engagement’, that is, early public deliberation around potentially controversial science and technology. In the last two decades, neuroscience has advanced considerably, and non-medical uses of brain imaging technologies (BIT) are now raising substantial concerns. The 2010 Brain Imaging Dialogue (BID) brought together scientists, health practitioners, sociologists, philosophers, ethicists, religious representatives, citizens, policy-makers and legal experts to deliberate on non-medical uses of BIT. I present the BID as a community of inquiry that sought to stimulate policy deliberation in Scotland. The paper tells the story of the process from the perspective of the public engagement practitioners who organised it, drawing lessons about the community of inquiry method and concluding with reflections on the challenges of connecting upstream engagement to ongoing policy-making. Taking cues from practitioners’ experiences, I propose an institutional mechanism for the uptake of outputs from deliberative processes.
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    A holistic approach to regional strategies: The case of the Basque Country (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: The concept of regional strategy has been imported from the field of strategic management without reflecting on its specificities. This paper offers a holistic approach, which integrates all the elements a regional strategy should take into account around three core questions regarding: the strategy objectives (‘what for?’); the strategic positioning and its bases (‘what?’); and the process of formulating the strategy (‘how?’ and ‘who?’). This framework is applied to identify and analyse the strategies developed in the Basque Country over the last 30 years. The Basque Country is of great interest as it epitomizes the experience of old industrialized European regions that were ravaged by the economic crisis of the 1970s and have since achieved a considerable economic success. It is also a good example of the dual process that has taken place in Europe, involving top-down decentralization and the transfer of powers from national to supranational institutions.
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    Mission statements and self-descriptions of German extra-university research institutes: A qualitative content analysis (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-22
    Description: Research institutes generate knowledge that contributes to the progress of science and society. Thus, they display certain specific organizational characterizations. This paper examines the variations in the descriptions of German extra-university research institutes by using a qualitative content analysis. It investigates the mission statements and self-descriptions from Max Planck institutes, Fraunhofer institutes, and government research agencies related to the material sciences in order to discuss differences among the institutes and to understand how they cope with external expectations. The findings reveal that the missions of the scientific associations tend to highlight scientific and other orientations. Those research institutes open to scientific communication and non-scientific problems tend to associate with non-scientific orientations. Based on these findings, I argue that external assessments of research institutes should pay attention to the organizations’ self-description and asserted connections to science and society. The use of this perspective should minimize conflicts concerning the appropriate representation of such institutes.
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    Democratising research evaluation: Achieving greater public engagement with bibliometrics-informed peer review (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-22
    Description: The ability of metrics to represent complex information about research in an accessible format has previously been overlooked in preference to debate about their shortcomings as research evaluation tools. Here, we argue that bibliometrics have the potential to widen scientific participation by allowing non-academic stakeholders to access scientific decision making, thereby increasing the democratisation of science. Government policies from 3 countries (UK, Australia and Spain) are reviewed. Each country outlines a commitment to the democratisation of science for one set of policies whilst ignoring this commitment when developing parallel research evaluation policies. We propose a change in dialogue from whether bibliometrics should be used to how they should be used in future evaluations. Future research policies should take advantage of bibliometrics to foster greater democratisation of research to create more socially-reflexive evaluation systems.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Research networking and technology fusion through EU-funded collaborative projects (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-22
    Description: This paper examines the EU-funded research networks formed in three emerging areas of the information and communication technologies field. Social network analysis is employed to investigate network structure and dynamics, and examine the role of the participating organizations over a 12-year period. Visualization techniques are used to highlight the research linkages between various actors. Empirical results suggest that the networks are highly connected, structured around a core of key actors, mainly large firms, prestigious universities and research centres. Networking activity seems to be enhancing research collaboration patterns among actors with diverse technological backgrounds. An important policy implication is that EU collaborative networks may significantly contribute to forming technology fusion, one of the major sources of contemporary innovations.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Knowledge governance: An exploration of principles, impact, and barriers (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-22
    Description: Knowledge governance opens new pathways for collective action and is especially suited for solving complex societal problems. This paper analyses knowledge governance in two ways. First, it presents an overview of the literature on this topic with a particular focus on the principles of knowledge governance: self-organization, transdisciplinary knowledge production and dissemination, social learning, reflexivity and boundary management. Secondly, it presents the results of a case study to investigate the impact of, and the barriers to, knowledge governance. The case study is of the Dutch Northern Frisian Woodlands region, where a group of farmers, policy-makers, and scholars engaged in knowledge governance. We found that a limited ability and willingness of participants to commit themselves to the different principles was a major barrier to the functioning of knowledge governance. Furthermore, boundary management and the openness of organizations to learn about and change policies are crucial to gaining impact with knowledge governance.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Emerging technologies in India: Developments, debates and silences about nanotechnology (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-22
    Description: In the last decade nanotechnology entered the policy arena as a technology that is simultaneously promising and threatening, and with a similar Janus-like face, nanotechnology entered the development agenda. How does a developing country like India deal with nanotechnology? Combining a quantitative and qualitative approach, this paper outlines the developments, discussions, and silences concerning nanotechnology in India. The nanotechnology landscape in India is dominated by government initiatives. Government investments led to a steady rise in global publication rankings, scientific collaborations and the number of institutions involved. This growth is mainly rooted in fundamental research and public research institutes. Industry involvement and patenting activity are at a nascent stage and developing slowly. Issues that were raised in the Indian context relate to funding, capacity, commercialization, regulation of risks, and the distribution of benefits. Nanotechnology is positively viewed across the board, with notable silences on ethical issues and the relation to the public.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Innovation system in transition: Opportunities for policy learning between China and Russia (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-22
    Description: China and Russia—two giants in the group of emerging markets—continue to attract wide attention as emerging science and technological superpowers. Both countries demonstrate mixed success in innovation development and are struggling to overcome the legacies of the former state planning system and accelerate their transition to effective national innovation systems. This study evaluates the existing path dependencies and compares the achievements of China and Russia. It is suggested that there are a number of policy complementarities and opportunities for mutual learning between the two nations especially in the areas of: university reform, cluster development, and increasing productivity of state-owned enterprises. The case of nanotechnology policies offers an interesting and somewhat contrasting view.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Researching standards: No recipe, no risk (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-22
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    From particle physics to photon science: Multi-dimensional and multi-level renewal at DESY and SLAC (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-22
    Description: Studies of institutional transformation in science have largely overlooked Big Science installations, despite far-reaching changes to the roles and functions of such large labs in the past decades. Here, we present and analyze two Big Science labs that have undergone profound transformations from single-purpose particle physics labs to multi-purpose centers for so-called photon science: SLAC in the USA and DESY in Germany. We provide brief historic accounts of the labs and an analysis of the processes of change on different levels and from different aspects informed by a theoretical framework of institutional change in science. Thus, we describe the relevance of the study of Big Science labs from the perspective of institutional change and in terms of science policy/management. We also prove the aptness of the framework used and pave the way for a detailed analysis of particular forces of change and their interrelatedness.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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