ALBERT

Description: Voorjaar 1949 ontving ik een kleine collectie levende vissen uit Suriname (Nederlands Guiana), door een zeeman verzameld in een poel nabij Paramaribo. Helaas is de juiste vindplaats niet nader aangegeven, dan enige kilometers ten zuiden van de hoofdstad.\nOnmiddellijk na ontvangst werden de vissen, die hier het onderwerp van bespreking zijn, in een groot gezelschapsaquarium (150 X 60 X 50 cm. hoog) ondergebracht, dat reeds werd bevolkt door verscheidene Nannostomini, Hasemania marginata, Rivulus cylindraceus, Acanthophthalmus kuhli, Dermogenus pusillus en Nannacara anomala en N. taenia.

Description: The increased importance which the European red mite (Paratetranychus pilosus (Can. et Fanz.)) (= Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch)) has assumed in recent years has led to an intensive study of its biology and natural history.\nIn the course of these investigations many workers, and in particular those in Nova Scotia (vide Lord, 1949), have become convinced that this pest can be controlled, on apple trees at least, by natural means and that some of the most active agents in its eradication are the representatives of that group of predaceous mites which Vitzthum (1941) placed in the subfamily Phytoseiinae Ber\'lese, 1916 1). As the late Dr. A. C. Oudemans of Arnhem included many if not most of these species in the genus Typhlodromus as he conceived it, this paper is in essence a revision of that genus.\nPresumably because of their small size and limited distribution, which is largely contingent upon readily available populations of their hosts, little attention has been paid to these predators from either the ecological or taxonomic point of view. A cursory survey of the literature pertaining to the predaceous relationship which exists between the Phytoseiinae herein to be discussed and the tetranychid mites may serve as an appraisal of this economically significant group of mites. Koch (1839) in describing what now appears to be a typhlodromid, viz., Gamasus vepallidus, made no reference to its possible predaceous habits. Scheuten (1857) thought that the eriophyids which he found associated in numbers with his Typhlodromus pyri were its offspring. Berlese (1882-1898), however, had a better understanding of these relationships and was able to state in his redescription of G. vepallidus as Seius (Seiulus) vepallidus (K.) that it was a predator of small acari as well as being a mycophage. His countryman, Ribaga (1902), writing of the

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction............... 3\nSystematic survey of the Limacidae of the central and western Canary Islands 5 Biogeographical notes on the Limacidae of the Canary Islands . . . . 21 Alphabetical list of the persons who collected or observed Limacidae in the Canary Islands.............. 31\nLiterature............... 32\nINTRODUCTION\nIn the spring of 1947 I was so fortunate as to join for some 9 weeks the Danish Zoological Expedition to the Canary Islands. During my stay I collected materials for the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden, paying special attention to the land- and freshwater Mollusca. This paper contains the first results of the examination of the Mollusca collected.\nMy Danish friends Dr. Gunnar Thorson and Dr. Helge Vols\xc3\xb8e generously put at my disposal the non-marine Mollusca they collected during their stay in the Canaries. When the material has been worked up, duplicates will be deposited in the Zoological Museum at Copenhagen.\nI am indebted to several persons who helped me in various ways in the investigations here published. Prof. Dr. N. Hj. Odhner (Stockholm) very kindly put at my disposal a MS list of all the Mollusca of the Canary Islands and their distribution, which he had compiled for private use. Mr. Hugh Watson (Cambridge) never failed to help me by examining or lending specimens, and in detailed letters gave me the benefit of his great experience.\nDuring my stay in Paris in March 1950 Dr. G. Ranson and Dr. A. Franc put at my disposal for examination the Canarian slugs present in the Mus\xc3\xa9um

Description: The present paper is an extension of my revision of the Malaysian species of the genus Dillenia L. (Wormia Rottb. included) inserted in the revision of the Dilleniaceae in the Flora Malesiana ser. I, vol. 4, part 3, pp. 141\xe2\x80\x94174, published in December 1951. A critical revision of the whole genus has never been published before; the unfortunate result of this has been that the delimitation of Dillenia and Wormia, usually as distinct genera, has been based on different characters by various authors. The extension of the revision for the Flora Malesiana so as to include the extra-malaysian species enabled me to study a number of species, the knowledge of which certainly confirmed me in my idea that the characters on which Dillenia and Wormia had been separated before are certainly not the primary characters, to be used in the taxonomic treatment of the genus.\nAll specimens and literature mentioned in this work have been examined by me, unless indicated otherwise; excepted are the specimens of the U.S. National Herbarium., of which I have only examined those collections, of which no duplicates were available from other herbaria. Particulars, not to be taken from the herbarium specimens themselves, such as habit, height, diameter, colour, etc., have been taken from the collectors\xe2\x80\x99 notes and, as far as reliable, from the literature, and are inserted in the descriptions; if there are contradictory data, they are discussed under the Notes.

Description: Exbucklandia R. W. Brown ( Bucklandia R. Br. non Pr. ex Sternb., Symingtonia Steen.) In an article on \xe2\x80\x9cAlterations in some fossil and living floras\xe2\x80\x9d (J. Wash. Ac. Sc. 36: 348. Oct. 1946) R. W. Brown proposed the new generic name Exbucklandia for the Hamamelidaceous genus Bucklandia R. Br., non Pr. ex Sternb., while describing a new fossil species from the United States. He also transferred B. populnea to the new genus. Unfortunately I had overlooked this publication when proposing Symingtonia to replace Bucklandia R. Br. (Acta Bot. Neerl. 1: 443\xe2\x80\x94444. 1952). Exbucklandia will have to be accepted for it in future. The Indo-Chinese species B. tonkinensis Lecomte should be referred to as Exbucklandia tonkinensis (Lecomte) Steen. comb. nov. I have to thank Dr E. H. Walker for pointing my attention to R. W. Brown\xe2\x80\x99s paper.

Description: This charming and handy book printed on excellent paper, with its numerous clear pictures of well-known Malayan plants, reminds one in many ways of Merrill\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cPlant Life of the Pacific World\xe2\x80\x9d (MacMillan 1946, New York), which has perhaps served Prof. Holttum as an example. Its size being only slightly smaller than Merrill\xe2\x80\x99s book and the area covered being very considerably smaller, its descriptions of plants are naturally more detailed; the more so as only a choice has been made, in which the special interests of the author \xe2\x80\x94 ferns, orchids, gingers \xe2\x80\x94 are evident though not predominant.\nThe plants described are not regionally arranged. The 17 chapters are rather headed by names of life-forms, striking organs, and special habitats. As is pointed out in the Preface, the book is \xe2\x80\x9cintended primarily for the Malayan resident who wishes to begin a study of Malayan plants\xe2\x80\x9d. In this purpose the book will doubtless prove to be a success: the reader is gradually taught quite a bit of botany of various fields, morphology, anatomy, ecology, hybridisation, etc. These are demonstrated at plants which are within easy reach of the ordinary layman for which it is destined. Short opening and concluding chapters deal with general features of tropical plants and with the Malayan forest. Since the author is a well-known expert and the Malayan flora as here described is a very good example of any flora between, say, Calcutta and Fiji, it may well be useful to residents of many other countries as well.

Description: The first result of this survey of the wide genera which have endemic species in New Caledonia is certainly to confirm the impression that there is indeed a noteworthy geographical association between Madagascar and that island, even if it is only a particular aspect of a more general relationship between Madagascar and Australasia as a whole.\nBut the survey gives prominence also to another point, namely the unexpectedly small part that tropical Africa plays in the distribution of the genera reviewed. It almost seems as if there is some factor of exclusion affecting that great region, and there is no indication of any corresponding degree of relation between tropical Africa and New Caledonia such as has been detected between the latter and Madagascar.

Description: Trees with leaves crowded at tip of thick branchlets; stipules subulate or narrowly deltoid, caducous; leaves, obovate or obovate-oblong, tertiary nerves ascending near the midrib, transverse near the margins of the leaf; flowers crowded at tips of branchlets, forming a pseudo-terminal, many-florous inflorescence; calyx with two whorls of two lobes each; corolla exsert, tube solid, pubescent without at apex, petals 8, imbricate; stamens 9\xe2\x80\x9440, inserted in one or two rows in the throat; style subulate, exsert, glabrous; ovary glabrous, 3\xe2\x80\x948-celled, cells 1-ovuled, ovules attached at the apex of the central axis; sometimes an indistinct annular disc present; fruit large, often edible, crowned by the persistent style; fruit usually 1-seeded; seed ovoid with large to very large scar and apical hilum; testa thick, crustaceous; albumen none or membranous, if present especially around the radicle; cotyledons fleshy; radicle inferior, not exsert \xe2\x80\x94 11 species distributed from the Moluccas to the Samoa and Tonga Islands.\nThe last revision of this genus was given by Lam in 1942. After a small but important publication of White (J. Arn. Arb. 31, 1, 1950, 104) and the investigation of some new collections it seemed appropriate to give a concise revision of this genus in preparation for the \xe2\x80\x9cFlora Malesiana\xe2\x80\x9d. Some new species are described and of some old ones more details are given. The publications of Lam are abbreviated as follows: 1925 = The Sapotaceae, etc. of the Dutch East Indies, Bull. Jard. Bot. Bzg, s\xc3\xa9r. 3, 7, 1925, 112. Lam 1927 = Further studies etc., Bull. Jard. Bot. Bzg, s\xc3\xa9r. 3, 8, 1927, 381. Lam 1932 = Sapotaceae, in Nova Guinea 14, 4, 1932, 554. Lam 1942 = A tentative list of wild Pacific Sap. etc., Blumea 5, I, 1942, 36.

Description: A study has been made of the Indo-Malaysian species of Cnestis. The mutual length ratio of sepals and petals, \xe2\x80\x94 brevi- and aequipetaly \xe2\x80\x94, is the main differentiating character for the species; there are no transitions. The areas of distribution overlap in the Malay Peninsula (fig. 1); brevipetalous types are known from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes, aequipetalous types from Burma, Siam, Indo-China and the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. Fruits are of two different shapes: beaked in aequipetalae of the Andamans, Burma, Siam, and Indo-China, pear-shaped in remaining aequipetalae and in brevipetalae. Leaves tend to be longer and jugae more numerous in brevipetalae than in aequipetalae.\nOther characters do not have so clear a separating value, such as texture and indumentum of leaflets, indumentum of inflorescence, texture and indumentum of petals, length of stamens, type and length of pistils, length ratio of stamens and pistils. However, even on the strength of these characters there is some reason to distinguish both groups mentioned above. As to the indumentum of petals there is a remarkable cline in a decreasing sense from the Philippines to continental Asia, the Andamans and the Malay Peninsula and back to the east through the brevipetalae of Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes.\nBrevi- and aequipetalae have been considered to represent two species, viz Cnestis platantha Griff. and Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merrill. The latter one has been divided into two subspecies, viz subsp. palala with beaked fruits and subsp. diffusa (Blanco) Andreas with pear-shaped fruits. For their area of distribution see fig. 1.\nIn many respects some plants of the Andamans, Burma, Siam, Indo-China (and the Malay Peninsula) are different from the remaining aequipetalae, but not in a uniform way as to the various characters. Although there are some arguments for a further taxonomic subdivision, we did not think it advisable to introduce such a division at present. Our classification differs from the division as given by Schellenberg (1938). This was caused by the material on one hand, being more heterogeneous than Schellenberg described it, and, on the other hand, by the fact that some of the diagnostic characters used by him, in our opinion were not fit for use as such. Therefore a revision of Schellenberg\xe2\x80\x99s system of the genus Cnestis seems desirable.

Description: In January 1949 Professor H. J. Lam, director of the Rijksherbarium, Leyden, on his way to the 7th Pacific Science Congress in New Zealand, spending some time in Fiji, was shown by Mr B. E. V. Parham, Department of Agriculture, Suva, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, a slender tree, cultivated in the Agricultural Experimental Garden Naduruloulou. The tree was unidentified and of unknown origin. Some flowering material was collected and at our request Mr Parham was good enough to send some ripe fruits in liquid for an investigation I was entrusted with.\nAdditional material was studied from the herbaria at Brisbane, Kew, Leiden, Melbourne and Paris. It is my pleasant duty to tender my best thanks to the directors of these institutes for the loan of this valuable material, among which the type.

Description: With reference to and in continuation of our elaborate announcement in Blumea VI, nr. 2, 1950, p. 544\xe2\x80\x94545, it is a pleasure to report now the publication of Vol. I, entitled: Malaysian plant collectors and collections, being a cyclopaedia of botanical exploration in Malaysia and a guide to the concerned literature up to the year 1950 by Mrs. M. J. van Steenis\xe2\x80\x94Kruseman (CLII + 639 pp., 3 maps and about 220 illustrations).\nThe General Part (roman page numbers) comprises introductory paragraphs (aim of work, interesting data and hints on labeling, lists of illustrations and literature of use to collectors and investigators, terminology of altitudinal zones, and the use of vernacular names) as well as chapters on the technique of botanical exploration and collecting, on the phytogeographical delimitation and subdivision of Malaysia, on the collections made in the area concerned (arranged both chronologically and geographically, with 1 map), statistics of collections and desiderata for further exploration with 2 maps), sources consulted for the data mentioned (literature and herbaria), and samples of handwritings of 70 collectors and botanists.

Description: In Madro\xc3\xb1o (1936) Herre has lamented the disappearance of lichen species through the disastrous interference of man. Unavoidably, the advance of civilised modern life is linked with destruction of the vegetation. This applies all the more as the endangered area is more densely populated and it certainly applies most alarmingly to the lichen flora of the Netherlands. Here, every way-side tree felled is an irreparable loss to the epiphytic lichen communities, every acre of heath burnt or turned into arable land is a blow to our stock of terrestrial lichen species, whereas the use of dry fertilisers and the spraying of orchards are very effective in killing any lichen in the neighbourhood that otherwise might have survived. A comparison of the material preserved in the older collections with what can be found nowadays, clearly shows what has gone lost. It is sad to think that an ever increasing number of species are on their way to total extermination.\nHowever, from a thorough investigation of the epiphytic communities of cryptogams latterly started by Mr J. J. Barkman, it becomes apparent that at least to some extent the losses may be compensated by the discovery of species hitherto overlooked or not recognised. It is on such and other finds that I intend to report from time to time.

Description: Though the new names published in Thunberg\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cFlorida\xe2\x80\x9d have been entered in the Index Kewensis, few botanists have tried to verify the status and synonymy of the new species proposed in this 2-thesis booklet. Thunberg\xe2\x80\x99s names were entered in Juel\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cPlantae Thunbergianae\xe2\x80\x9d (1918, 412 pp.).\nThe diagnoses are generally too short and vague to allow a definite opinion. Only Schott, Mueller Arg., and F. E. Wimmer have examined material of resp. the Araceae, Euphorbiaceae, Campanulaceae.

Description: As early as 1939 I started a study of Papuan Nothofagus, and since 1948 I was entrusted with the elaboration of all the material my colleagues could lay hands on. This work was repeatedly interrupted on account of official duties. Pending the full account of the work in the Journal of the Arnold Arboretum I regret that it seems necessary to safeguard my conclusions as soon as possible.

Description: Xyris malmei sp. nov. \xe2\x80\x94 Folia ensiformia, 7\xe2\x80\x9430 cm longa, subfalcata, minute papillosa. Scapus 20\xe2\x80\x9445 cm longus, teres vel subteres, papillatus. Bracteae ovatae ad ellipticae, obtusae, emarginatae vel retusae; bracteae basales cum nervo uno completo et nervis 4 descendentibus incompletis. Sepala lateralia naviculata, cum carina glabra carinata. Petala obovata, 8\xe2\x80\x949 mm longa, ungui 7\xe2\x80\x948 mm longo. Stamina 3\xe2\x80\x944.5 mm longa, antherae basi obtuse, apice profunde incisae, thecarum apex acute bifidus. Staminodia penicillata. Ovarium obovoideum. Stylus trifidus, ramulis apice capitatis.\nTypus: Robinson & Kloss 5962, in K: Malay Peninsula, Kedah Peak, 850\xe2\x80\x94 1200 m, Dee. 1915.

Description: Koorders, Fl. v. Tjibodas 2 (1923) 32\xe2\x80\x9446; Hochreutiner in Candollea 2 (1924\xe2\x80\x941926) 336\xe2\x80\x94359; Ochse, Indische Groenten (1931) 719\xe2\x80\x94722; Backer, Onkruidfl. Java Suiker (1930) 203\xe2\x80\x94209; Aimshoff in Blumea 5 (1942\xe2\x80\x941945) 515\xe2\x80\x94517. Miss Dr G. J. Amshoff started the revision of the Javanese Urticaceae, but left the definitive preparation to me.\nUrtica dioica L. and U. urens L. have been erroneously recorded for Java (Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat. 1\xc2\xb2, 1859, 227; Koorders, Exk. Fl. Java 2, 1912, 126). To my knowledge no specimens were ever collected there nor elsewhere in the Malay Archipelago.

Description: In my paper on Parmeliaceae (in Blumea, vol. 6, 1947) some remarks have been made concerning the taxa below the rank of species (p. 3\xe2\x80\x944), one of them being the statement that I was to try to hold an intermediate course between those authors accepting multitudes of varieties and forms, and others abandoning them all. In the eyes of both I may have failed.\nIn the present paper I am going to alienate myself still farther from the former group of authors in reducing varieties to forms and doing away with many other forms. Although in a way this contradicts my inclination towards a meticulous classification in my former paper, it should be borne in mind that not all genera in lichenology can be treated alike. I still believe in varieties and forms \xe2\x80\x94 considering e.g. Parmelia physodes very good illustration \xe2\x80\x94 but on the other hand I am well aware now that in following Hillmann, whom I shall always gratefully remember for his kind help during the early days of my lichenological training, I have been decidedly all too punctilious.

Description: Gynostemma hederifolia (Decne) Cogn. in D.C., Monogr. Phan. 3: 916, 1881. (\xe2\x80\x9chederaefolia\xe2\x80\x9d). \xe2\x80\x94 Sicyos hederifolius Decaisne in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 3: 450, 1834.\nKANGEAN Island (N. of Bali): Gua Peteng, 1 M alt.; Backer 26948 (BO), 15-III1919, \xe2\x99\x82, filaments connate up to the top, leaves far more densely puberulous than in the next specimen.

Description: Little attention has been paid till now to the algae, transported to the Netherlands coast on drifting objects. About a century ago T. D. Vrijdag Zijnen and G. Bisschop (near Scheveningen, \xc2\xb1 1845), and L. H. Buse (between Wijk aan Zee and Zandvoort, \xc2\xb1 1840\xe2\x80\x941847) were the first to pay attention to this subject. The material collected, especially that by the first two investigators, is mentioned in the Prodromus Fl. Bat. (1853). The book of Van Goor (1923) contains a chapter on these algae, in which, however, only few new observations occur. The author is much indebted to Dr Josephine Th. Koster for her kind help, as well as to Dr S. J. v. Ooststroom. The material, collected by Vrijdag Zijnen, Bisschop and Buse is almost completely present in the collections of the \xe2\x80\x98Rijksherbarium\xe2\x80\x99 and the \xe2\x80\x98Koninklijke Ncderlandse Botanische Vereniging\xe2\x80\x99, Leiden. The material, collected during the last few years has for the greater part been brought together by the present author, and furthermore especially by K. Swennen (Den Helder), J. Stock (Amsterdam), A. Mulder (Haarlem) and P. Leenhouts (Scheveningen). This material belongs to the collection of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, but most of it is, for the time being, put under the charge of the \xe2\x80\x9cComit\xc3\xa9 ter Bestudering van de Nederlandse Mariene Flora en Fauna\xe2\x80\x9d (\xe2\x80\x9cCommittee on the Netherlands\xe2\x80\x99 Marine Flora and Fauna\xe2\x80\x9d) and temporarily preserved in \xe2\x80\x9cHet Filiaal\xe2\x80\x9d, Leiden.

Description: G. kingiana (Brace) Van den Assem, Blumea VII\xc2\xb2, 1953, 373.\nVar. kingiana, l. c. 373.

Description: Dialium hydnocarpoides, sp. nov. \xe2\x80\x94 Foliola (15)17\xe2\x80\x9419, elliptice oblonga, 4.5\xe2\x80\x946.5(8.5) cm longa, 2\xe2\x80\x942.5(3) cm lata, apice abrupte breviter acuminata. Sepala extus pubescentia, intus puberula. Stamina 2, raro 3. Ovarium in receptaculo plano, lato, strigoso excentrice insertum. Stylus glaber. Legumen fere globosum, leave, velutinum, c. 15 mm diam.\nTypus \xe2\x80\x94 Sumatra, Palembang, prope Lematang Ilir: FRI 185 T. 3 P. 541 (L).

Description: Combretum kostermansii Exell, sp. nov.\nFrutex scandens, ramulis primo fulvo-pilosis et tomentellis demum sparse pilosis, atro-rubris. Folia opposita breviter petiolata, petiolo 1\xe2\x80\x943 mm longo, piloso, lamina chartacea, ovata vel oblongo-ovata, basi cordata, apice acuminata, 2\xe2\x80\x947 X 1.8\xe2\x80\x943.6 cm, supra nitidula, costa media excepta pilosula fere glabra, subtus ad nervo adpresse pilosula, haud lepidota, costis lateralibus utrinsecus 3\xe2\x80\x946. Flores \xe2\x99\x82+ protogyni, 4-meri, sessiles, albi, in paniculas terminales et axillares, rhachide fulvopiloso, bracteis filiformibus 3\xe2\x80\x944 mm longis fulvo pilosis dispositi. Receptaculum inferius 1\xe2\x80\x941.5 mm longum, dense pilosum, superius cupuliforme, 1.5 X 2.5 mm, pilosulum. Calycis lobi ovato-acuminati, 1 X 0.9 mm. Petala 4, late ovata, apiculata, 2 X 1.5 mm, pilosa. Stamina 8, biseriata, filamentis 2.5 mm longis, glabris, primi inflexis, antheris 1 mm longis glabris. Discus inconspicuus. Stylus 4 mm longus, glaber. Ovuli 2.

Description: The Netherlands Antilles may be divided into: (1) The Cura\xc3\xa7ao Group (or Netherlands Leeward Islands): Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Aruba and Bonaire. (2) The St. Martin Group (or Netherlands Windward Islands): (Netherlands) St. Maarten, Saba and St. Eustatius. The latter islands are very small, forming together only 8.1 per cent of the total area of the Netherlands Antilles, and 2.2 per cent of its population.\nThe Cura\xc3\xa7ao Group often has a desert-like aspect with a \xe2\x80\x9ctropical dry-forest\xe2\x80\x9d vegetation. Therefore on these islands the mosquito pest is nothing like so bad as it usually is in the tropics. There are few permanent breeding places, except man-made receptacles in and around the houses to store rainwater or well-water in as the Government waterworks do not always produce sufficient and adequate water. The St. Martin Group has a higher rainfall and a more abundant vegetation.\nIn the preceding pages the morphological characteristics which are of taxonomic value have been described. Keys to the mosquitoes, their classification, their geographical distribution and their biology observed in the Netherlands Antilles have been given.\nMosquitoes may be spread by automobiles, ships and airplanes on the islands. Fortunately, all airplanes from foreign airports and St. Maarten are sprayed on Cura\xc3\xa7ao and Aruba. Except this measure little was done before 1951 to control mosquitoes, except in the areas occupied by the oil companies. An anti-A\xc3\xabdes aegypti campaign was initiated on Cura\xc3\xa7ao in October 1951 and on Aruba in March 1952 (residual DDT house spraying and larviciding).\nBecause of the paucity of mosquito records of the Netherlands Antilles a rather thorough survey was made on Cura\xc3\xa7ao from 1941- 1947, while the other islands were visited only for a short time.\nAt the moment 20 species are known from the Netherlands Antilles.\nAnopheles pseudopunctipennis pseudopunctipennis was found on Cura\xc3\xa7ao and rarely on Aruba, and An.albimanus once on St. Maarten, but never an indigenous case of malaria has been reported from the Netherlands Antilles. The larvae of An. pseudopunctipennis were found in earth-lined breeding places, but also frequently in manmade receptacles. Nearly all these breeding places contained clear, fresh or slightly brackish water with green algae; the majority were sunlit. Though the females of An.pseudopunctipennis attacked man, they were more attracted to animals.\nCulex quinquefasciatus was a common domestic pest mosquito on all of the islands. Though it often bred in earth-lined breeding places, it was found more frequently in man-made receptacles. The water was fresh or slightly brackish and usually polluted. Wuchereriasis bancrofti prevailed at a low rate on the Cura\xc3\xa7ao Group (4.2%, of which at least 2.7% was indigenous) and at a higher rate on the St. Martin Group (10.3% of which at least 5.1% was autochthonous). Elephantiasis was very rare.\nA\xc3\xabdes aegypti was the most common domestic pest mosquito on both groups of islands. It was usually caught in clear, fresh water in man-made receptacles in or around human dwellings. The females bit in the daytime and at night. Several epidemics of yellow fever occurred in the previous century; the last one was on Cura\xc3\xa7ao in 1901. The last sporadic case occurred on Cura\xc3\xa7ao in 1914. Dengue was very common in newcomers from non-endemic areas.\nHaemagogus anastasionis was collected on Cura\xc3\xa7ao and rarely on Aruba. The larvae were mainly found in tree holes after occasional rains. All the breeding places contained dark brown rainwater with a layer of humus. The bite of the female is painful. Fortunately it has not been incriminated as a vector of jungle yellow fever. Besides, there are no wild monkeys on the Netherlands Antilles.\nWyeomyia celaenocephala was found in various species of bromeliads on the Christoffelberg on Cura\xc3\xa7ao. The females will bite fiercely in the jungle.\nUranotaenia lowii was collected from a pond on Bonaire.\nA\xc3\xabdes taeniorhynchus was mainly caught in stagnant, sunlit beach pools with clear, dark brown, brackish water on Cura\xc3\xa7ao, and once in a well on Saba. The females are severe biters.\nA\xc3\xabdes busckii was found in a tree hole on St. Eustatius.\nPsorophora cyanescens was reported from Aruba only once.\nPsorophora confinnis bred in rock holes and other earth-lined breeding places, and rarely in man-made receptacles on the Cura\xc3\xa7ao Group. The majority of the breeding places were temporary and sunlit, and contained clear or turbid rainwater. The females are fierce biters. They entered houses.\nPsorophora pygmaea was collected from a ditch on St. Maarten.\nDeinocerites cancer was mainly found in crab holes on both groups of islands. The water of the breeding places was turbid and brackish. Adults lived in the crab holes. Females did not bite the author.\nCulex erraticus was caught in clear fresh water near the airport on Cura\xc3\xa7ao.\nCulex americanus was found in various bromeliads on the St. Martin Group.\nCulex bahamensis was collected from fresh or brackish water on the St. Martin Group.\nCulex habilitator adults and larvae were found in crab holes on St. Maarten.\nCulex maracayensis was caught in earth-lined breeding places and sometimes in concrete tanks and troughs on Cura\xc3\xa7ao. The water was usually clear, shaded and fresh or slightly brackish.\nCulex nigripalpus was collected near the airport on Cura\xc3\xa7ao from a temporary ground pool with rainwater.\nMegarhinus guadeloupensis was found once in a bromeliad on Saba.

Description: While engaged on working out the beautiful pycnogonid material dredged by Dr Th. Mortensen in shallow waters near the Virgin Islands, I thought it useful to compare this dredged material with material collected between the tide marks, or just below the low tide line. So I was very glad to meet Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, who has made extensive collections of littoral marine animals during his various trips to the West Indies, and who kindly entrusted me with about 50 lots of pycnogonids which had already been sorted from his material.\nA definitive paper will be published as soon as his entire marine material has been searched for the presence of sea spiders.

Description: This paper presents the results of the examination of a fairly big collection of mollusca from the island of Mandul, north of Tarakan, East-Borneo. The material was collected by Dr. Van Holst Pellekaan while investigating the geology of Mandul in the service of the \xe2\x80\x9cBataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij\xe2\x80\x9d (Royal Dutch/Shell). It was sent to Prof. K. Martin of Leyden for closer examination, and afterwards was embodied into the collections of the Leyden Geological Museum.\nProf. Martin recorded the results of his preliminary examination, which excluded the bivalves, in a report to the \xe2\x80\x9cBataafsche\xe2\x80\x9d, dated 12th January 1917. He came to the conclusion that the fossils were of a Pliocene age.

Description: La stratification des roches cristallines (d\'\xc3\xa2ge ant\xc3\xa9st\xc3\xa9phanien) des massifs centraux des Alpes est en g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ral \xc3\xa0 peu pr\xc3\xa8s parall\xc3\xa8le \xc3\xa0 la schistosit\xc3\xa9. \xc3\x89galement les intrusions granitiques y sont plus ou moins concordantes.\nCependant les recherches sous la direction du Professeur E. Niggli de Leiden ont d\xc3\xa9montr\xc3\xa9 que le contact est du massif granitique des Sept-Laux (Massif de Belledonne s. 1.) est concordant seulement en grandes lignes avec la schistosit\xc3\xa9, tandis qu\'il est parfois nettement discordant en d\xc3\xa9tail (voir la publication dans un des num\xc3\xa9ros suivants de ce p\xc3\xa9riodique).

Description: Miopliocene marls from the island of Buton yield a large marine foraminiferal fauna and some calcareous algae. Three-hundred and thirthy-three species have been identified. Two genera, twenty-three species and four varieties are described as new.\nThe existence of mud-volcanoes in young neogene time is advocated.

Description: Le texte contient l\'explication de la carte, des profils et du tableau stratigraphique. La description lithologique fait mention d\'une dolomitisation du D\xc3\xa9vonien moyen, montant quelquefois plus haut, et de quelques poudingues dans le D\xc3\xa9vonien sup\xc3\xa9rieur. Un affleurement probablement du D\xc3\xa9vonien inf\xc3\xa9rieur dans un facies gr\xc3\xa9seux et fossilif\xc3\xa8re, est exceptionnel dans les Pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9es. Dans la tectonique on a essay\xc3\xa9 de faire une \xc3\xa9valuation des influences alpines et hercyniennes s\xc3\xa9par\xc3\xa9ment. Puisque le m\xc3\xa9tamorphisme de contact des granites de Foix et de Lacourt ne monte pas plus haut que le Gothlandien, leur \xc3\xa2ge reste incertain, quoique des dykes et sills acides traversent le Carbonif\xc3\xa8re. La min\xc3\xa9ralisation due au granit\xc3\xa9 ne monte nul part plus haut que le D\xc3\xa9vonien.

Description: Un des plus grands ph\xc3\xa9nom\xc3\xa8nes structuraux des Pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9es est sans doute la faille Nord-Pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9enne qui longe la zone axiale depuis la M\xc3\xa9diterran\xc3\xa9e jusqu\'\xc3\xa0 la c\xc3\xb4te atlantique.\nElle est caract\xc3\xa9ris\xc3\xa9e par plusieurs particularit\xc3\xa9s exceptionelles, dont le m\xc3\xa9tamorphisme des terrains jurassiques et cr\xc3\xa9tac\xc3\xa9s inf., accompagn\xc3\xa9 d\'intrusions de roches basiques est le plus important.

Description: Identification of natural alkali felspars with X-ray powder photographs.\nX-ray powder analysis is becoming an important tool for the petrographer when identification problems can not be solved with the usual optical and chemical methods.\nIt is the aim of this paper to provide data to identify alkali felspars in groundmasses of extrusive rocks, perthites and other fine grained structures. Moreover the variation of the intensities and the position of spacings of the powder patterns of natural alkali felspars is compared with the variation in optical properties and chemical composition.\nTo this purpose alkali felspars of different localities, chemical composition, crystallization temperature and rate of cooling are investigated with optical methods, X-ray powder analysis and as far as possible, chemical analysis.\nThe optical examination of the alkali felspars was made with the four axes universal stage. The position of the poles of crystallographic elements and twinning axes was determined with respect to the axes of the indicatrix N\\u03b1, N\\u03b2, N\\u03b3. The co-ordinates are recorded according to Nikitin (1936). The quadrant in which each pole is situated is indicated by the sign + or \xe2\x80\x94.\nIn plate III the measurements on the potash-soda felspars are plotted in a projection normal to N\\u03b21. The interpretation normal orthoclase-Naorthoclase was made with the aid of the co-ordinates given by Nikitin (partly reproduced in table I) who did not give a chemical definition of these terms. The available chemical data in this investigation proved that thus defined normal orthoclase contained 〈 25 % Ab and Na-orthoclase 〉 25 % Ab in solid solution. Determination of refractive indices was used to distinguish anorthoclase from both \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite and potashfelspar.\nThe alkali felspars investigated were grouped according to their natural paragenesis. Crystallization temperature, rate of cooling and stability within these groups are discussed. 1. Alkali felspar phenocrists from extrusive rocks.\nLarge sanidine phenoerists (d. 5,5 m.m.) from Lagno de Pollena, Vesuvius, show a zoned structure // (010), (fig. 3).\nIn sanidine of Siebengebirge wedged in between large homogeneous crystals (d. 8\xe2\x80\x9410 m.m.) appear small zoned sanidine crystals (d. 1\xe2\x80\x943 m.m.) which show polysynthetic twinning lamellae in many directions (fig. 2). Probably this is a product of later crystallization under stress.\nAnorthoclase of Puy de D\xc3\xb4me (fig. 7), Pantelleria and Mnt. Anakie, Australia (fig. 4) show an extremely fine albite twinning which seems to be typical for anorthoclase. Refractive indices (n\\u03b3=1,529) and X-ray powder pattern (fig. 18) are characteristic and different from those of \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite.\nIn trachites of Colli Euganei, Italy, phenocrists were observed (fig. 5) with a core of \xe2\x80\x9chigh temperature\xe2\x80\x9d oligiclase (26 % An, 2V=\xe2\x80\x9484\xc2\xb0) passing in a rim of anorthoclase (2V=\xe2\x80\x9460\xc2\xb0). This proves the existence of a continuous series of solid solutions between h.t. oligoclase and anorthoclase. 2. Alkali felspars from plutonic rocks and dykes.\nExamples of cryptoperthites, orthoclase- and microcline microperthites and untwinned microcline are described. 3. Alkali felspars from pegmatites.\nDifferent structures of microcline perthites are described. In fig. 15 is shown how vein albite // (001), with an irregular surface regulates the position of adjacent microcline twinning lamellae. In this case the microcline twinning lamellae seem to be younger than the vein albite. On the other hand simultaneous crystallization as suggested by Spencer (1938, p. 107) seems not impossible. The most frequent occuring type of vein albite in microcline is reproduced in fig. 23, cutting the microcline lamellae under an angle of 60\xc2\xb0 with the (010) cleavage in (001). The vein albite is consequently younger than the microcline. Therefore Andersens (1928) suggestion that this vein albite is produced by infiltration of albite solutions in oriented shrinkage cracks may explain the constant orientation of the vein albite. Spencer\xe2\x80\x99s hypothesis of the cotectic origin of vein albite can only hold for isolated examples as mentioned in the description of fig. 15. The majority of vein albite in microcline is of secondary origin.\nExamples of patch perthite produced by replacement are shown in fig. 14 and fig. 24. As examples of \xe2\x80\x9chigh temperature\xe2\x80\x9d pegmatites a cryptoperthite from Larvik, Norway, and orthoclase from Itrongay, Madagascar, are described.\nA number of crystals of the well known monoclinic \xe2\x80\x9corthoclase\xe2\x80\x9d of Baveno produced X-ray powder patterns characteristics for microcline with additional albite reflections. Optical examination showed that these crystals are strongly altered to kalinite and invaded by secondary albite (see Baveno twin of fig. 8). Other crystals showed recrystallization of fine grained microcline and albite (fig. 9). With high magnification an initial microcline twinning is observed (fig. 10).\nIt seems probable that most crystal of Baveno \xe2\x80\x9corthoclase\xe2\x80\x9d on display in mineralogical musea, on optical examination will be found to show a pseudomorphosis of orthoclase by microcline. 4. The adularia-albite paragenesis.\nIn most of the examined adularia crystals from St. Gotthard, Bristenstock and Maderanerthal locally triclinic lamellae were observed which show extinction angles of 2\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\x946\xc2\xb0 with the (010) cleavage in (001). These triclinic zones are nearly always situated round inclusions (fig. 21) and may be found in the core as well along the faces of the crystals. They are to be compared with the triclinic zones found in sanidine (fig. 2). Axial angles and extinction angles are different from microcline.\nChemical analysis in weight percents of some of the alkali felspars investigated are listed in table 2 and fig. 16. The Or-Ab-An components are expressed in molecular percents.\nSiO2 values are generally too low and Al2O3 and Fe2O3 values to high. For the samples no. 4, 48, 49, 33 and 23 this may be explained by the occurrence of alteration products.\nX-ray powder photographs were obtained with an iron target, Mn filter and a 9 c.m. diameter Unicam powder camera. The diameter of the diafragma slit was 0,3 m.m.. Tube current and voltage were 18 m.A. and 40 k.V. respectively. The accuracy of the measurement of spacings was 0,02 m.m. corresponding with 1,9\xe2\x80\x99 \\u03c6. Measurements were corrected by the admixture of 10 % Nall. Intensities were estimated visually.\nExamining the powder patterns of the alkali felspars, five groups could be distinguished, classified independently of chemical composition and optical properties.\nGroup A (plate I A and II A and B).\nA similar pattern was observed for sanidine, orthoclase of plutonic rocks, dykes and pegmatites and hydrothermal adularia. Samples investigated are listed in table 8. In table 3 intensities, \\u03c6Fe- and d-values are recorded for St. Gotthard adularia and Drachenfels sanidine. Characteristic are the two strongest reflections (202) and (002) (040).\nGroup B (plate I B).\nAll microclines and untwinned microclines give a similar pattern which diff\xc3\xa9ra from the group A pattern by showing a single strong (002) (040) reflection followed by three groups of each three reflections with the same intensity (p, q and r in fig. 17). Intensities, \\u03c6Fe- and d-values are recorded in table 4. Samples investigated are listed in table 9.\nGroup C (plate I C).\nThe powder pattern data of \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite are recorded in table 5. Samples investigated are listed in table 10. Additional albite reflections of orthoclase- and microcline perthites are indicated respectively with AC and BC in table 8 and 9.\nGroup D (plate II D).\nIn table 6 are recorded the intensities, \\u03c6Fe and d-values of a typical anorthoclase. The investigated samples are listed in table 11.\nGroup E (plate II C).\nIn table 7 the powder pattern properties are recorded of a ciwptoperthite with a high An-content.\nThe facts recorded in table 8\xe2\x80\x9412 show complete agreement between the classification of alkali felspars with powder patterns and the classification on optical properties. It is not possible tot distinguish between sanidine and orthoclase with the aid of powder photographs. So the optical properties seem to be more sensitive to small changes in structure.\nThe powder patterns of all felspars have the strong reflection (002) (040) in common. The powder patterns of the alkali felspars with the exeption of \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite differ from those of the plagioclases by the possession of an isolated strong reflection (043) (062), (d=1, 79\xe2\x80\x941, 78, s in fig. 17 and fig. 18).\nCharacteristic for sanidine, orthoclase and adularia (group A) with a composition up to 45 % Ab is the strong reflection pair (202) and (002) (040).\nThe microclines (group B) are characterized by a single strong (002) (040) reflection followed by three groups of each three reflections of the same moderate intensity (p, q and r in fig. 17).\nThe anorthoclase powder pattern which differs distinctly from the \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite pattern is distinguished from the other alkali felspars by the presence of an isolated reflection of moderate intensity with d=3,15 (t in fig. 18).\nThe distance between the two strongest reflections (202) and (002) (040) of the powder patterns of sanidine, orthoclase from plutonic rocks, dykes, pegmatites and adularia proved to vary nearly linear with the Ab-content contained in solid solution. The distances were measured with the microscope with low magnification (X 19). In fig. 19 the variation of the distance between (202) and (002) (040) expressed in minutes (\\u03c6) is plotted against the Ab-content in molecular percents, calculated out of the chemical analyses available of homogeneous crystals of group A. The strong reflection of anorthoclase (106) seems to be doubled under the microscope. The corresponding distance does not fit in the diagram of fig. 19. A similar variation diagram for group A is plotted in fig. 20 in which the distances between the reflectons a and b (indicated in table 3) are used. The more time consuming absolute measurements of the position of certain spacings may also be used for the determination of the composition (see table 3\xe2\x80\x947 and fig. 17 and 18).\nThe Ab-component of orthoclase- and microcline perthites was easily observed in the diffraction patterns. Comparison with artificial mixtures of \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite with orthoclase and microcline are shown in plate I, D, E, F, G. Excepting a cryptoperthite of Larvik, Norway, with an exceptional high An-content (group E) the albite component of the cryptoperthites (f.i. moonstone from Ceylon) could be easily detected. As in most cases only the strongest reflections of the albite component were present, is was not possible to make ure that \xe2\x80\x9chigh temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite was present 1).\nAs contrasted with the cryptoperthites the investigated anorthoclases of Puy de D\xc3\xb4me, Pantelleria, Colli Euganei and Mnt. Anakie, Australia, proved to be optical and roentgenographical homogeneous. Although no natural or artificial \xe2\x80\x9chigh temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite was available for investigation it seems probable that the powder pattern of anorthoclase (plate II D, table 6, fig. 18) must be similar to that of \xe2\x80\x9chigh temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite.\nFelspars of rhomb porphyries, Oslo district, showed a powder pattern characteristic for oligoclase in agreement with the optical investigation of Oftedahl (1948).\nInvestigation of X-ray powder photographs of the plagioclases gave similar results as obtained by Claisse (1950). Powder patterns of anorthite from efflata of Monte Somma, Vesuvius (92 % An), anorthite of Pesmeda, Tyrol (94 % An) and anorthite of Kamitsuki, Miyake-Jima, Japan (98 % An), although very similar, showed differences in spacings and intensities which can not be explained by changes in composition. Differences in crystallization temperature and rate of cooling may be responsible for these structural differences.\nX-ray powder photographs of groundmasses of trachites, rhyolites, andesites, bostonites, pantellerites and helleflints showed the presence of alkali felspars, plagioclases and quartz (cristobalite, tridymite), see table 14. Comparison powder photographs of mixtures of quartz and felspar of known concentration permitted the estimation of the quartz content of the groundmasses.\nIn plate II E a powder photograph of charnockite is reproduced. With optical methods is was impossible to determine whether the mesoperthite present consisted of orthoclase- or microcline perthite.\nComparison with diffraction patterns of quartz (II F), a mixture of 80 % l.t. albite and 20 % quartz (II G) and a mixture of 80 % microcline and 20 % quartz proved the presence of quartz and microcline perthite in the charnockite.\nIn the last part of the paper the relation orthoclase-microcline is discussed and the existing opinions reviewed.\nThe hypothesis Mallard-Michel-L\xc3\xa9vy states that orthoclase consists out of submicroscopical twinned microcline units. The starting-point of this hypothesis is the supposed general occurence of intimately intergrown orthoclase and microcline. Now observations made by M\xc3\xa4kinen (1917), Baier (1930), Gysin (1928, 1938) and the present author tend to the conclusion that untwinned and partly twinned microcline are common; intergrowths of orthoclase and microcline however are limited to contactmetamorphic phenomena as described by Wimmenauer (1950). Triclinic lamellae in sanidine and adularia are not identical with microcline.\nThe influence of stress, advocated by Brauns (1891) as the cause of microcline formation is negligible, as is demonstrated by the common occurrence of free grown microcline crystals. The general occurrence of microcline in slightly metamorphosed rocks is due to the fact that these rocks attained equilibrium in the temperature region of 750\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\x94500\xc2\xb0 C. (Spencer 1937, p. 481).\nOur optical investigation shows that there is a certain variation of the optical properties of microcline. A continuous change towards the optics of orthoclase was not observed. Considering these facts, together with the arguments put forward by Spencer (1938, p. 88), the submicroscopical twinning hypothesis seems improbable.\nAccording tot the hypothesis of Barth (1934), modified by Buerger (1948) microcline is formed by ordering of the Si and Al atoms with declining temperatures.\nThe difference in spacings and intensities found in the powder pattern of microcline indicates that the microcline structure shows a small distortion compared with the orthoclase structure.\nFinally the optical anomalies of adularia are discussed. The difference between the symmetrie relations of microcline and triclinic adularia is demonstrated in fig. 21 and 22.\nThe crystal structure of adularia seems to be similar to the orthoclase structure. Locally triclinic may originate round inclusions and disturbed areas during the crystallization. The structure of these triclinic lamellae is essentially different from the microcline structure originated by the complete ordering of the Si and Al atoms.\nContrary to the opinion of K\xc3\xb6hler (1948) it is evident that alkali felspars with an orthoelase structure crystallize at relatively low temperatures (450\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\x94200\xc2\xb0 C.) which is also proved hy the occurence of authigenic felspar. Considering the polymorphism of the alkali felspars, exceptional conditions during the crystallozation must explain the formation of these \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d forms.

Description: The deltas of the rivers Rhine, Meuse (Dutch: Maas), and Scheldt (Dutch: Schelde; French: Escaut) are connected so intimately that it is impossible to trace exact boundaries between them. Together they form a strip of Holocene deposits (clay, sand and peat), about 50 km wide, lying between the North Sea to the west and northwest and the Pleistocene region of the Netherlands to the east and southeast. The delta of the river Scheldt is the southern part of the joint deltas of the three rivers; it is nearly identical with the present province Zealand of the Netherlands.\nSecular fluctuations of the average level of the sea in relation to the land, both positive and negative, together with sedimentation and erosion, from the earliest times onward to the present day, continuously modified the local boundaries between land and water. The changing influx of salt water and the rate of drainage of the land always deeply influenced the vegetation and the whole character of the region. Moreover, since the Roman occupation in the beginning of our era, man had an ever increasing influence on the course of the river branches and on the water level in the rivers and ditches.

Description: Les Cop\xc3\xa9podes commensaux et parasites d\xe2\x80\x99Invert\xc3\xa9br\xc3\xa9s, quoique tr\xc3\xa8s communs dans toutes les mers, sont peu connus. En v\xc3\xa9rit\xc3\xa9, on en a d\xc3\xa9crit un nombre assez grand de genres et d\xe2\x80\x99esp\xc3\xa8ces, mais les descriptions sont trop souvent superficielles, voire m\xc3\xaame erronn\xc3\xa9es.\nUn de ces genres tr\xc3\xa8s peu connu est Tococheres, \xc3\xa9tabli par le Professeur Paul Pelseneer, 1929, pour un Cop\xc3\xa9pode trouv\xc3\xa9 sur les branchies de Loripes lacteus. Bivalve r\xc3\xa9colt\xc3\xa9 dans l\xe2\x80\x99Aber de Roscoff (Bretagne). La description de Pelseneer ne donne d\xe2\x80\x99informations que sur la forme generale de la femelle, sur les antennules et sur la cinqui\xc3\xa8me paire de pattes. On ne sait absolument rien sur l\xe2\x80\x99antenne, les pi\xc3\xa8ces buccales et les 4 paires ant\xc3\xa9rieures de pattes thoraciques.

Description: During the last few years several persons have been paying attention to the animals transported by floating objects (e.g. bunches of weeds and hydroids, corks, mines, floats, etc.). A careful examination of recent finds increased the list of species known of nearly all groups of marine animals, found washed ashore on the Dutch coast, and gave a good notion of the origin of passively transported floating objects on our shores.\nThe present authors, agreeing with IJzerman (1937), Kaas & Ten Broek (1939), Bloklander & Brouwer (1946\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9947). Lucas (1950) and several others, in most cases look upon the Channel, the coast of Normandy and the South coast of England as their places of origin.

Description: The publication by ENGEL, GEERTS and VAN REGTEREN ALTENA (1940) on Alderia modesta (Loven, 1844) and Limapontia depressa Alder & Hancock, 1862, in the estuaries of southwestern Holland (provinces of Zuid-Holland and Zeeland) induced us to look for these animals on other Dutch mud-flats, viz. in the Waddenzee, where they had not been collected before.\nFirst we inspected the gullies between the mud flats, which contain more than 1 metre of water at high tide and, in addition, the Zostera nana-zone, which is dry at low tide and about under 50 cm of water at high tide. Lateron we searched for algae in the brackish inland waters, which will be mentioned below. In all these localities we did not find a single Alderia modesta or Limapontia depressa.

Description: As I have pointed out before, big game animals are very scarce in Museum collections. Many treatises are based on material from Zoological gardens, changed by captivity and often from unknown origin, from collections of frontlets, skulls and other trophies, bought haphazardly during expeditions which used all their time in thoroughly collecting the more interesting small animals. As a matter of fact, the rare species are better represented than the common ones, and the more a well-known species of game-animal is hunted, the fewer the specimens in the collections of the official Musea. The same is true for our knowledge of the biology of tropical big-game. Rare species, threatened by extinction, are studied with haste and often when it is too late to collect sufficient data. So, in preparing laws and regulations concerning the subject of hunting, one is always confronted with the fact that even the most necessary information is lacking.\nBarking-deer are game which is highly esteemed by hunters in our area, because they give good sport, the heads make nice trophies and perhaps also because the meat is excellent to eat. They are not scarce yet, no expensive hunting-parties are needed for an hour or two of shooting. In fact a man working on one of the large estates in Western Indonesia, may take his gun in spare-time and bring home a good buck before supper with a bit of luck.

Description: Ever since it became apparent that terrestrial animals ranging over large continental areas generally showed a certain degree of gradual geographic variation, attention has been focused on the colour variation of the Jay, Garrulus glandarius, in Europe. Surely the Jays belong to those species of palearctic land birds in which the formation of geographical differences must be considered to be exceptionally favoured: HARTERT (1903\xe2\x80\x941922; including HARTERT & STEINBACHER 1932) recognized as many as 10 European races of the Jay by name, whereas Kleiner (1935\xe2\x80\x9438) in his monographic treatment of the species numbered as many as 9 races in the same region. In several instances of the geographic variation of the Jay the differences are exceedingly striking, e.g. between the reddish brown Jays from Ireland and the dark grey ones from northern and central Europe. Still, the intergradations are so gradual and the individual variation is so unexpectedly large, that the application of subspecific names as a method of expressing geographical variation has proved to meet with serious difficulties. The resulting confusion of names for years has stressed geographical differences being of only minor importance and has obscured others meriting a closer attention.\nHowever, it was not at all for nomenclatorial purposes that this study was started, nor in order to propose a new arrangement of the geographic races of the Jay in Europa. That, in spite of this, these topics have been dealt with in one of the following chapters of this paper must be explained from the fact that the author failed to see a possibility to avoid them. The main purpose of this study was to investigate instances of \xe2\x80\x9cclinal variation\xe2\x80\x9d, meaning the presence and the origin of geographical character gradients. \xe2\x80\x9cCharacter gradients in the frequencies or in the expression of variable characters\xe2\x80\x9d (DOBZHANSKY 1947, p. 67) occurring in continuous geographical areas have seriously attracted the attention of students of population genetics and of micro-evolution. Hence it seemed worth while to select a suitable subject for a comparison of local individual variation with geographical variation and to study the origin of the clines. This is what the author has tried to do in the course of the present study on Garrulus glandarius.

Description: The problem of the retardation of the processes of growth and differentiation is certainly as important as the processes of growth and differentiation themselves. It is striking, therefore, that whereas the analysis of growth has been carried out for a considerable period of time already, the analysis of inhibition was only commenced a few decades ago. It has to be admitted that Wiesner (1894) succeeded in demonstrating the presence of a substance retarding germination in the slime of the mistletoe (Viscum album), but this remained a solitary observation for some time.\nAbout 1920 a series of important publications appeared which deal with inhibiting substances. Oppenheimer (1922) discovered a substance of this kind in the fruit pulp of ripe tomatoes, Reinhard (1933) found one in tomato juice, K\xc3\xb6ckemann (1934) some in other pulpy fruits such as apples, pears, quinces and tomatoes, Lehmann (1937) one in the exocarp of buckwheat, Ruge (1939) some in the fruits of Helianthus annuus and Avena sativa, Fr\xc3\xb6schel (1939, 1940) one in Beta, Stolk (1952, 1953a) some in the roots of Fuchsia hybrida and Pelargonium zonale and in the roots of Allium Cepa.

Description: Melongena Schumacher, 1817 (= Galeodes R\xc3\xb6ding) Thiele (1931, p. 320) gives the name Galeodes (Bolten) R\xc3\xb6ding, 1798, to this genus. This name, however, was already used by Olivier in the Encyclop\xc3\xa9dic m\xc3\xa9thodique, Insectes (1791, vol. 6, p. 578) for a genus of the Solifugidae. The author gave a detailed diagnosis and, moreover, described two species of the genus. Galeodes Olivier, 1791, obtains therefore priority in respect to Galeodes R\xc3\xb6ding, 1798, and this last name must thus be dropped as a hononym. Cassidula "Humphrey" (1797, p. 32), which is sometimes used, is not valid, as according to Opinion 51 the anonymous catalogue "Museum Calonnianum" "is not to be accepted as basis for any nomenclatorial work".\nThe next name to be considered for this genus is Melongena Schumacher, 1817. This author (1817, p. 212) gives a clear diagnosis of the genus and mentions as genotype M. fasciata [= M. melongena (L.)].\nAs in my previous catalogues I have, besides the species present in our collection, as far as possible, included here all the species of Melongena that are mentioned in literature. All the specimens from one collector in a certain locality, as far as they are kept dry, bear the same letter, whilst of the material preserved in liquor the number of the jar is given. In the list of species dealt with below, I have inserted these letters or numbers, followed by a number indicating how many specimens we possess from that locality.\nAfter the locality the name of the collector is mentioned; when the locality or the name of the collector is unknown I have placed a note of interrogation. 1. Sect. Melongena s.s.\nM. corona (Gmelin)

Description: Dr. E. Jacobson spent some months on the island of Simalur, and on some of the smaller islands in its immediate neighbourhood in the course of the year 1913. He made extensive zoological collections on these islands, whose fauna was very little known up till that time. Amongst his material was a series of shells belonging to the Pleurodontid genus Amphidromus.\nThis series has been entrusted to me by Dr. Van Regieren Altena, and I am grateful to him for the chance of seeing these very interesting shells, and for the help he has given me in dealing with them. I have too to thank Mr. G. L. Wilkins for the figures.\nSimalur is the most northerly of the long chain of large islands which lie along the West coast of Sumatra. The whole chain is roughly 1000 km in length from North to South. Its several islands are separated from Sumatra, and to some extent from each other by sea-depths of 500-1000 fathoms. Simalur itself is about 90 km in length; Pulau Babi or Saranbau is a smaller island lying S.E. of Simalur. Oelau Lekon (or Lekoeen) is a still smaller island near Pulau Babi. Dr. Van Regieren Altena tells me that Oelau is a local form of the Malay word Pulau.\nLoosjes (1953) has described Pseudonenia Jacob soni, a Clausiliid, collected by Dr. Jacobson on Simalur. Apart from this I can find no record of land mollusca from the island.\nOn the other hand three species of Amphidromus have been recorded from Nias Is. which lies about 100 km South of Simalur and is rather bigger. These species were described by Fulton (1907), and a full account of the land molluscan fauna of Nias was published by Van Benthem Jutting (1934-193S).

Description: In 1935 Lee Boone in Bulletin of the Vanderbilt Marine Museum vol. 6 (pp. 160-163, pls. 41, 42) described and figured a shrimp, which she thought to belong to a new genus and species of the Palaemonid subfamily Pontoniinae, and which she named Vanderbiltia rosamondae. Boone\'s figures and description show that the specimen cannot possibly be a Pontoniid shrimp, but it proves to be impossible from these data alone to place the species anywhere in the system. In my report on the Pontoniinae of the Siboga Expedition (Holthuis, 1952, p. 22), therefore, I listed Vanderbiltia rosamondae (misspelled rosamundae by me) under the "species described as Pontoniinae, but not belonging in this subfamily\'\', and remarked that the species shows some resemblance to the Atyidae and that it might be juvenile.\nThough according to the description and figure Vanderbiltia in some characters resembles the Atyidae, in others (e.g., the shape of the chelae) it differs so much from any of the members of that family that it hardly could be placed there. The identity of Vanderbiltia rosamondae Boone, which species had not been recorded since the original publication, therefore remained a mystery that only could be solved by examination of the type specimen itself.\nIn April 1953 I had the pleasure of visiting the Vanderbilt Museum in Centerport, Long Island, New York. Mr. Woodhull B. Young, curator of the Museum, whom I am profoundly thankful for giving so much of his valuable time to show my company and myself around in the Museum, and for extending many courtesies to us, was good enough to allow me to take the type specimen of Vanderbiltia rosamondae (or Vanderbiltia mirabilis, under which name it was exhibited in the Museum) with me to Washington,

Description: Though Schlegel (1866, p. 200) as well as Hartert (1898, p. 135) pointed out that Carpophaga paulina, described by Bonaparte (1850, p. 35) and now known as Ducula aenea paulina (Bp.), originating from the Sula Archipelago (East of the East Coast of Celebes) seemed not quite similar to birds from Celebes, lack of sufficient material refrained these authors from separating Sula birds. But this was done by Siebers (1929, p. 152/3) who separated them under the name Ducula aenea sulana, on account of their smaller wing measurements and the darker (more chestnut coloured) nuchal patch. The Sula birds should be also smaller than nuchalis from the Philippines and (doubtful) pulchella from Togian 2) which, according to Siebers, should belong to the same "Formenkreis" as paulina and sulana.\nSiebers compared 8 birds from Sula (1 \xe2\x99\x82, 5 \xe2\x99\x80 and 2 sex. inc.) in which the length of the wing varied from 208 to 216 mm with 5 specimens (3 \xe2\x99\x82 and 2 \xe2\x99\x80) originating from Celebes (Paloppo and Bone) having wings varying from 218 + x to 234 mm and with 7 skins (4 \xe2\x99\x82 and 3 \xe2\x99\x80) from Muna and Buton with wing measurements diverging from 232 to 248 mm.\nBesides the 20 birds studied by Siebers I could examine 18 more skins of these pigeons, viz., 3 from the Sula Islands, 2 from Pulau Peleng (island off Northeast Coast Celebes), 4 from Bumbulan (North Celebes), I from North Celebes (exact locality unknown), 1 from Kulawi (Central Celebes), 2 from Bone (South Celebes; Siebers\' statement that Bone is situated in North Celebes must be a slip of the pen), 2 from South Celebes (exact locality unknown), 1 from Mara (Mare?, South Celebes) and 2 from Muna (island off the Southeast Coast Celebes). When comparing these 38 skins (31 specimens from the Buitenzorg Museum and 7 from

Description: Among the fossil proboscidean remains collected by Mr. H. R. van Heekeren in the Tjabeng\xc3\xa8 area, Sopeng district, about 100 km Northeast of Macassar in Southwestern Celebes there are a number of very small teeth.\nThey can be referred to the species of Archidiskodon of which I originally described two specimens of M2 or M3, some molar fragments, the distal end of an ulna, and the proximal end of a tibia (Hooijer, 1949), to which could later be added a fine M3, and an M1 or M2, both completely preserved (Hooijer, 1953a).\nArchidiskodon celebensis Hooijer is the smallest species of Archidiskodon known at present. Its molars are only one-half as large in linear dimensions as those of Archidiskodon planifrons (Falconer et Cautley), and they agree with the latter in their ridge-plate formula, configuration of the enamel figures of the worn plates, long roots, and degree of hypsodonty.\nAs will be seen from what follows, the Celebes pygmy elephantine also agrees with A. planifrons in what is considered to be the most important distinguishing character of A. planifrons, viz., the presence of premolars.\nMilk molars have been less intensively studied than molars; there are three of them, in Archidiskodon as well as in the recent species Data on DM2-4 of Archidiskodon planifrons from the Upper Siwaliks of India, of A. meridionalis (Nesti) from the Villafranchian of Europe, and of A. exoptatus Dietrich from the Early Pleistocene of East Africa are given in Fal1) A preantepenultimate milk molar (DMI) occasionally develops in the African elephant (Morrison-Scott, 1939). coner and Cautley (1845-49), Falconer (1868), Adams (1877-81), Pohlig (1888-91), Weithofer (1890), Dietrich (1942), and Osborn (1942). These

Description: In literature only very scanty information is to be found about the viscera of the Boid genera Tropidophis and Trachyboa, and therefore I believed it worth while to publish some notes which I made during dissections of the following species and subspecies: Tropidophis melanurus (Schleg.), Tropidophis maculatus haetianus (Cope), Tropidophis pardalis pardalis (Gundl.) and Trachyboa gularis Ptrs. The notes are in no way exhaustive; the specimens have been preserved in alcohol for a long time, and therefore it was not possible to study all features in detail.\nAll but two genera of the Boidae have two well developed lungs. One of these two exceptions was mentioned already by Cope (1894, pp. 218, 220: Ungualia; 1900, p. 697), viz., the genus Ungalia (i.e., Tropidophis of present day nomenclature). In this genus only one lung is present, and besides1 a tracheal lung has developed. The second exception is the genus Trachyboa; the fact that in this genus too a tracheal lung and only one true lung have developed, seems to have escaped notice up till now. As will be shown below there are also other features in which Tropidophis and Trachyboa agree with one another, while they differ from the other Boidae.\nTropidophis melanurus (Schleg.) Specimens examined: 1 $, Cuba, leg. Ramon de la Sagra, Mus. Leiden reg. no. 1299. 1 # juv., Cuba, leg. Ramon de la Sagra, Mus. Leiden reg. no. 1298.\nBoth specimens were labelled "Ungalia maculata", but after due consideration I refer them to Tropidophis melanurus (Schleg.). Especially the identification of the male no. 1299 caused me some difficulties, and therefore I may give my reasons for this identification. This male has a quadrifurcate

Description: I. Grouping of European species of the genus Astata Latr.\nIt is not my intention to anticipate in this paper a subgeneric division of the genus Astata 1). For the purpose of such division, it would be necessary to investigate more non-European material than at present is at my disposal.\nBut at first view it seems to me that the European species may be divided into four distinct groups, which may be separated with the key given below.\nTwo of the proposed groups (the stigma-group and the tricolor-group) form part of the subgenus Dryudella Spinola, as this subgenus has generally been understood; nevertheless, the differences between these two groups, namely in the shape of the clypeus and, in the females, in the habitus, seem to justify separating them; although, investigation of allied non-European species might make it necessary to adapt or to modify the key to the groups.\nEventually, the possibility that non-European intermediate forms will make the separations untenable cannot be absolutely excluded. A decision about the taxonomic rank of the proposed groups, therefore, must be postponed.\nSpinola (1843, P- 135), erecting the genus or subgenus Dryudella ("une nouvelle coupe, qu\'on appellera genre ou sous-genre, selon les principes qu\'on aura adoptes dans la nomenclature binominale"), based the "nouvelle coupe" on the wing venation of "Dimorpha cincta Perris" and separated it from "Dimorpha" 1) "par la troisieme cubitale, lunulee comme dans les "Lyrops" 2) et par la premiere nervure recurrente, qui s\'anastomose avec la nervure transversale qui separe la premiere de la seconde cubitale". However, in these critical features, Spinola was incorrect in several respects. Even excluding stigma and its near allies from Dryudella (Spinola himself never

Description: In a paper on some birds from Sumatra in the Leiden Museum Dr. Junge (1948, pp. 314-15) lists two males of Limosa lapponica baueri Naum. taken by Mr. Van Heurn on the beach at Tandjong Tiram in the Deli district on 14 November 1921. In a short discussion on this record he refers to the fact that Vorderman (1890, p. 416) gives this species as probably occurring in Sumatra, and subsequently Robinson & Kloss (1923, p. 326) and Chasen (1935, p. 37) list it without query or comment. Dr. Junge adds that he failed to find the reference on which the later authors decided that the bird was definitely known from Sumatra. It is probable that no such reference exists and that Dr. Junge\'s paper constitutes the first authentic published record of the occurrence there of the Eastern Bartailed Godwit. The point at issue is a general one which has puzzled other workers in this field, and it would seem to be of interest to outline the situation briefly.\nRobinson & Kloss published two lists of the birds of Sumatra, the first in 1918, containing 527 birds, and the second in 1923, giving 574 birds. In a note to their first list the authors (1918, p. 284) make the following comment on their treatment of the "Charadrii formes" (= Suborder Charadrii), "In this group Vorderman records with certainty only 14 species that are found on the mud-flats of the Strait of Malacca with one or two exceptions".\nIt is clear that by mud-flats of the Strait of Malacca they mean the flats on the eastern (Malay Peninsula) side of the strait. They disallow 3 of the birds given by Vorderman, but make their own total up to 30. At that time they had apparently no reliable Sumatran records for the great majority of the 19 species which they thus added to the Sumatran list. The same procedure was followed in compiling the second list, published in 1923,

Description: Records of cave-dwelling Lepidoptera are scarce in comparison with those in other orders of Insects, e.g., Coleoptera, of which even a whole subfamily (Silphidae, Bathysciinae) is in a most remarkable way adapted to this peculiar habitat. In the group of the so-called Microlepidoptera we could find examples of some eight species only, belonging to different families.\nApparently none of them is a true cave-dweller, i. e., a permanent resident of caves and really adapted to life in total darkness.\nCrypsithyris spelaea Meyrick, 1908 (Tinaeidae) only has been regarded as an exception. This species has been described from a large cave in Moulmein, Burma, and originally was reported as "being practically bleached or colourless", but with normally developed eyes and wings (Meyrick, 1908, p. 399). Later on better material has been collected at the same locality, and this time the moth appeared to be not quite colourless (Meyrick, 1916, pp. 602-603). It remains uncertain, therefore, whether there is question of any adaptation to cave-life and whether this species can be regarded as an "obligate cavernicole,, insect, the more so as larvae of closely allied species of this genus have been found living in the open, in portable cases on lichens covering rocks.\nFurthermore we could find reference to three species of the genus Tinaea: T. antricola Meyr., 1924, and T. pyrosoma Meyr., 1924, both from Siju Caves, Assam, and T. palaechrysis Meyr., 1929, from Batu Caves, Selangor (Malaya). Of the latter was said that it "belongs to the typically unicolorous yellow group, but has probably acquired fuscous colouring as an adaptation to cave life; it may therefore be a true cave-dweller, possibly restricted to these particular caves" (Meyrick, 1929, p. 375). Afterwards, however, Dam-

Description: In seiner Behandlung der Gattung Archon Hb. im Tierreich \xe2\x80\x9eLepidoptera pars I" kommt Bryk am Schluss seiner Betrachtungen zu der Feststellung, dass sich die geographischen \xe2\x80\x9eFormen" (subspecies?) in drei Gruppen zusammenfassen lassen. Unbestreitbar sind davon der \xe2\x80\x9ebellargus-Kreis" und der Rassenkreis, der die verschiedenen subspecies aus Pontus und Armenien beheimatet. Unklar ist die dritte Gruppe, zu der Bryk A. apollinus Herbst und subsp. thracica Buresch vereinigt.\nDie Diagnosen, die Bryk f\xc3\xbcr die verschiedenen Rassen gibt, zwingen mich, da ich sein tiefes Wissen von allem und sein Feingef\xc3\xbchl f\xc3\xbcr alles, was mit Parnassxus zu tun hat, kenne, zu der Annahme, dass ihm ein zu beschr\xc3\xa4nktes oder unzuverl\xc3\xa4ssiges Material bei seiner Arbeit zu Verf\xc3\xbcgung gestanden hat. Ich weiss aus eigener Erfahrung, das gerade von Archon ungez\xc3\xa4hlte Exemplare mit falschen Fundortetiquetten im Umlauf sind, oder solche, die den Vermerk e.l. missen. Das letztere ist insofern von Bedeutung, als mir eine grosse Anzahl e.l. Archon \xe2\x80\x94 teilweise aus eigener Zucht \xe2\x80\x94 vorliegen, die die Berechtigung der Aufstellung geographischer Rassen geradezu l\xc3\xbcgenzustrafen scheinen. Das Zudhtmaterial zeigt die ganze Variabilit\xc3\xa4tsbreite der Art und erinnert beispielsweise bei syrischer Herkunft kaum noch an das typische Aussehen von subsp. bellargus Staud. Zucht von Parnassiern ergibt fast stets Tiere, die vom Typus der betreffenden Rasse abweichen, aber sie doch nicht so vollst\xc3\xa4ndig verleugnen, wie es bei der grossen Serie Material, Herkunft Beyrouth, in meiner Sammlung der Fall ist.\nWas ist aber der typische apollinus? Bryk f\xc3\xbchrt als Fundort f\xc3\xbcr den Typus \xe2\x80\x9eUmgebung von Aleppo (Insel Kurlak)" auf, gibt aber als Verbreitungsgebiet gleichzeitig \xe2\x80\x9eKleinasien, Mesopotamien" an. Der Begriff \xe2\x80\x9eKlein-

Description: In a previous paper (1952, p. 190) I reported upon a specimen from the Lucie River, Surinam, doubtlessly belonging to Boulenger\'s genus Brachychalcinus, but had to abstain from giving a definite specific identification on account of the lack of comparative material, the insufficiency of previous literature, and the obviously juvenile state of the single specimen.\nA possibility to look once more into this matter, and to amend my previous statement, was brought about by the existence of eight specimens from the same river system, and probably belonging to the same species, in the collections of the Chicago Natural History Museum, and the offer to have these sent to me as a loan. For this courtesy, and for the loan of a single juvenile specimen of Brachychadcinus retrospina Boulenger, I am indebted to Dr. R. F. Inger, Assistant Curator of Fishes of the Chicago Natural History Museum.\nThe genus Brachychalcinus Boulenger (1892, p. 11) belongs to the subfamily Stethaprioninae, a subfamily allied to the Tetragonopterinae but differing by the possession of a procumbent predorsal spine. Within this subfamily, however, Brachychalcinus differs from the other, and better known genera, by the shape of this procumbent spine, described by Eigenmann & Myers (1929, p. 508) as "trigger- or hammer-shaped, its free portion forming a longer anterior and shorter posterior branch, both of which are sharply pointed". It is triangular in lateral view, with the longest side about continuous with the dorsal outline, its two further sides concave, and is attached with the lower angle. A similar spine is found just before the origin of the anal fin.\nOf this very rare South American genus, only two species hitherto have

Description: Two large specimens of a hitherto unknown species of neotropical catfish have recently been found dead and washed ashore beneath the dike along the Westerscheldt near Biezelinge, Zeeland, at a mutual distance of approximately 300 meters. Both were in excellent condition and have been presented to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden by Mr.\nB. J. J. R. Walrecht.\nA superficial examination already disclosed the fact that the two specimens belong to the (sub)genus Selenaspis, a well known group of catfishes inhabiting the salt and brackish shores and estuaries of the northern part of the South American continent. Some of the species are known to spawn in fresh water. The present specimens must have been transported by ship.\nWhether they have been thrown overboard dead or alive remains uncertain though the first possibility seems more plausible. The damaged and fringed condition of the fins indicates a period of drifting along the shore, while the length of this period is limited by the still rather fresh condition, especially of the larger and first collected specimen. On the other hand, putrefaction seems to be slow in this group of fishes.\nOn his request, Mr. Walrecht received the information that no recent shipment of South American aquarium fishes had arrived at the aquarium of the Antwerp Zoological Garden.\nAn investigation of the stomachs of the two specimens gave the following results. In the larger specimen, no remains of food were found; in the second specimen, the stomach contained a considerable quantity of remains, viz., a part of a rib, possibly from a pig, measuring 1.8 by 5 cm; several pieces of cartilage; numerous split peas; several small remains of plants

Description: The sinus rhomboidalis sacralis or sinus lumbosacralis as it is named by Ariens Kappers (1920) is an interesting anatomical part of the lumbosacral region of the avian spinal medulla. It is found in birds only and neither in reptiles nor in mammals.\nFig. 1 shows the lumbosacral part of the spinal medulla of Phoenicopterus Pig. 1. Spinal medulla of Phoenicopterus, dorsal view, with sinus lumbosacralis and corpus gelatinosum. From Imhof (1905). seen from the dorsal surface and Fig. 2 represents a diagrammatic transverse section through the lumbosacral part. These figures show some peculiarities that are found in birds only. All vertebrates with hind limbs have a lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal medulla, but in birds this enlargement has become more pronounced through the presence of the lumbosacral sinus. At the dorsal surface of the medulla there is an elongated cleft, which we may call the sinus, and this cleft penetrates rather deep, deeper than the central canal. The cleft is filled up by a plug of peculiar gelatinous tissue, which protrudes in a marked degree above the surface of the medulla. This tissue is named by Terni (1924) the corpus glycogenicus because the cells contain a great mass of glycogen. Perhaps it is better to use the name corpus gelatinosum, as this name pretends nothing, and glycogen is of common occurrence in tumors and in many other tissues. Ariens Kappers (1924) has shown that this tissue is of a very complicated origin, it is partly glious, partly pial and partly arachnoidal, it contains blood vessels and it is composed of large vacuolized cells. It is remarkable that this gelatinous tissue, when transferred to 70 % alcohol collapses in a few minutes. Imhof (1905) has studied the embryonic development of the lumbosacral sinus

Description: The species mentioned in the title of the present contribution was first described on the base of two incomplete upper molars, some fragments, and two portions of limb bones (Hooijer, 1949). The two and only complete molars were described later (Hooijer, 1953a). To this has been added the description of the milk dentition and of three premolars (Hooijer, 1953c).\nThere are, however, important lacunae in our knowledge of the molar dentition to be filled. It remains as yet uncertain whether the type upper molar of 1949 represents M2 or M3, while the smaller of the complete lower molars of 1953 could be either M1 or M2. The prolonged study of the fragmentary molars in the Celebes collection has now made it possible to assemble the full set of upper and lower molars, and to determine the correct serial position of the previously described specimens. This study further showed the occasional presence of tusks in the mandible, the first time that incisive tusks have been found to occur in the lower jaw of an Archidiskodon. The problem of the descent of the archidiskodonts, and thereby of the elephantids in general, has to be reconsidered in the light of this unexpected discovery.\nI wish, again, to express my feelings of gratitude toward Prof. Dr. A. J.\nBernet Kempers, former Head of the Dinas Purbakala R.I. at Djakarta, Java, who entrusted the material to me for study, and to Mr. H. R. van Heekeren to whom we owe the discovery of the Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of Celebes.\nArchidiskodon celebensis Hooijer Archidiskodon celebensis Hooijer, Zool. Med. Museum Leiden, vol. 30, no. 14, 1949, p. 206, pis. VIII-IX; Chronica Naturae, vol. 105, 1949, p. 149; The Scientific Monthly,

Description: Since 1948 Mr. H. R. van Heekeren, then prehistorian to the Archaeological Survey of the Dutch East Indies, kept up an intermittent search for fossil teeth and bones that occur in association with Palaeolithic artifacts at Beru and Sompoh, near Tjabenge (Sopeng district), about 100 km Northeast of Macassar in Southwestern Celebes. These sites are now known to yield an interesting vertebrate fauna, presumably Pleistocene in age, the first found elements of which were described a few years ago (Hooijer, 1948, 1949).\nOne of the most remarkable discoveries in the Tjabeng\xc3\xa8 area made by Mr.\nVan Heekeren is a small elephantine that I have named Archidiskodon celebensis (Hooijer, 1949). It was based on an almost complete and unworn upper molar, and on a similar but worn specimen, while parts of an ulna and a tibia were also described. I ventured to interpret these fossils as belonging to a dwarf archidiskodont elephant (standing about six feet high at the shoulder when adult), in a curious way retaining the characters of Archidiskodon planifrons (Falconer et Cautley) from which I took the Celebes elephantine to have been derived.\nIt is a great pleasure, again, to acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. Dr.\nA. J. Bernet Kempers, Head of the Dinas Purbakala R.I. at Djakarta, Java, who entrusted the Celebes fossil vertebrates to me for study. Moreover, I wish to thank Dr. Edwin H. Colbert of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for stimulating discussions and kind advice. The proboscidean remains to be described below are the best specimens that Mr.\nVan Heekeren ever collected in Celebes in the years 1948 to and including 1950, and credit should go to him especially for his perseverance in the field without which these valuable specimens would never have been collected.

Description: A study of the collection of Dermaptera in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden has been made by the author during the years 1942 and 1943, but publication of the results had to be postponed for several years on account of various difficulties arising during and since the war.\nThese investigations yielded some interesting results, including the descriptions of several new species. It is intended to publish these descriptions in the near future after a study of the literature of the group that has appeared since 1943.\nOf the subfamily Diplatyinae the material of the Leiden Museum contains specimens of two forms that proved to belong to hitherto undescribed species. Together with other representatives of this subfamily these specimens were sent to Dr. W. D. Hincks of the Manchester Museum, for comparison with the material that formed the basis for his nearly completed revision of the group. Of the two forms referred to above, one appeared to be conspecific with a species to be described by Dr. Hincks in the near future, the other is described in the present paper, in order that notes on this species may be incorporated into the revision of the group.\nDiplatys sumatranus nov. spec. 1 \xe2\x99\x82, Air Njuruk, Dempu, Sumatra, 1400 m, VIII 1916, coll. E. Jacobson.\nThe present specimen is small and slender, of the usual general appearance in this genus (see fig. 1).\nColouration: the head and the prozona of the pronotum are castaneous; the same colour, though less dark generally, is shown by the median part of the metazona, the elytra, a band along the outer margins of the wing-scales, Fig. 1. Diplatys sumatranus nov. spec. af habitus of male, and end of abdomen in lateral

Description: I. Attacus dohertyi dammermani nov. subspec. (Plate II) Large, apex of fore wing moderately produced, general coloration of wings, head, notum including patagia, and abdomen rather light reddish brown, several intersegmental folds between the abdominal tergites blackish.\nIn both wings the terminal area somewhat lighter, more yellowish brown, in apex of fore wing grading into yellowish. Hind wing with the apical area markedly reddish. In fore wing the dark apical spot and red dash weak, submarginal line practically wanting, in hind wing a somewhat undulating submarginal dark line well developed. Postmedian band in both wings strongly serrate, but not bent inwards. Antemedian band in both wings less distinct, not serrate, in fore wing angled on base of v2, in hind wing curved inwards. The vitreous patches in both wings very large, guttiform by having the base curved outwards, the basal angles rounded, and the top elongated and pointed towards the postmedian band. In both wings with two additional vitreous patches which are in fore wing slightly larger than in hind wing.\nIn hind wing the lower patch communicates with the interior black border of the postmedian band. All these spots bordered by a black margin. The interior orange yellow border, so obvious in many dohertyi specimens, is wanting or indicated by some inconspicuous traces only. Underside corresponding with upperside, the outer half very light, as in atlas, but the subterminal markings in both wings practically wanting or obsolete. Lateral markings of abdomen much less developed than in atlas.\nI \xe2\x99\x80, 25 cm, holotype, W. Sumba, IV. 1925, labelled Dammerman, Sumba Exp., in Museum Leiden. 2. THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS Attacus L. IN THE FAR EAST.

Description: During the Scientific Surinam Expedition 1948-1949 Mr. P. H. Creutzberg collected only a few specimens of birds, which came in the Leiden Museum. Most of the collected birds belong to species well known from Surinam as Butorides striatus, Piaya cayana, Rhynchocyclus flaviventris.\nOthers like Leucopternis albicollis are not exceptionally rare. One species, however, proved to be new for Surinam. It is of interest to mention it here together with some other species, rarely recorded from Surinam, collected by Mr. W. C. van Heurn in 1911 and by Mr. H. A. Boon in 1901.\nLeucopternis melanops Lath.\nA specimen (\xe2\x99\x80) of the Black-Faced Hawk was collected by Mr. W. C. van Heurn at Guyana Goudplacer on October 9, 1911. Guyana Goudplacer is situated on the railroad about 100 km from the coast, approximately at 5\xc2\xb0 15\' N and 55\xc2\xb0 27\' W. Kappler in his book "Holl\xc3\xa4ndisch-Guiana" (1881, p. 164) gives a list of the birds, which he collected for the Stuttgart Museum.\nIn this list he also mentions this species, but other records of specimens from Surinam seem to be lacking. The measurements are: wing 238, tail 156, culmen from cere 22, tarsus 63 mm.\nSpiza\xc3\xabtus ornatus (Daudin) A specimen of Mauduit\'s Hawk-Eagle was shot at the plantation Johanna Catharina on the Saramacca River by Mr. Bosch Reitz on September 22, 1911. It was included in the collection that Mr. van Heurn sent to the Leiden Museum in 1911. Mr. van Heurn reports that it is a rare species in Surinam. It was only recorded by Kappler in his above mentioned list.\nMeasurements: wing 372, tail 264, culmen from cere 33, tarsus 100, hind toe without claw 40 mm. Wing/tail index 70.9. The specimen was unsexed

Description: The Rhizocephala, parasites of Crustacea of various orders, form a small group of animals, of which the comparatively small number of published records become rather easily accessible in a complete manner, so that in this respect the group lends itself for a survey of the occurrence and the distribution of the species in the Pacific area. The available data are widely scattered in the literature (cf. references at the end of the present paper), most papers dealing with one or a few species, some publications containing data on animals of the group from a distinct geographical area, others again giving the results of an examination of the material of the group preserved in a certain museum. A survey of the available data proves that in certain regions of the Pacific our knowledge concerning the Rhizocephala is fairly well advanced, whilst on the other hand in other parts of the area hardly anything has become known in respect to the parasites of the group.\nA list of the species known to occur in the Pacific region follows here, arranged under the various genera. To save space the author\'s names Boschma (B.), Van Kampen & Boschma (K. B.), and Shiino (Sh.) have been abbreviated as indicated in brackets. Behind each name one or more numbers are added in brackets, these refer to the geographical areas briefly to be indicated as: I, Japan; 2, China; 3, Philippine Islands; 4, South East Asia; 5, East Indian Archipelago; 6, New Guinea and Torres Strait; 7, North East and East Australia; 8, North America, including Bering Sea; 9, South America; 10, Central Pacific. It is not intended to regard these regions as well defined faunal provinces; for the purposes of the present paper, however, they form regions of a more or less distinct character.\nPeltogaster boschmai Reinhard (8), depressus Reinhard (8), latus van

Description: The material to be described below forms part of a collection of fossil vertebrates made by Dr. J. Cosijn North of Djetis and Perning in Eastern Java (Cosijn, 1931, 1932). The Cosijn collection has not yet been fully described, some preliminary identifications were made by the late Prof.\nDr. J. H. F. Umbgrove (in Cosijn, 1931, pp. 118-119). The collection is preserved in the Geological Museum at Leiden ; I have previously described the remains of rhinoceros (Hooijer, 1946, pp. 3, 55, 73, and 76) and those of hippopotamus (Hooijer, 1950, pp. 66, 69-72, and 87-108). It is a pleasure again to acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. Dr. B. G. Escher and to Prof. Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk for permission to study this valuable material.\nUmbgrove\'s first conclusion that the vertebrate fauna found by Cosijn is analogous to that of the Trinil bone beds is not shared by Von Koenigswald, who claims the mammalian fauna first discovered by Cosijn, the Djetis fauna, to be older than the Trinil fauna. The latter is Middle Pleistocene, and the Djetis fauna is placed in the Early Pleistocene (Von Koenigswald, 1935, p. 193).\nI have presented arguments elsewhere (Hooijer, 1952) for regarding the Djetis fauna as similar in age to the Trinil fauna. Both are early postVillafranchian faunas, and both are characterized by the presence of a series of forms (notably Macaca, Hylobates, Pongo, Ursus, Crocuta, and Tapirus) typifying the Southern Chinese Stegodon-Ailuropoda fauna (fully described in Colbert and Hooijer, 1953). The presence of these forms in the Javanese faunas shows that by the time of the formation of the Djetis and the Trinil beds these invading elements from the mainland of Asia had already reached Java (cf. Von Koenigswald, 1940, p. 72; 1950, p. 92). In our opinion the

Description: The genus Podolestes, as far as at present known, is confined to the Malaysian subregion of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Descriptions and drawings of structural details of four species are to be found in two of the writer\'s previous papers on Malaysian dragonf lies, viz.: New and little known Odonata of the Oriental and Australian Regions.\nTreubia, 15, 1935: 177-183, fig. 1-3.\nDescriptions and records of South-East Asiatic Odonata (II). Ibid. 17, 1940: 347-350, fig. 4-5.\nThe species of Podolestes have been found in marshes and along muddy creeks flowing through wooded areas in low country. Owing to their retiring habits the insects are but seldom encountered and all species are rare in collections. Little or nothing is known of their life-histories, and the larva is still unknown.\nThe six known members of the genus, two of which are here described for the first time, may be distinguished by the following Key to the species. 1. Dorsum of thorax uniform metallic bronzy black. Labrum, mandibles and genae shiny black. Ante-alar triangles bronzy-black, unmarked. Nervure Ac situated much nearer Ax2 than Ax1; nervure Ab complete, meeting Ac at the wing-margin. Quadrilateral short, markedly widened distally, costal and distal sides approximately equal in length in fore wing. Three to four postquadrangular antenodal cells. Male anal appendages of slender build, blackish in colour; superior pair a trifle longer than the inferiors; apex of inf. app. expanded, truncated and slightly notched 2. \xe2\x80\x94. Dorsum of thorax with two pairs of light-coloured spots on mesepisternum, and sides with an oblique band extending from below the spiracle upwards as far as the dorsal

Description: In the course of the year 1954 I received for identification a little Nematoceron belonging to the family Lycoriidae (Sciaridae). After a careful examination of the material and the literature I arrived at the conclusion that my specimens represented a hitherto undescribed species. It belongs to the genus Neosciara Pettey, 1918 (sensu Lengersdorf, 1930 and Frey, 1942).\nThere is some confusion about the naming and delimitation of the genera in the subfamily Lycoriinae. The four most important opinions are : I. Lengersdorf (1930) : Genus Lycoria Meigen, 1800, syn. Saara Meigen, 1803, Gruppe I (no name, veins cu and m with bristles) and Gruppe\nII\nNeosciara Pettey, 1918 (cu and m bare).\nII. S\xc3\xa9guy (1940) : Genus Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (cu and m with bristles) and S ciara Meigen, 1803 (veins cu and m bare).\nIII. Frey (1942) : Genus Sciara Meigen, 1803, syn. Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (cu and m with bristles) and genus Neosciara Pettey, 1918 (cu and m without bristles).\nIV. Frey (1948): Genus Sciara Meigen, 1803 (cu and m with bristles) and genus Bradysia Winnertz, 1867, containing the subgenus Neosciara Pettey, 1918.\nThe character concerning the bristles on the veins cu and m is very important for distinguishing these genera. When summarizing the above opinions we find that the species with bristles on cu and m have been named Lycoria Meigen, 1800 = Sciara Meigen, 1803 (Lengersdorf, 1930) ; Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (S\xc3\xa9guy, 1940) ; Sciara Meigen, 1803 = Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (Frey, 1942, 1948). The species lacking setae on the veins cu and m have been named Neosciara Pettey, 1918 (Lengersdorf, 1930, Frey, 1942) ; Sciara

Description: When discussing the genus Errina in my paper "Investigations on Stylasteridae (Hydrocorals),, (1942) I arrived at the conclusion held by Hickson (1912) that the species of the genus should be grouped in two, or possibly three, subgenera. It was pointed out that Hickson had erroneously used the designation "the Labiopora group" for the subgenus containing the type species Errina aspera (L.), and accordingly I proposed to name this subgenus Eu-Errina. For the other subgenus, viz., "the Errina group" of Hickson, the type species of which is Errina labiata Moseley, I introduced the name Labiata. A third group, viz., "the Spinipora group" of Hickson, was only casually mentioned by me, as I had no representative of this group at hand.\nThe only species of this group known at that time was Errina echinata (Moseley).\nAs, unfortunately, the Nomenclator Zoologicus (Neave, 1939-1940) was not accessible to me until recently, I was not aware that the name Labiata had been already used by Fabricius for a genus of Molluscs in 1823. Accordingly it will be necessary to introduce a new name for this subgenus of Errina. I thus propose to change this to Inferiolabiata. This name, moreover, has certain advantages in that it embraces the main character of the subgenus, viz., its waterspout-like spines which are connected with the mouths of the dactylozooid pores, which may be regarded as adumbrations of protruding, lower lips.\nIn this connexion the Spinipora group of Hickson might well be discussed.\nHere also the name, Spinipora, is preoccupied according to Neave: it was introduced by Agassiz in 1846 (emend, pro Spinopora Blainville, 1830) for a bryozoan genus. Moseley used it in 1879 f\xc2\xb0r a Stylasterid genus, and Hickson

Description: INTRODUCTION\nIn the summer of 1950, the present writer spent a three weeks\' holiday dredging in the Great Bitter Lake. Plans to collect specimens in that area for the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden had, unfortunately, to be drawn up somewhat hurriedly, but at least the most essential equipment was complete by the beginning of the writer\'s stay at Fayed, on the western shore of the Lake. Between August 18th and September 5th, the Great Bitter Lake was explored as well as possible under the circumstances.\nThe investigation discussed below was, as is fully realised, of a limited character; it consisted almost exclusively of operations for collecting marine organisms, though on a fairly large scale. However, it was considered preferable to do the work with the means available rather than let this chance slip for want of ideal circumstances, the more so because no extensive exploration of the bottom fauna of the Bitter Lake had ever been carried out in the past. The discovery of a few distinct plant zones in the Lake will, it is hoped, add to the ecological interest of the collections made.\nTo Mr. J. Doorn, of the Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields Ltd., the writer owes many thanks for the able manufacture of a most serviceable marine dredge.\nThe Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez kindly made available a detailed hydrographic map of the Great Bitter Lake. The writer is also much indebted to Miss Dr. J. Th. Koster, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, for the identification of the collected plants.\n\nBRIEF COMMENTS ON THE ISTHMUS OF SUEZ\nThe excavation of the Suez Canal has added much interest to the manifold problem of the extent of intermingling between marine faunal provinces,

Description: A revision of the species, comprised in the section Eu-Protium of the genus Protium from the region from Asia to Australia incl., might., in view of the elaborate publications by H. J. Lam (The Burseraceae of the Malay Archipelago and Peninsula etc., Bull. Jard. bot. Buitenzorg, S. 3, 12, 1932, p. 318\xe2\x80\x94324) and J. J. Swart (A Monograph of the genus Protium and some allied genera, Rec. Trav. bot. n\xc3\xa9erl., 39, 1942, p. 211\xe2\x80\x94146), seem superfluous. However, an examination of the Clemens material from New-Guinea of 1939 and of the type material of the thusfar mysterious Bursera tonkinensis Guill. justified the publication of some notes thereon. To these some remarks concerning observations on other species have been added.\nI am much indebted to the directors of the following herbaria for the loan of material: the herbarium of the Botanisches Museum, Berlin; the herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. (A); the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; the herbarium of the Museum d\xe2\x80\x99Histoire Naturelle, Paris; the herbarium of the Botanical Institute, Wroclaw (BRSL); the \xe2\x80\x9cRijksherbarium\xe2\x80\x9d, Leiden (L).

Description: So far as we know, all Burseraccae have been described as shrubs or trees, ranging from small and slender to very lofty.\nSome recently discovered material, however, pointed at the possibility that scandent representatives, if perhaps not true lianes, are not entirely lacking in the family. The first specimen intimating this habit to have come to our knowledge was collected by J. & M. S. Clemens on Mt. Kinabalu in British North Borneo, with the emphatic addition \xe2\x80\x9csurely scandent\xe2\x80\x9d. This specimen is almost certainly a Dacryodes in the relationship of rugosa (Bl.) H. J. Lam, var. virgata (Bl.) H. J. Lam. It appeared to deserve specific rank and it has been described by the junior writer underneath as D. scandens. Full particulars are give there.

Description: A recent collecting trip extended the region to which these Studies originally referred in such a way that it seemed wise to change the original title, so that not only the arid area off the North coast of South America was indicated as the field of study.\nAlthough as yet these Studies are principally based on material collected by the editor on his three trips to the Caribbean, this volume proves that results obtained from material of different origin will be incorporated.

Description: The present paper deals with the results of my investigations on the Tenebrionidae of the Leeward Group and the xerophilous regions of Venezuela and Colombia. I am much indebted to Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck for giving me the opportunity to study the material he collected during his trips to this area. Some other specimens used were collected by the present writer himself. Material for comparison has been obtained through the courtesy of several people, particularly the Director of the British Museum (N.H.), Mr H. Kulzer (Frey collection, Munich), and Prof. E. Tortonese (Museum of Zoology, Turin University), to all of whom I am deeply obliged. In particular I also wish to thank Prof. E. Gridelli, Director of the Natural History Museum, Trieste, to whom I am greatly indebted for his constant help and advice in my work, and to Prof. R. Malaroda, of the Institute of Geology, Padua University, for the useful criticism about my geological considerations. Not the last, I would express my gratitude to Dr E. MacC.Callan of the I.C.T.A. (Trinidad, B.W.I.) for the communication of material of that Institute. \xe2\x80\x94 The photographs were made by Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, with the expert assistance of Mr H. van Kooten, at the Zoological Laboratory of the State University, Utrecht.\nThe material has been deposited with the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam and the State Museum at Leyde. The material indicated as \xe2\x80\x9cMarcuzzi leg.\xe2\x80\x9d is included in author\xe2\x80\x99s private collection, excepting some specimens which have been given to the Biological Department of the Caracas University, Venezuela.

Description: The Dalskog Dais-Rostock area lies in the Swedish province of Dalsland, to the west of lake V\xc3\xa4nern. It lies entirely within the Upperud sheet of both the topographic (1926) and geological map (1870) and comprises parts of the parishes Gunnarsn\xc3\xa4s, Dalskog and \xc3\x96r.\nAs shown by the outline map (fig. 1), the investigated region is situated in an area of gneiss-granites and supracrustal formations, which lies to the west of lake V\xc3\xa4nern as an island in the great, highly metamorphic complex of gneisses of southwestern Sweden. In the adjoining table the geological events wich left their marks in the rocks of the Dalskog Dals-Rostock area are listed in chronological order. For the sake of clearness the table has been completed with data known from the adjoining regions, but these are placed in parentheses.

Description: Faisant suite aux lev\xc3\xa9s g\xc3\xa9ologiques dans la zone Nord-Pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9enne et dans la zone axiale des Pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9es ari\xc3\xa9geoises et de la haute-Garonne, le Val d\'Aran et le Haut-Pallaresa ont \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 incorpor\xc3\xa9s dans la cartographie depuis 1952. N\xc3\xa9anmoins les r\xc3\xa9sultats provisoires ont d\xc3\xa9j\xc3\xa0 une importante influence sur notre conception de la structure g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9rale de la zone axiale centrale. Il para\xc3\xaet utile d\'en esquisser une premi\xc3\xa8re \xc3\xa9bauche, quoiqu\'il para\xc3\xaesse certain que beaucoup de d\xc3\xa9tails seront corrig\xc3\xa9s par les lev\xc3\xa9s post\xc3\xa9rieurs.\nLe Val d\'Aran depuis el Puente del Rey jusqu\'au Puerto de Bonaigua constitue un vaste bassin dans lequel na\xc3\xaet la Garona, aliment\xc3\xa9e par une dizaine d\'affluents venant du Sud, de l\'Est et du Nord. Sa situation au centre de la grande cha\xc3\xaene pal\xc3\xa9ozoique des Pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9es en fait le lieu le plus propice pour \xc3\xa9tudier le d\xc3\xa9veloppement stratigraphique du Primaire et sa d\xc3\xa9formation structurale accompagn\xc3\xa9e de deux phases magmatiques, datant de la fin de cette \xc3\xa9poque.

Description: The description of the Foraminifera of the type-locality of the Maestrichtian and its stratigraphical value is the object of this thesis.\nThis type-locality is found in the Southern part of the Dutch province of Limburg.

Description: Comme la carte de la page 8 le montre le Massif du Saint-Barth\xc3\xa9lemy se trouve dans le D\xc3\xa9pt. de l\'Ari\xc3\xa8ge \xc3\xa0 l\'Est et au Nord de la rivi\xc3\xa8re dont le d\xc3\xa9partement porte le nom et entre Foix et Ax-les-Thermes. Le terrain examin\xc3\xa9 est form\xc3\xa9 enti\xc3\xa8rement de roches pal\xc3\xa9ozo\xc3\xafques ou plus anciennes, bord\xc3\xa9es au Nord, au Sud et \xc3\xa0 l\'Est par des formations m\xc3\xa9sozo\xc3\xafques. Ce terrain est limit\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa9galement de Pal\xc3\xa9ozo\xc3\xafque au c\xc3\xb4t\xc3\xa9 Ouest, le long d\'une faille qui s\xc3\xa9pare le Massif du Saint-Barth\xc3\xa9lemy du Massif de l\'Arize. De cette mani\xc3\xa8re le Massif du Saint-Barth\xc3\xa9lemy est un des Massifs primaires Nord-pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ens: c\'est-\xc3\xa0-dire l\'une des \xc3\xaeles de roches pal\xc3\xa9ozo\xc3\xafques dans le M\xc3\xa9sozo\xc3\xafque, situ\xc3\xa9es au Nord de la zone axiale, qui est enti\xc3\xa8rement constitu\xc3\xa9e de roches pal\xc3\xa9ozo\xc3\xafques.\nLes principaux Massifs Nord-pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ens sont de l\'Est \xc3\xa0 l\'Ouest: le Massif de l\'Agly, du Saint-Barth\xc3\xa9l\xc3\xa9my, de l\'Arize, des Trois Seigneurs, de Castillon et de la Barousse. Il existe en outre encore quelques petits Massifs.

Description: The X-ray powder method for determining minerals has been applied to the important rock-forming mineral group of the pyroxenes in this thesis.\nThe purpose of the investigation was to seek the relationship between the variations of the intensities and positions of the reflections in the powder diagram and the variations in optical properties and chemical composition. For that purpose a number of pyroxenes from different localities were investigated optically, chemically and r\xc3\xb6ntgenographically.\nThe orthopyroxenes. \xe2\x80\x94 The optical examination of the orthopyroxenes indicates, that the variation of the optical properties is related to the chemical composition (see Table 1).\nA difference between plutonic and volcanic orthopyroxenes lies in the size of the optic axial angle 2 V; this appears to be smaller with volcanic orthopyroxenes between En80 and En15 than with plutonic orthopyroxenes (see fig. 5).\nFurther a lamellar structure can be observed in the plutonic orthopyroxenes (see figs. 2 and 3) while the volcanics do not have these lamellae but often show zoning (see fig. 1).\nIt is seen from chemical investigation of the orthopyroxenes that both the plutonic and volcanic orthopyroxenes show about the same variation in Al- and Ca-atomic proportions (see Table 3). It is quite possible that a part of the Ca content of the plutonic orthopyroxenes is present in exsolved diopside lamellae according to the hypothesis of Hess and Philips (1938).\nThe orthopyroxenes can be distinguished from the clinopyroxenes by X-ray powder diagrams on the ground of their characteristic reflection pattern. These powder diagrams are made by means of a camera with a diameter of 9 centimeters and FeK\\u03b11 radiation (\\u03bb = 1.93597 \xc3\x85). All powder diagrams of the orthopyroxenes are classed as one group (Group A, see fig. 6). The variation in the relative distance between the reflections 10 31 and 0 6 0 appears to be connected with the chemical composition. These distances are measured very accurately in millimeters by means of a Cambridge Universal Measuring Machine and plotted against the chemical composition in fig. 8. Through the influence of Al and Ca, the Mg content cannot be determined unequivocally from this diagram. Therefore also X-ray powder photographs are made of a mixture of 70 % orthopyroxene and 30 % quartz (see fig. 9). The relative distance between quartz reflection 2 1 3 1 and pyroxene reflection 0 6 0 in millimeters and the distance between quartz reflection (2 0 2 3) (3 0 3 1) and pyroxene reflection 11 3 1 in millimeters depend on the chemical composition which can be seen in figs. 10 and 11, respectively. In fig. 10 two curves are shown, one for orthopyroxenes with an atomic proportion of Al of about 0.010 and one for those with an atomic proportion of Al of about 0.050 in BVI position. In fig. 11 two curves can be seen which are related to orthopyroxenes with an atomic proportion of Ca of about 0.020 and those with an atomic proportion of Ca of about 0.060. One may determine the chemical composition of an orthopyroxene from these three diagrams (figs. 8, 10 and 11).\nFor that purpose one should measure three relative distances. In each diagram one can find two values for the Mg content. From these, a total of six values, three will lie close to each other; the average of these three values indicates the Mg content. With this Mg content one can determine the Al and Ca contents in the diagrams.\nThis r\xc3\xb6ntgenographic method meets with difficulties when there do not occur certain proportions of Al and Ca in the orthopyroxene. Then there may be present two groups of three Mg\'s which lie close together (see Table 9). In such cases of doubt one must use the optical method to determine the Mg content. By substitution of Fe for Mg, Nz changes strongly, the unit cell dimensions do not, however, and neither do the relative distances. The Al and Ca contents then may be determined by the r\xc3\xb6ntgenographic method. By substitution of Al and Ca for Mg, the unit cell dimensions change strongly and with them the relative distances between the reflections, which are very sensitive.\nThe variation in the relative distance between the reflections mentioned has been explained by means of a crystal model of enstatite (see figs. 12 and 13). This variation results from the substitution of Fe, Al and Ca for Mg and of Al for Si. The substitution of Fe for Mg increases the unit cell dimensions only slightly so that the shape of the unit cell also changes little. The substitution of Ca for Mg has a great influence on the a- and the c dimension, which both become much greater. The substitution of Al for Mg and of Al for Si strongly decreases the b dimension. These changes in the unit cell occur because all substituting ions have a different ionic radius from Mg and moreover because in the structure of enstatite two kinds of Mg ions occur with altogether different positions and which are linked with the tetrahedra in very different ways.\nSince the relative distance in millimeters between certain reflections depends on the camera and radiation used, in Tables 7a, 7b and 7c these distances are stated for a few types of camera and radiation. In addition the differences between the lattice spacings of these reflections are given in \xc3\x85ngstr\xc3\xb6m units.\nThe clinopyroxenes. \xe2\x80\x94 In this thesis the optical investigation on clinopyroxenes consists of a description of the specimens, both macroscopieally and microscopically and a determination of 2 V and Z \\u039b c. For a few clinopyroxenes the values of Nz and Nx have also been determined. The described clinopyroxenes are subdivided in a number of groups; this classification is based upon the chemical composition (see p. 224). It turned out that the optical properties of the r\xc3\xb6ntgenographically investigated clinopyroxenes do not differ much from the data mentioned in the literature about this group of minerals (see fig. 20 and Table 10).\nThe chemical investigation is restricted to the analysis of a few clinopyroxenes; the results are stated in Table 11.\nOn the basis of difference in position and intensity of certain reflections in the X-ray powder diagrams a classification in four groups has been established for the clinopyroxenes.\nGroup B 1 (figs. 21 and 23) The group includes, hedenbergite, diopside, augite and diallage.\nGroup B 2 (figs. 21 and 23) Pigeonite belongs to this group.\nGroup B 3 (figs. 21 and 22) This group includes, aegirite and jadeite.\nGroup B 4 (figs. 21 and 22) Spodumene belongs to this group.\nNo sharp limits can be drawn between these groups and transitions may exist between some of these groups, as between groups B 1 and B 2 and also between groups B 1 and B 3. Through lack of clinoenstatite and ferrosilite samples we could not check whether any more groups may be distinguished.\nOf each of these groups the principal features are discussed on p. 245. Each group has its own characteristic reflection pattern; the similarity between these patterns, however, is great enough to conclude that all the investigated clinopyroxenes have a similar structure. The grouping of the X-ray powder diagrams agrees in the main with the classification of the pyroxenes according to the chemical composition.\nThe chemical composition of the different clinopyroxenes of the groups B 1 and B 2 may be determined by a combined optical and r\xc3\xb6ntgenographic investigation. This combination is necessary because the substitution of Fe for Mg has practically no influence on the dimensions of the unit cell, but it does have on the refractive indices. On the other hand the substitution of Ca for Mg strongly influences the shape of the unit cell.\nFor the different clinopyroxenes of groups B1 and B 2 the variation of the relative distance in millimeters between the reflections 2 2 0 and 2 2 1, the reflections 2 2 1 and 3 1 0 and the reflections 1 3 1 and 2 2 1 is plotted against the chemical composition in figs. 25 and 26. From these diagrams one may determine the chemical composition by measuring the relative distances mentioned, on the X-ray powder diagrams. In figs. 27, 28 and 29 the relation between the chemical composition and the difference between the lattice spacings of the reflections in question in \xc3\x85 can be seen. Further Tables 16a, 16b and 16c indicate the distances between these reflections for a few types of camera and radiation.\nThe X-ray powder diagrams of the alkali pyroxenes can be distinguished from those of the other pyroxenes, while they also show great mutual differences. It may be noted, however, that transitions between these pyroxenes always are possible.\nThe powder diagram of spodumene has its own character, so that this pyroxene can be distinguished very simply from the other pyroxenes by the r\xc3\xb6ntgenographic method.\nThe X-ray investigation on clinopyroxenes is not yet completed, because much can still be done, for instance in the jadeite-diopside-aegirite field.

Description: La r\xc3\xa9gion que j\xe2\x80\x99ai \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9e et relev\xc3\xa9e est situ\xc3\xa9e dans les Alpes fran\xc3\xa7aises, \xc3\xa0 environ 4\xc2\xb0 longitude est et 50\xc2\xb015\xe2\x80\x99 latitude nord, et \xc3\xa0 environ 2000 m\xc3\xa8tres d\xe2\x80\x99altitude. Elle fait partie de la cha\xc3\xaene dite \xe2\x80\x9echa\xc3\xaene de Belledonne\xe2\x80\x9d qui s\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tend des massifs de Beaufort et du Grand Mont dans le N N E jusqu\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa0 ceux du Taillefer et de la Mure dans le S S W. Cette cha\xc3\xaene forme du point de vue g\xc3\xa9ographique comme du point de vue g\xc3\xa9ologique le prolongement m\xc3\xa9ridional de la cha\xc3\xaene des Aiguilles Rouges et de la cha\xc3\xaene du Mont Blanc. Celles-ci font partie de la zone externe des massifs cristallins des Alpes, dont le prolongement en Suisse est connu sous le nom de \xe2\x80\x9emassifs centraux des Alpes\xe2\x80\x9d. On entend par l\xc3\xa0 les cha\xc3\xaenes ant\xc3\xa9-alpines, et principalement hercyniennes des Alpes, constitu\xc3\xa9es de roches du Houiller d\xe2\x80\x99une part, de formations ant\xc3\xa9rieures d\xe2\x80\x99autre part, et recouvertes enfin de s\xc3\xa9ries d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa2ges m\xc3\xa9sozo\xc3\xafque et permien. Dans le sud, cette cha\xc3\xaene hercynienne se divise de nouveau en deux branches, dont la plus orientale, celle des Grandes Rousses, aboutit \xc3\xa0 la partie d\xc3\xa9vers\xc3\xa9e vers l\xe2\x80\x99est, dans le massif du Pelvoux. Taillefer et la Mure forment le pivot le plus avanc\xc3\xa9 de cet arc, et en effet ce dernier massif dispara\xc3\xaet partiellement vers le S W sous le manteau s\xc3\xa9dimentaire du D\xc3\xa9voluy (cf. fig. 1). Le massif de Belledonne proprement dit, avec son point culminant: le Grand Pic de Belledonne, qui atteint \xc3\xa0 quelques m\xc3\xa8tres pr\xc3\xa8s les 3000, forme le tron\xc3\xa7on central de cette cha\xc3\xaene et se trouve \xc3\xa0 quelques kilom\xc3\xa8tres \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99est de Grenoble dans le d\xc3\xa9partement de l\xe2\x80\x99Is\xc3\xa8re. Il est limit\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99ouest par l\xe2\x80\x99Is\xc3\xa8re et le Drac; au sud par la Romanche; \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99est par l\xe2\x80\x99Eau d\xe2\x80\x99Olle et au nord par la vall\xc3\xa9e de Laval et le Col de la Coche.\nLes Lacs Robert sont \xc3\xa0 peu pr\xc3\xa8s situ\xc3\xa9s au centre du Massif de Belledonne, dans un cirque encoch\xc3\xa9 dans le ralliement m\xc3\xa9ridional de la cha\xc3\xaene occidentale \xc3\xa0 la cha\xc3\xaene principale du massif. Cette cha\xc3\xaene principale, comprise entre le Jasse Bralart au N et le Petit Vent au S, limite la r\xc3\xa9gion lev\xc3\xa9e \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99est, tandis que la Botte et le lac Achard la limitent au sud. A l\xe2\x80\x99ouest elle s\xe2\x80\x99arr\xc3\xaate au pied de la Croix de Chamrousse, le pivot m\xc3\xa9ridional, et du Grand Eulier, le contrefort septentrional de la cha\xc3\xaene secondaire; et au nord audessus de la Prairie de l\xe2\x80\x99Oursi\xc3\xa8re. Cette r\xc3\xa9gion a une largeur de 3 km et une longueur de 4 km environ. Le Grand Sorbier dans la cha\xc3\xaene principale, avec ses 2522 m. en est le point culminant. L\xe2\x80\x99impraticabilit\xc3\xa9 du terrain fixa des fronti\xc3\xa8res plus ou moins naturelles au lever. En particulier le flanc E de la cha\xc3\xaene principale, qui domine la vall\xc3\xa9e de Baton, \xc3\xa0 part quelques sentiers, n\xe2\x80\x99est pas accessible sans danger, \xc3\xa0 cause du mauvais \xc3\xa9tat de la roche schisteuse. Il en est de m\xc3\xaame pour la pente occidentale du Grand Eulier et du Casserousse, tandis que le flanc m\xc3\xa9ridional du Petit Vent et de la Botte est un des versants de la gorge profonde de 2000 m. o\xc3\xb9 coule la Romanche. C\xe2\x80\x99est \xc3\xa0 cela qu\xe2\x80\x99est d\xc3\xbb le nombre restreint d\xe2\x80\x99observations faites sur quelques parties de la p\xc3\xa9riph\xc3\xa9rie.

Description: Last year Prof. Dr. I.M. van der Vlerk brought to my attention a collection of fossil remains of mammals dredged up in the East Schelde, province of Zeeland, Netherlands. The fossils were obtained by the Schot brothers of the ZZ 8 from the bottom of a through ca. 1500 m long, 200 m wide, and 35 to 45 m deep along the South coast of Schouwen island North of the Roggenplaat, and belong to the municipal museum of Zieriksee. The keeper, Mr. P. van Beveren, suggested that they be identified. Prof. Van der Vlerk kindly arranged a short visit to Zieriksee to enable me to select the specimens described in the present contribution, and Prof. Dr. B.G. Escher, director of the Geological Museum at Leiden, had the photographs taken at his institution by Mr. W.F. Tegelaar. This cooperation is here gratefully acknowledged.\nThe fossils dredged from the East Schelde, as might be expected, are of various ages. Besides remains of mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, bison, and red deer, there are teeth of bunomastodontids and of primitive elephantines. Very similar teeth from the East Schelde have already been described by the late Miss Dr. A. Schreuder (1944, 1945a, 1949), who identified them as Anancus arvernensis (Croizet et Jobert) and Archidiskodon planifrons (Falconer et Cautley) respectively. The fossils thus identified are stained jet black, and for this reason have been referred to as \xe2\x80\x9cblack fossils\xe2\x80\x9d in the Dutch literature (Van der Vlerk, 1938, p. 10; Van der Vlerk and Florsch\xc3\xbctz, 1950, p. 63; Van der Vlerk, 1951, p. 119/120; 1952, pp. 156, 157). They are taken to represent a fauna somewhat older than that of Tegelen in Limburg province (= Upper Villafranchian: Schreuder, 1945b), and have been correlated with the Red Crags of England, Upper Pliocene or Lower Pleistocene according to one\xe2\x80\x99s own favoured definition of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary.

Description: Ch. I. The environment of the Dutch Wadden Sea, as well as that of the estuaries in the southwestern part of the Netherlands can be divided into three sub-zones: (1) the channel floors (sensu lato), i.e. the areas below mean low tide level, (2) the tidal flats (sensu stricto), between the levels of mean low and mean high water and, (3) the salt marshes, above the level of mean high tide. The channel floors are composed, either of older sediments, which have been laid bare by erosion of the tidal currents, or by new deposits, formed in the channels themselves. The latter are predominantly of sandy character, but may show locally high contents of muddy material, especially in sheltered bays. The tidal flats consist for the greater part of sand. Slightly muddy sand is often encountered along the high tide lines and very muddy deposits, dissected by small ebb gullies, are frequently present along the sides of the channels. The marshes are usually composed of comparatively clayey deposits, which are cut through by creeks. Details are given concerning the morphology of these sub-zones, and on the processes of erosion and sedimentation, which are responsible both for the morphology and for the composition of the sediments. The chapter is based on own observations (most of them published before) and on the results of a great number of other investigators (see list of references).\nCh. II. The chief sediments in the Wadden Sea are (1) sands, (2) mud and clay, (3) shell beds. \xe2\x80\x9cTrue\xe2\x80\x9d hard rock gravels are very rare. They occur in the vicinity of outcrops of older, psephitic deposits (glacial till). Special mention is made of the formation of gravelly sediments, composed of small, limonitic clay-rhizo-concretions (found at the base of marsh cliffs and in the mass of the marsh deposits themselves). Granulometrical analyses of Wadden sediments have been carried out by a number of authors. Several conclusions may be drawn from their work: The Wadden sands are rarely pure, but contain mostly a certain amount of material 〈 16 \\u03bc; the average grain size of the sands decreases usually from the tidal inlets inwards; the material which has been transported in suspension, most of the time, shows a remarkably uniform grain size distribution along the whole length of the Dutch coast (Doeglas, Favejee, Hissink, Zuur) etc.\nCh. III. The investigated sediments are mainly composed of psammitic and pelitic, elements of the following minerals: quartz, carbonates, micas and clay minerals, felspars, glauconites and heavy minerals. The quartz percentages decrease with diminishing of the grain size of the material under consideration. Micas and clay minerals show an increase in this same direction. Grains of carbonates and felspars have their maximum distribution in the siltfractions. From the heavy mineral composition of the Wadden Sea sands it may be deduced that the greater part of the material has been brought in from the North Sea, via the tidal inlets (Crommelin). The same conclusion is reached with regard to the silt fractions (Crommelin) and the clay material (Favejee).\nCh. IV. The organic matter of the Wadden Sea sediments is partly derived from older peat beds which have been eroded; for another part it is produced by plants and animals living in the Wadden Sea area itself. The basic organic materials, required for the growth of the latter organisms, are probably chiefly supplied out of the North Sea (Verwey). The organic content of the Wadden Sea sediments may show a decrease from the surface downwards, at least in the first few decimeters. This is presumably due to decomposition, under the influence of bacterial activities, by enzymes and by purely chemical processes. A notable parallelism is observed between the percentage variations of the organic matter and those of the material 〈 16 \\u03bc.\nCh. V. A close relation exists also between the percentages of material 〈 16 \\u03bc and the iron content. This element is present in various authigenous compounds: Hydroxides of iron are found in marsh deposits (above the ground water table) and in the uppermost few millimeters or centimeters of the tidal flat and channel sediments. FeS.nH2O is formed in anaerobic environment, under the surface of the tidal flats and the channel floors. This substance tends to take up additional sulphur, thereby changing into pyrite. The pyrite is normally distributed in very small elements. Comparatively large, more or less globular aggregates of pyrite crystals (up to 40 \\u03bc diameter) are seen in brackish water sediments. The transformation of iron hydroxides into monosulphuric compounds takes place in a short time. That of the FeS . nH2O into FeS2 requires at least half a century. Where the vertical accretion has been continuous, a gradual change in colour is observed between the deep black monosulphuric sediments just below the surface and the greyish, pyritic material at greater depths.\nCh. VI. The major part of the calcium carbonate material is (primarily) formed by calcareous organisms (foraminifera, echinoderms, molluscs etc.). A minor amount may have originated in other ways, e.g. by bacterial activities and by chemical processes. A relation is found between the increase of the carbonate percentages and the amounts of material 〈 16 \\u03bc. A maximum is reached in the fraction 2\xe2\x80\x9416ft. Marsh sediments are subject to decalcification processes. The velocity of the solution of the carbonates depends on many factors, which require still further investigation. No decalcification phenomena are known from the normal tidal flat and channel floor sediments in the Netherlands. They have been observed, however, in the Basin of Arcachon (France). It is thought that the solution in this area is caused, at least to an important extent, by organic acids, produced during the decomposition of the large masses of dead Zostera remains, which are embedded in the sediments.\nCh. VII. Considerable quantities of silica are formed on the surface of the tidal flats by the skeletons of (living) benthonic diatoms. The numbers of dead skeletons which are encountered in the tidal flat deposits themselves are, however, mostly very small. In the marsh sediments a more normal relation seems to exist between the amounts of skeletons of living and of buried diatoms. It is supposed that, after the death of the organisms, a solution or at least a beginning peptization of the silica takes place, which is swifter in the tidal flat environment than in the marsh deposits, probably in consequence of the higher alkalinity. The relatively coarse and less soluble skeletons of a part of the planktonic diatoms are of much more even distribution and are found in all Wadden Sea sediments. Other sources of locally formed silica are: radiolarians, sponges and plants.\nCh. VIII. This chapter gives some conclusions, to be drawn from the study of thin sections of Wadden Sea sediments and of various deposits formed in more brackish water environment. The minimum grain size of separate sand (and silt) laminae is about 40 \\u03bc in the former and down to at least 20 \\u03bc in the latter. The parallel orientation of mica flakes and clay minerals is often much more pronounced in brackish (and fresh) water muds than in muds of Wadden Sea origin. Another conclusion, following from thin section analysis, is that brackish water deposits often show a coating of the sand grains, which may be due to peptization of clay material.\nCh. IX. Useful evidence regarding the circumstances of sediment formation can be gathered from the structures as seen in undisturbed core samples. Several types of laminations are described. The laminae of channel floor- and tidal flat deposits have comparatively even, smooth upper and lower sides. The sand may show current or wave ripple structures. The laminae are of a sublenticular character and cannot be traced over great horizontal distances. The marsh laminations are characterized by the somewhat undulating, nodular aspect of the lamiae. The structures of beach deposits differ from the channel floor- and tidal flat laminations in that their laminae are more strictly parallel (apart from ripple mark structures). Another difference between these two laminations is that the latter are normally free of mud material. The finest laminations, with the thinnest laminae, are found in (some) brackish water deposits.\nThe laminations and other primary oppositional structures may be disturbed by secondary influences: the burrowing of bottom dwelling organisms, the penetration of the sediment by plant roots etc. The effect of the burrowing animals is in general most pronounced on the highest parts of the tidal flats, where the sedimentation tends to be slow, but continuous. A sharp limit is often found between the disturbed deposits of the high tidal flats and the overlying marsh sediments, the lower parts of which are scarcely inhabited by bottom dwelling animals at all.\nAmong the other structures, which are dealt with in this chapter, special mention may be made of the fissures, developed in mud beds under a permanent cover of water. Some new data are presented concerning their distribution and character, but no satisfactory conclusion about the manner of their formation is reached.\nCh. X. The sediment properties, described in the foregoing chapters, are summarized and arranged according to their distribution in the various environments of formation.

Description: De oude Heer CUVIER heeft in het begin van de vorige eeuw gezegd dat het leven op aarde te verdelen is in grote perioden van rustige ontwikkeling, afgewisseld met grote catastrophen (hij noemde het kataklysmen) waarin elk leven te gronde ging.\nTegenwoordig wordt dit alles niet meer zo absoluut gezien, maar toch weten we dat er in sommige tijden plaatselijke catastrophen plaats vonden: geweldige lava-uitstromingen, het optreden van ijsvelden die grote delen van de wereld bedekten etc. Al deze catastrophen vernietigden de plaatselijke planten- en dierenwereld en in de aangrenzende gebieden was de invloed vaak nog z\xc3\xb3 sterk, dat daar grote veranderingen optraden. Van een catastrophe echter die de gehele wereld ingrijpend be\xc3\xafnvloedde is nooit sprake geweest tot de komst van de mens.

Description: Fifteen years ago, H. Helfer in his paper \xe2\x80\x9dEinige neue Pantopoden aus der Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums in Berlin\xe2\x80\x9d (Sitz. Ber. Ges. Naturf. Fr., Berlin 1937 (1938), pp. 162\xe2\x80\x94185) established 5 new genera, each based on a new species, 2 new species belonging to known genera, and 3 new varieties.\nSince then, several authors have expressed their doubt about the validity of Helfer\xe2\x80\x99s new forms. Indeed, Helfer\xe2\x80\x99s descriptions and figures leave doubt as to the affinities of the material. Often the descriptions and the figures are contradictory e.g., in Heteronymphon kempi var. dimorpha the figure of the chelifore shows one suture too much, and in Pycnosoma batangense a suture too little.

Description: For the last twenty years several authors have been pointing out, that the species of the genus Lepas are very difficult to distinguish. The forms Lepas anatifera Linn\xc3\xa9 and Lepas anserifera Linn\xc3\xa9 especially cause trouble in identifying. It is often hard and sometimes even impossible to distinguish them by an examination of the shell pieces alone. The only distinguishing mark between the two species is the number of the filamentary appendages, which is two (seldom only one) for Lepas anatifera and four to six for Lepas anserifera. The other characters of the capituium used in most of the earlier keys are too variable to be used for accurate identifying.\nThe number of the filamentary appendages may render good service too if one has to distinguish Lepas hilli Leach from Lepas anatifera Linn\xc3\xa9 and Lepas pectinata Spengler from Lepas anserifera specimens with strongly furrowed valves. For this purpose a key based on the number of the filamentary appendages has been included in this paper.

Description: Parmi les limaces non-identifi\xc3\xa9es du Mus\xc3\xa9e Zoologique d\xe2\x80\x99Amsterdam, que M. le Professeur Dr. H. Engel et Mme. W. S. S. van der Feen n\xc3\xa9e van Benthem Jutting ont bien voulu me permettre d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tudier, il se trouvait une esp\xc3\xa8ce nouvelle dont je donne ci-apr\xc3\xa8s la description.\nGigantomilax (Turcomilax) iliensis nov. spec. Mat\xc3\xa9riel \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9: un specimen en alcool (holotype), environs de Kouldja, Chine, 2.IX.1924, W. Beick. leg.

Description: In Ruminantia, the roots of the incisiviform teeth in the lower jaw are only partially enclosed in the bony alveolus. Only the lingual part of the alveolus continues in oral direction, the labial part being open at the anterior side, and occupied by fibrous tissue, which is elastic and compact. One look at the skull of a cow, sheep, goat or deer will suffice to convince anybody of the correctness of this statement. Closing its mouth, the animal will press downwards the incisiviform teeth in the lower jaw with the gum pad of the upper jaw, till the lingual side of the crown of the front teeth meets the gum pad.\nCuriously enough, this mobility of the incisiviform teeth in Ruminantia has never been explained in any handbook on dental anatomy and, in some works only, has been mentioned by the way. AITCHISON was the first author who stressed this point (P.Z.S. 116, p. 329\xe2\x80\x94338, 1946).

Description: Dr Junge of the \xe2\x80\x9eRijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden\xe2\x80\x9d has been so kind to lend me the following specimens of bats, registered as Tylonycteris pachypus (Temminck) (all in alcohol). reg. no. 273 ...... 3 males, 3 females ......... Java. \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e 274 ...... 2 females (1, m) ............ Cambodge. \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e 280 ...... 4 spec ........................ Annam. \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e 1260 ...... 1 male, 1 female ............ Mt. Dapad, Borneo. \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e 1420 ...... 4 spec. (v, w, x, y) ......... Buitenzorg, Java. \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e 1645 ...... 34 spec. ........................ Malang, Oost-Java.\nWhen examining this material, I discovered that the 2 female specimens I and m of Cambodge (reg. no. 274), were misnamed. The label is reading:

Description: A faunal list of the birds of the Moluccan Islands has been previously published by the first author (Treubia 19, part 2, May 1948, pp. 323\xe2\x80\x94 402). Additional data have been collected since by Mr. G. A. L. de Haan during a period of several years in which this zealous collector lived in Halmahera and visited the islands Morotai, Ternate and Gebe. It seemed us worth while to publish the species and new localities from the data collected by Mr de Haan, which are not contained in the previous list. We take this opportunity to add some data from literature, published after May 1948 or overlooked by the first author, some data from the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, and the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. Leiden, and to add some corrections to the first list.\nWe want to express our sincere thanks to Mr de Haan for all troubles taken to provide us with material and information, to Dr E. Mayr (New York) for his corrections and valuable information, to Dr M. A. Lieftinck (Bogor) and Prof. Dr H. Boschma (Leiden) and Dr G. C. A. Junge (Leiden) for material put at our disposal.

Description: The family of the Zosteropidae encloses, besides the very large and uniform genus Zosterops, a number of aberrant forms, especially in the East Indian Archipelago, that, though doubtless closely related to Zosterops, are too distinct to be united with this genus without objection.\nSeveral authors have engaged themselves with the problem of the classification of these forms, without arriving at a definite conclusion (cf.\nHartert, 1897, Lophozosterops; Stresemann, 1940, p. 66, Pseudo zosterops).\nThe inclusion of many of these forms in the genus Zosterops, as propagated by Hartert, and by Chasen (1935), is no final solution either, and later workers, such as Delacour & Mayr (1946), Delacour (1946), and Voous (1948), investigators who are certainly not in favour of unnecessary splitting of genera, place several species in a separate genus, Apoia (A. goodfellowi, A. javanica, A. squamifrons).\nIn the present paper a preliminary effort is made to arrive at a natural classification of these forms.\nI am well aware that the recognition of several monotypic genera, as here proved necessary, is not attractive to ornithologists, but the alternative suggested by Stresemann (1940), and put into practice by others, to unite all these species with Zosterops, seems more objectionable, not only because of the disturbance in the homogeneity of the compact genus Zosterops, but also because of the fact that the relations that certainly do exist between several of the "aberrant" forms would be completely obscured by such an act.\nThe existence of these relations has not always been clearly recognised, as shown by the diverging generic names used for certain species.\nIt would lead to useless repetition to give complete descriptions of all the

Description: Some time ago I was asked to identify a fossil coleopteron which had been found in the drill cuttings of an oil well in the Southern part of Sumatra. As the fossil is only a few millimetres long it may be mentioned as an amazing fact that so small an object has been found during rather rough work like oil drilling.\nThe details of the locality as given by Mr. A. Wright Jr. of the N.V.\nStandard-Vacuum Petroleum Maatschappij are as follows: "The well is one of our Kaja wells, a wildcat well located 3.3 kilometres N. 300 E. from the northeast edge of the Djirah oilfield. The drill cutting was obtained from a depth of 1930 feet subsea. Although, in drill cuttings, there is a certain measure of uncertainty as to the exact level of derivation, we have sufficient evidence to be sure that the fossil actually derives from this depth.\nThe age is Tertiary-e; it occurs below beds of Baturadja stage age, but 200 feet above a lepidocyclina-bearing horizon. The fossil occurs in a shale interval of a formation which is generally non-fossiliferous; conditions were presumably marine, but either oligotrophe or toxic; the water at the time of deposition was shallow." The fossil is pyritized, dark bronze-greyish in colour. It is nearly free from substrate, though in some crevices a light grey, rather soft, somewhat fattish substance is found which can be taken away rather easily.\nThe fossil was sent to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden, mounted in a small box on a slide, pasted to the bottom with tragacanth. During the studies it was left in the small box, and kept in an exsiccator to preserve the fossil against deterioration by atmospheric influence.

Description: In April 1949 Mr. J. A. W. Lucas, a student of Biology and a careful collector of marine animals, supplied the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden with some specimens of Limnoria lignorum (Rathke), found in logs of wood washed ashore near Katwijk. These Isopods proved to be infested by a small Harpacticoid Copepod and by a species of Ostracod.\nThese animals were occasionally observed on the oral appendages and the legs. The Copepods were attached to various parts of the carapace, usually the telson, and were very small (about 0.5 mm) and the identification met with considerable difficulties. They proved to be identical, at last, with Harrietella simulans (T. Scott, 1894), a species known from the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde in Great Britain and from Dr\xc3\xb8bak in Norway.\nA description of the specimens and a discussion of the synonymy, distribution and bionomics are given below. The Ostracods have not yet been identified.\nHarrietella simulans (T. Scott, 1894) ? Laophonte simulans T. Scott, 1804, p. 248, p1. 7 figs. 24-32, p1. 8 fig: 1.\nHarrietella simulans, T. Scott, 1906, p. 464, p1. 11 figs. 9, 10; Sars, 1920, p. 73, pl. 49; Pesta, 1927, p. 44.\nLaophonte brevifurca (?) Stephensen, 1936, p. 4, fig. 1.\nMaterial. 5 adult females and one immature female from Limnoria lignorum (Rathke). Katwijk, in submerged logs of wood, washed ashore Febr. 20, 1949. Leg. J. A. W. Lucas. 1 adult female from Limnoria lignorum (Rathke). Noordwijkerhout-Zandvoort, in logs of wood found on the shore March 2, 1949. Leg. J. A. W. Lucas.\nFemale, adult stage. Total length 0.41-0.50 mm. Body depressed, pyriform,

Description: INTRODUCTION\nThe genus Metabelba was created by Grandjean in 1936 for Belbidae of which the solenidions of tibiae II and III are coupled with protective hairs, but of which the solenidion of tibia IV is free, long, and tactile. The genus belongs to the group of rather small species that are never covered with foreign material, but of which the cerotegument is very thick, especially on the moniliform legs, whilst the adults often bear the larval and nymphal skins.\nThe species have three or four lateral apophyses : one (which is not always present) between leg I and leg II, two between II and III, and one between III and IV. We have been in doubt as to the nomenclature of these apophyses, for although they have generally been regarded as tectopedia, they do not protect the trochanteres. Grandjean (in litt.) recently proposed to us the following notation. The apophysis between I and II is restricted to some members of the Belbidae, and in the present paper it is simply called anterior apophysis (a.a.). The two apophyses between II and III occur in several families; they protect the sejugal stigma; here they are called anterior and posterior parastigmatic apophyses (a.p.a., a.p.p.). It is obvious that the fourth apophysis is a discidium (dis; cf. Grandjean, 1952, p. 31).\nThere are no spinae adnatae but there is often one pair of protuberances under the anterior border of the notogaster, opposite to a corresponding pair on the propodosoma ; sometimes there is even a second pair of protuberances on the propodosoma, also situated in the posterior part.\nThe type of the genus is Damaeus papillipes Nicolet, a species that was insufficiently described, but of which Grandjean discovered specimens at

Description: In his valuable report on the freshwater fishes of British Guiana, Eigenmann (1912, pp. 64-73) gave a list of the species, together with comparable lists on the freshwater fishes of the adjacent regions. In sharp contrast with the number of 266 species reported from the Essequibo area only, the total amount of Surinam species proved to be but 118! Although since Eigenmann compiled these lists some more species have been reported from Surinam, the general situation has remained essentially the same, clearly showing the backward state of ichthyological research in this area.\nA possibility to improve our knowledge of this subject came when during the last four years the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie received several more or less extensive collections of fishes from various parts of Surinam, on a small part of which two short reports have already been published (Boeseman, 1948a, b). However, as it was thought advisable to include all Surinam material available, the investigations thereof and the subsequent preparation of a comprehensive report would obviously take several years.\nOn account of this, it was considered useful to published some preliminary results of the investigations on the first part of our still rapidly growing collection of Surinam material. As this publication is meant to be principally of faunistic importance, all species already mentioned in Eigenmann\'s list (l.c.) have been omitted.\nPotamotrygon hystrix (M\xc3\xbcller & Henle). 1 ex., embryonic, in creek, Coppenam River Trail to Table Mountain (line III), 1st camp at km 57, Emma Range of Mountains, November, 1044, Dr. D. C. Geijskes, total length 23 cm.

Description: In 1939 during a visit to the British Museum, London, the first author (Leene) examined a number of indo-westpacific Portunidae belonging to the collection of this Museum. Part of the material was then reserved to be studied more extensively in Holland. Through the outbreak of World War II it was not before 1947 that this material came to Holland; it then was taken from London to Leiden by the second author (Buitendijk). The material was studied jointly by the two authors, who intended to publish the results of this study as a single paper. Circumstances beyond the control of the authors, however, necessitated the separate publication of a report on only three of the species (Leene & Buitendijk, 1949). The present paper deals with the rest of the material and with a new species of the genus Charybdis from the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden.\nAlso some material of the genus Lupocyclus from the Amsterdam and Leiden Museums, which has been used for comparison with the specimens from the British Museum, is discussed here 1).\nThe first author wants to tank Dr. L. B. Holthuis, Leiden, for writing Miss Buitendijk\'s biography and for his kind and adequate assistance in preparing this paper for the press.\nLupocyclus philippinensis Nauck Lupocyclus philippinensis Leene, 1940, Temminckia vol. 5, p. 174, text fig. 5, pl. 3.\nBritish Museum (Nat. Hist.) Karachi, May 29, 1906. \xe2\x80\x94 1 female.\nRemarks. The specimen from Karachi undoubtedly belongs to Lupocyclus philippinensis, though it presents some differences from the specimen described by Leene in 1940. The cephalothorax has the groups of granules

Description: During a visit to the Fiji Islands, of about three weeks in March, 1949, through the kind help of Mr. Harold Gatty at Suva I had the opportunity to make trips to various coral reefs. On one of these trips, on March 18, to the reef of Tomberua, a small island to the south east of the large island Viti Levu, I collected an extensive material of various species of the genus Montipora. Among this material there is one colony of Montipora monasteriata (Forsk.), apparently the first to be reported from the Pacific region, as Crossland (1941, p. 35) states: "It is remarkable that the species, which is not uncommon in the Red Sea, has not appeared in any collection outside this area except in Gravier\'s from the Gulf of Aden." Forsk\xc3\xa5l\'s (1775) short description of his Madrepora monasteriata does not give any details about the growth form of the species. Milne Edwards (1860) ranges the species in the group characterized by "polypier subdendro\xc3\xafde ou en forme de touffe rameuse \xc3\xa0 branches digitiformes". Probably Klunzinger (1879) was influenced by Milne Edwards\'s data when he identified a branched form as Montipora monasteriata. After examination of some of Forsk\xc3\xa5l\'s specimens, von Marenzeller (1907) concluded that Klunzinger\'s Montipora tuberculosa belongs to M. monasteriata (Forsk.), whilst Klunzinger\'s M. monasteriata is another species of the genus. Crossland (1941) arrives at the same conclusion; as this author gives an elaborate account of the history concerning the species, I have noted here the most salient details only. According to Crossland the work by Bernard (1897) is not helpful and is best ignored (meaning, of course, as far as concerns the data in connexion with the specific status of M. monasteriata). However this may be, it must not be overlooked that Bernard (1. c, p. 137), although

Description: During the long years I was engaged in writing my \xe2\x80\x9cMikrographie\xe2\x80\x9d (1), my main purpose was to give a survey of the wood-anatomy of as many representatives of the javanesc wood flora as I could lay hands on, in connection with Koorders\xe2\x80\x99 and Valeton\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cBijdragen\xe2\x80\x9d (2). My attention being almost exclusively absorbed by the descriptive side of my task, little attention was paid to eventual conclusions regarding family relationships, though some were incidentally pointed out.\nWhen this work of long years was completed, the need of a key for the identification of wood samples was felt. This I composed and completed just before the war. It was published in 1940 and written in German (3), as was the main work on which it was based. Immediately an English translation was prepared but though this was ready for the press as early as 1942, I was prevented from publishing it, at first because of the German occupation and later on for want of funds.

Description: The Compositae of the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea collected by O. Beccari have been studied by U. Martelli in 1883. Afterwards J. Mattfeld reconsidered some of Beccari\xe2\x80\x99s Compositae, chiefly specimens of the genus Blumea, founding also a new species, Anaphalis arfakensis, on a Beccari specimen from Papua.\nThe re-examination of the above mentioned collection brought to light some misinterpretations.

Description: During the study of the Xyridaceae of the Malaysian area it was desirable to study those of Australia and Continental Asia as well. The Malaysian species now have, in the meantime, been published (Flora Malesiana, ser. 1, 4, 1953, 366\xe2\x80\x94376). To the new taxa described in Blumea 7, 1953, 307\xe2\x80\x94308 the Latin diagnoses of the following new species and a new section may here be added: 1. Xyris linifolia van Royen, nov. spec. \xe2\x80\x94 Fig. 1. Herba mediocris, ad 40 cm alta. Folia subulata, ad 25 cm longa, c. 1 cm diam., subfalcata, acuta, sparse papillata; vaginae 6\xe2\x80\x948 cm longae, basi 3\xe2\x80\x946 mm latae; ligula brevis acuta c. 1 mm longa. Scapus 20\xe2\x80\x9440 cm, c. 1 mm diam., teretiusculus, 2- vel pluricostatus, minute papillatus. Capitula ovoidea ad globosa, pauciflora, ad 7 X 6 mm, bracteae basales suborbiculares, 4.5\xe2\x80\x945.5 X 3.5\xe2\x80\x944 mm, obtusae, enerves, in parte superiori minute papillatae, papillis arcum triangularem formantibus, medianae obovatae, 6\xe2\x80\x946.5 X 4.5\xe2\x80\x945 mm, nervosae, nervis nervo mediano et uno nervo completo in costae utroque latere orto ad bracteae apicem laxe reticulato compositis, in parte mediana superiori minute papillatae, papillis aream suborbicularem formantibus. Flores masculini ignoti, florum femineorum sepala lateralia angusta, 5.5\xe2\x80\x946.5 X c. 1.5 mm, acutiuscula, emarginata, ecristata, alata, alis sat latis, sepalum medianum cucullatum, 4.5\xe2\x80\x945 X c. 2 mm, binerve. Petala nondum evoluta limbo orbiculari 4 mm longo et lato munita, margine serrata, unguiculo c. 2 mm. Stamina c. 3 mm, antherae c. 2 mm, apice profunde emarginatae, basi apiceque obtusae thecis emarginatis. Staminodia 2.5\xe2\x80\x943 mm, penicillata bifida? Ovarium incomplete cognitum, stylus 4.5\xe2\x80\x945 mm (vel longior?), trifidus, ramificationibus c. 2.5 mm, apice capitatis. Capsula ignota. Typus: Smiles s. n. in K. Distr.: Siam \xe2\x80\x94 in open grassland near base of Mt Kau. This species differs from all Malaysian species except X. borneensis in the terete leaves and the three complete nerves of the bracts. Though the leaves of X. borneensis are also terete, the bracts are provided with numerous complete nerves. Moreover, the lateral sepals in X. borneensis are ciliate, those of X. linifolia smooth and entire. In its anthers the present species resembles X. ridleyi, X. pauciflora, X. borneensis, X. capensis, X. complanata etc., the anthers being deeply incised at the top and the thecae emarginate. 2. Xyris nigromucronata van Royen, nov. spec. \xe2\x80\x94 Fig. 2. Herba annua parva, ad 6 cm alta. Folia linearia, 1\xe2\x80\x942.5 cm X c. 1 mm, mucronata, apice nigra et pilis robustis paucis hispida, anguste bi-alata, alis tenuiter et sparse papillatis, in parte basali elliptica in sectione transversa, apice incrassata et triangularia in sectione transversa, vaginae 3\xe2\x80\x94 6 cm longae, apice pilis multis albis munitae, margine membranacea, marginibus pedunculi basin includentibus, pedunculo ligula biloba pilis destituta praedito. Scapus ad 6 cm longus, subangularis, valde obscure alatus, alis 1 vel 2, proxime infra capitulum elatus ubi 3- vel 4-alatus. Capitula oblongo-ellipsoidea, c. 7 X 5 mm, bracteae omnes cristatae, basales ovatae, c. 6.5 X 3 mm, sat brunneo-nigrae, mucronatae, mucrone ad 2.5 mm longa, cristata, nigra, crista pallide flava in parte apicali tantum tenuiter et sparse papillata, medianae subcirculares ad panduriformes, 4\xe2\x80\x945 X 2\xe2\x80\x945 mm, margine sat brunneo-nigrae, uninerves, nervo completo laevi, in parte basali membranaceae. Sepala lateralia naviculata, fere ad apicem connata, c. 5 X 1 mm, membranacea ecristata. Petala 6, alba, 6\xe2\x80\x947 mm longa, unguiculata, ungui 4\xe2\x80\x945 mm, arcte cohaerentia et quasi tubulosa, limbo elliptico-oblongo, obtuso, c. 2 X 0.8 mm. Stamina 6, c. 1.2 mm, antheris ovoideis, c. 0.6 mm, truncatis, emarginatis thecae basi obtusae; filamenta subulata, c. 0.6 mm. Staminodia desunt. Ovarium subovoideum ad ellipsoideum, c. 2 X 1 mm, trilobum, in parte basali 3-, in parte superiori 1-loculare, stigmatibus 3 terminatum. Capsula ovario similis, sed ad 3 X 1.5 mm metiens; semina sparse papillatae. Typus: Pritzel 635 a in L. Distr.: Australia \xe2\x80\x94 in scrub between Moore and Murchinson river. This specimen was found mixed with Stylidium bulbiferum Benth. var. septentrionale Mild braed in Pritzel 635. Therefore it is separated from that species under 635 a. This highly characteristic species differs from all other species of Xyris by the fimbriate top of the sheath, the united lateral sepals (also found in the Brasilian X. obtusiuscula Nilsson), the 6 united petals, the 6 stamens (also once found by the author in X. bancana Miquel), the more or less campylotropous ovules, the entire style, and the papillate curved seeds. Moreover, the flowers seem to be white but owing to the dried material it can not be stated for certain whether this is the proper colour. These details warrant the establishment of a separate section in Xyris, Australoxyris with the following Latin diagnosis: Xyris Linnaeus, sect. Australoxyris van Royen, nov. sect. Folia apice in sectione transversa triangularia, vaginae exteriores apice ciliatae, flores capitati; sepala lateralia maxime connata; petala 6, connata; stamina 6; stylus simplex; ovarium in parte basali 3-loculare, in parte superiori 1-loculare; ovula plus minusve campylotropa; semina papillata. Typus: Xyris nigromucronata van Royen.

Description: Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck entrusted me with the identification of the mosquitoes he collected during his trips to the West Indies in 1936\xe2\x80\x941937 and 1948\xe2\x80\x941949. Although dr Hummelinck told me that it was not his intention to catch representative material, the present collection is of particular hygienic and biological interest as some mosquitoes were found on islands from which they had not been reported before.\nThis paper deals with 16 species: Wyeomyia celaenocephala \xe2\x80\x94 Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Anopheles pseudopunctipennis pseudopunctipennis \xe2\x80\x94 Margarita, Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Aruba, Anopheles albimanus \xe2\x80\x94 St. Martin, A\xc3\xabdes taeniorhynchus \xe2\x80\x94 Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Saba, Dog Island, A\xc3\xabdes aegypti \xe2\x80\x94 Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Aruba, St. Barth\xc3\xa9lemy, St. Martin, Haemagogus anastasionis \xe2\x80\x94 Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Aruba, Psorophora confinnis \xe2\x80\x94 Bonaire, Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Psorophora pygmaea \xe2\x80\x94 St. Martin, Deinocerites cancer \xe2\x80\x94 St. Martin, Culex erraticus \xe2\x80\x94 Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Culex americanus \xe2\x80\x94 St. Eustatius, St. Martin, Culex bahamensis \xe2\x80\x94 St. Eustatius, St. Barth\xc3\xa9lemy, St. Martin, Culex maracayensis \xe2\x80\x94 Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Culex chrysonotum \xe2\x80\x94 Suriname at Zanderij, Culex coronator \xe2\x80\x94 Venezuela near La Guaira, Culex nigripalpus \xe2\x80\x94 Bahamas, on South Bimini, and Culex quinquefasciatus \xe2\x80\x94 Bonaire, Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Aruba, St. Eustatius, St. Martin.

Description: Depuis longtemps on trouve dans la litt\xc3\xa9rature sur la g\xc3\xa9ologie des Pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9es des discussions sur les lherzolites et les ophites, concernant leur origine, leur \xc3\xa2ge et leur mode de formation. En g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ral ces discussions ont rendu difficile l\'\xc3\xa9claircissement de ce probl\xc3\xa8me et un r\xc3\xa9sum\xc3\xa9 de toute la litt\xc3\xa9rature manque jusqu\'ici. Dans un rapport in\xc3\xa9dit de l\'Institut g\xc3\xa9ologique de l\'Universit\xc3\xa9 de Leyde M. H. Heetveld a rassembl\xc3\xa9 toutes les donn\xc3\xa9es sur les lherzolites et ophites, et en v\xc3\xa9rit\xc3\xa9 il est difficile d\'en tirer une conclusion. C\'est pourquoi nous ferons dans cet article une proposition quant \xc3\xa0 leur d\xc3\xa9finition et leur \xc3\xa2ge et mode de formation.\nLes deux termes lherzolite et ophite sont bien d\xc3\xa9finis: la lherzolite est une roche consistant essentiellement en olivine ,parfois serpentinis\xc3\xa9e, et en plus de diallage ou diopside, bronzite et picotite. En r\xc3\xa9alit\xc3\xa9 une lherzolite est une p\xc3\xa9ridotite avec un caract\xc3\xa8re sp\xc3\xa9cial. L\'ophite est une roche compos\xc3\xa9e de plagioclase, An 40\xe2\x80\x9470, pyrox\xc3\xa8ne, souvent ouralitis\xc3\xa9, et quelques min\xc3\xa9raux accessoires, avec une texture ophitique.

Description: 1) In the \xe2\x80\x9cRijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie\xe2\x80\x9d, Leyden, there is a small collection of Lower Tertiary mollusca from S.W. Celebes which allows of comparison with Abendanon\'s Celebes fossils described by Dollfus and kept in the \xe2\x80\x9cInstituut voor Mijnbouwkunde\xe2\x80\x9d, Delft.\nThe present note deals especially with Turritella krooni Dollfus (S.W. Central Celebes; said to be of Cretaceous age), a new subspecies T. krooni batuku\xc3\xabnsis (S.W. Celebes; Eocene), and the new T. krooni kalosiensis, formerly described as T. cf. angulata Sowerby and T. cf. assimilis Sowerby (S.W. Central Celebes; probably of Upper Eocene age, formerly considered to be of Oligocene age).

Description: In the collections of the Leyden Geological Museum is a set of fossiliferous clay-stones which was long ago collected by the mining engineer Hulshoff-Pol in the coal quarries of Batoe Panggal 1), Eastern Borneo. He presented the collection in 1902 to Dr M. Schmidt, who at that time was making geological investigations in Borneo. After Dr Schmidt\xe2\x80\x99s appointment to a professorship in Stuttgart, the fossil collections made by him in Borneo were acquired by the Leyden Geological Museum (1920).\nFig. 1 roughly indicates the locality of Batoe Panggal, while Fig. 2 depicts the delta area of the Mahakkam or Koetei river and its neighbouring areas. The dotted area is again represented in Fig. 3 below.

Description: Part IV of this monograph was published in volume 12 of this Journal, pp. 89\xe2\x80\x94120, 1942.\nSince 1941 the author can devote only a small part of his time to these investigations. This fact, and the shortness of paper available for scientific publications, made him decide to alter the way of publication: the extensive lists of references to literature and the records of distribution with every species have now been omitted. As further parts of this publication will follow with rather large intervals of time, from the present part onward complete lists of references will be added to each part, instead of supplements to the bilbliography published in part I.

Description: The border region between Coahuila and Zacatecas is part of the mountainous country south of Parras in northeastern Mexico. It includes a thickness of about 2,600 meters of Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks that were deposited along the northern border of the Mexican geosyncline along the southern margin of the Coahuila Peninsula massif.\nDuring early Tertiary time these sediments were compressed into folds parallel to the borders of the massif. The majority of the anticlines in the area mapped is overturned to the north.\nAfter the compressive stage a tensional stage developed and a system of tensional faults was formed. Block faulting found place on a large scale.\nA suggestion by de Sitter that some longitudinal faults may be comparable to schistosity planes in microfolds is tested in the horizontal outcrop pattern of this area, and no indications are found which could contradict this hypothesis. It is suggested that this horizontal outcrop pattern should also vary with the relative competency of the rock formation.\nThe stratigraphic column is divided into formations. The Jurassic includes the Zuloaga limestone of Oxfordian age and the equivalent La Caja and La Casita formations of Kimmeridgian-Portlandian age. The Cretaceous from the base upward includes the Taraises formation of Lower Neocomian age, the Cupido limestone of upper Neocomian-lower Aptian age, the La Pe\xc3\xb1a formation of upper Aptian-lower Albian age, the Aurora limestone of middle Albian age, the Indidura formation of upper Cenomanian-Turonian age, the Caracol formation of Coniacian age, and the Parras shale of Santonian age.\nThe La Caja formation contains a variable amount of phosphorites, the genesis of which is discussed. The conclusion is reached that there are indications that this deposit had a biochemical mode of origin rather than a purely chemical one as advocated by Kazakov.

Description: Sous le nom de Cynoglossus xiphoideus G\xc3\xbcnther, la collection ichthyologique du Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Museum, Amsterdam poss\xc3\xa8de 2 sp\xc3\xa9cimens dont l\xe2\x80\x99un est originaire de Shangha\xc3\xaf et l\xe2\x80\x99autre, de la mer de Timor. Le sp\xc3\xa9cimen de Shangha\xc3\xaf a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 c\xc3\xa9d\xc3\xa9 au Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Museum (sans doute \xc3\xa0 titre d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9change) par le British Museum, en 1909: c\xe2\x80\x99est feu G\xc3\xbcnther qui est responsable de sa d\xc3\xa9termination. Le sp\xc3\xa9cimen de la mer de Timor a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 captur\xc3\xa9 par le \xe2\x80\x9eSiboga\xe2\x80\x9d: il a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 mentionn\xc3\xa9 par Weber (1913), puis par Weber et de Blaufort (1929). De teinte \xc3\xa9galement tr\xc3\xa8s claire, ces deux sp\xc3\xa9cimens semblent avoir subi une action d\xc3\xa9colorante. Tous deux sont des femelles; ni l\xe2\x80\x99un ni l\xe2\x80\x99autre n\xe2\x80\x99appartiennent \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99esp\xc3\xa8ce d\xc3\xa9sign\xc3\xa9e par leur \xc3\xa9tiquette respective, esp\xc3\xa8ce avec laquelle ils n\xe2\x80\x99ont gu\xc3\xa8re de commun que leur formule pleurogrammique (3 lignes lat\xc3\xa9rales sur la face z\xc3\xa9nitale, aucune sur la face nadirale) et l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tat ct\xc3\xa9no\xc3\xafde de la plupart (chez l\xe2\x80\x99un) ou de la totalit\xc3\xa9 (chez l\xe2\x80\x99autre) de leurs \xc3\xa9cailles. Tous deux diff\xc3\xa8rent \xc3\xa0 premi\xc3\xa8re vue de C. xiphoideus par la bri\xc3\xa8vet\xc3\xa9 relative de leur processus pr\xc3\xa9oral.\nEtablis d\xe2\x80\x99apr\xc3\xa8s l\xe2\x80\x99examen de 30 sp\xc3\xa9cimens, y compris le holotype, ainsi que les types de C. solum SAUVAGE, les caract\xc3\xa8res de C. xiphoideus sont les suivants: D 113\xe2\x80\x94122. A 89\xe2\x80\x9499. C 8 (10). D + 4 + A + C 212\xe2\x80\x94226. S 123\xe2\x80\x94150 (1); entre la ligne lat\xc3\xa9rale synaxonale et l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9panoxale 20\xe2\x80\x9423: entre la synaxonale et l\xe2\x80\x99hypaxonale 21\xe2\x80\x9426 (28). Toutes les \xc3\xa9cailles sont ct\xc3\xa9noides, sans excepter les pleurogrammiques; le champ acanthog\xc3\xa8ne des nadirales n\xe2\x80\x99est nullement r\xc3\xa9duit. En centi\xc3\xa8mes de la longueur \xc3\xa9talon: t\xc3\xaate 18\xe2\x80\x9422; hauteur 21\xe2\x80\x9426. En centi\xc3\xa8mes de la longueur de la t\xc3\xa9te; oeil 5\xe2\x80\x948 (9); espace interoculaire 4\xe2\x80\x946 (7); espace postoculaire (2) (39) 40\xe2\x80\x9443; uropt\xc3\xa9rygie (48) 50\xe2\x80\x9457. Le canthus rostal est tr\xc3\xa8s pro\xc3\xa9mineat et \xc3\xa9troitement arqu\xc3\xa9. Le processus pr\xc3\xa9oral atteint et d\xc3\xa9passe presque toujours la verticale du bord post\xc3\xa9rieur de l\xe2\x80\x99oeil fixe. Il en est de m\xc3\xaame pour l\xe2\x80\x99extr\xc3\xa9mit\xc3\xa9 caudale du maxillaire. La narine post\xc3\xa9rieure z\xc3\xa9nithale est petite; elle s\xe2\x80\x99ouvre dans la moiti\xc3\xa9 ant\xc3\xa9rieure de l\xe2\x80\x99espace interoculaire. En alcool, la face z\xc3\xa9nithale est tout enti\xc3\xa8re d\xe2\x80\x99un brun plus ou moins fonc\xc3\xa9, uniforme; les nageoires sont ordinairement bord\xc3\xa9es de blanc; la face nadirale est plus claire. Dimensions maximun observ\xc3\xa9es: longueur totale 281 mm.; longueur \xc3\xa9talon 279 mm. Cette esp\xc3\xa8ce n\xe2\x80\x99est connue que des eaux douces du Siam et de l\xe2\x80\x99Indo-Chine (Cambodge. Cochinchine. Annam et Tonkin).

Description: 1 began my investigations about the galls of the Loranthaceae in Salatiga in 1908 and continued this work in Samarang from 1909 to 1915. Here I also examined the germination of the seeds. From 1915\xe2\x80\x941918 I stayed in Bandung where I had little opportunity to continue my investigations. From 1918\xe2\x80\x941932 I lived in Buitenzorg (Bogor) where I could resume my studies on the Loranthaceae, not only as to the germination of the seeds, but also the pollination of the flowers. For this purpose I sowed many species of Loranthaceae on shrubs in the neighbourhood of my home, so that I could easily check the development and had ample material at my disposal.\nThe investigations were hampered by the chaotic conditions of the systematics of the Indomalayan Loranthaceae in 1909. In Samarang for instance I found that the germination of various species followed a different course, but could not work it out comparatively, because most species could not be indentified with certainty. The material I collected in Salatiga and Samarang was compared by Dr J. J. Smith, at the time on leave in Holland, with Loranthus-material in the Leyden Herbarium. Only a few of them could be identified with sufficient certainty, many of them could only be classed with some genus and some of them could not be classified at all. The result was that in the first publication on the germination of the seeds (Docters van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan, 1915: 220) some species could only be indicated by a digit, an unsatisfactory solution.

Description: The Dwarf-cichlid genus Apistogramma, very popular among aquarists and at present among students of animal behaviour, hitherto comprises about 16 forms, several of them hardly specifically distinguished, and probably only based on stages or sexes of other species. Nevertheless I found a new form among a small collection of fresh-water fishes, imported alive by a sailor from near Paramaribo, in Dutch Guiana. I had the opportunity to keep them in an aquarium for several months, and to study their behaviour. When at last they died I tried to identify this species, and it then appeared that they were new to science. They may, however, be identical with the species described by Innes as Apistogramma U2, of which I have been unable to find a scientific description yet.\nThe two specimens on which the new species is based, were captured near Paramaribo, where they lived together with Apistogramma steindachneri (Regan 1908), at least forms which resemble this species in almost every character. I will report on this form in the revision of the genus which is in preparation.

Description: My previous account on the Nannostomidi (1951, The Amsterdam Naturalist, 1 (1): 11\xe2\x80\x9427) dealt with the synonymy of the recognized species. Diagnoses were given of the three genera, Nannostomus, Poecilobrycon and Nannobrycon (new genus). The account was based on but little material, largely on descriptions in literature, yet it could readily be proved that the species described before belong to 5 species only and to 3 well defined genera.\nI have since had the opportunity to study rather large series from Surinam and some other localities. An entirely new species was found among this material, which is so interesting in many respects that it induced me to reconsider the matter of the phylogeny of the tribe.