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  • Angiosperms  (680)
  • Springer  (680)
  • Public Library of Science
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evolution of angiosperm seed proteins: A methionine-rich legumin subfamily present in lower angiosperm Clades (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 43 (1996), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Asarum ; Dioscorea ; Angiosperms ; Evolution ; Legumins ; Seed proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of legumin-encoding cDNAs fromDioscorea caucasica Lipsky (Dioscoreaceae) and fromAsarum europaeum L. (Aristolochiaceae) shows that there is an especially methionine-rich legumin subfamily present in the lower angiosperm clades including the Monocotyledoneae. It is characterized by a methionine content of 3–4 mol% which is roughly triple the methionine proportion of most other legumins. These “MetR” legumins, if present, still have to be detected in the higher angiosperms including the important seed crops. Evolutionary analysis suggests that the MetR legumins are the result of a gene duplication allowing the differentiation of legumin genes according to their sulfur content. The duplication event must have taken place before the split into mono- and dicotyledonous plants but probably after the separation of angiosperms and gymnosperms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02339013
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angiosperm origin and early stages of seed plant evolution deduced from rRNA sequence comparisons (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Chloroplast 4.5S rRNA ; Cytosolic and chloroplast 5S rRNAs ; 5.8S rRNA ; 18S rRNA ; Nucleotide sequences ; Phylogenetic trees ; Angiosperms ; Gymnosperms ; Monocotyledons ; Dicotyledons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Complete or partial nucleotide sequences of five different rRNA species, coded by nuclear (18S, 5.8S, and 5S) or chloroplast genomes (5S, 4.5S) from a number of seed plants were determined. Based on the sequence data, the phylogenetic dendrograms were built by two methods, maximum parsimony and compatibility. The topologies of the trees for different rRNA species are not fully congruent, but they share some common features. It may be concluded that both gymnosperms and angiosperms are monophyletic groups. The data obtained suggest that the divergence of all the main groups of extant gymnosperms occurred after the branching off of the angiosperm lineage. As the time of divergence of at least some of these gymnosperm taxa is traceable back to the early Carboniferous, it may be concluded that the genealogical splitting of gymnosperm and angiosperm lineages occurred before this event, at least 360 million years ago, i.e., much earlier than the first angiosperm fossils were dated. Ancestral forms of angiosperms ought to be searched for among Progymnospermopsida. Genealogical relationships among gymnosperm taxa cannot be deduced unambiguously on the basis of rRNA data. The only inference may be that the taxon Gnetopsida is an artificial one, andGnetum andEphedra belong to quite different lineages of gymnosperms. As to the phylogenetic position of the two Angiospermae classes, extant monocotyledons seem to be a paraphyletic group located near the root of the angiosperm branch; it emerged at the earliest stages of angiosperm evolution. We may conclude that either monocotyledonous characters arose independently more than once in different groups of ancient Magnoliales or that monocotyledonous forms rather than dicotyledonous Magnoliales were the earliest angiosperms. Judging by the rRNA trees, Magnoliales are the most ancient group among dicotyledons. The most ancient lineage among monocotyledons leads to modern Liliaceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342748
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide distribution in gymnosperm nuclear sequences suggests a model for GC-content change in land-plant nuclear genomes (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 39 (1994), S. 34-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: CpG suppression ; GC content ; Angiosperms ; Isochores ; GC bias ; Mutational pressure ; Error-prone repair ; Transcriptionally coupled repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nuclear protein coding sequences from gymnosperms are currently scarce. We have determined 4 kb of nuclear protein coding sequences from gymnosperms and have collected and analyzed 〉60 kb of nuclear sequences from gymnosperms and nonspermatophytes in order to better understand processes influencing genome evolution in plants. We show that conifers possess both biased and nonbiased genes with respect to GC content, as found in monocots, suggesting that the common ancestor of conifers and monocots may have possessed both biased and nonbiased genes. The lack of biased genes in dicots is suggested to be a derived character for this lineage. We present a simple but speculative model of land-plant genome evolution which considers changes in GC bias and CpG frequency, respectively, as independent processes and which can account for several puzzling aspects of observed nucleotide frequencies in plant genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178247
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA probes for the Y-chromosome ofSilene latifolia, a dioecious angiosperm (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 86-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Sex chromosome markers ; Y-chromosome ; Angiosperms ; Silene latifolia ; Melandrium album
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In order to obtain markers for the Y chromosome ofSilene latifolia, we pooled equal weights of leaf tissue from 18 female siblings into one sample and repeated the process with 18 male siblings. Pooling was intended to provide a common genetic background for each sample, leaving the absence or presence of the Y chromosome as the primary difference between the two samples. DNA was extracted from each sample and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with arbitrary 10 bp primers. Four of 60 primers used gave an amplification with the male DNA not found among those from the female DNA. Each of these was subsequently shown to provide a reliable marker for the Y chromosome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714562
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of the male germ unit: organization and function in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 18 (1998), S. 143-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key wordsNicotiana tabacum ; Male germ unit ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Sperm isolation ; Angiosperms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sperm cells are released from pollen tubes of tobacco as linked cells, associated with the vegetative nucleus in an assemblage known as the male germ unit (MGU). Using light microscopy, the MGU assemblage appears to be ensheathed by cytoplasmic material of the pollen tube, which may stabilize their association. Following their release, the shape of the sperm cells and vegetative nucleus changes from an ellipsoidal to a more spheroidal morphology. When most of the cytoplasmic material is dispersed, a boundary remains around the two sperm cells. Using scanning electron microscopy, the cytoplasmic material surrounding the MGU appears filamentous, sometimes twisted and rope-like. Based on these observations, the function of the MGU of tobacco is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050547
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fingerprinting plant genomes with oligonucleotide probes specific for simple repetitive DNA sequences (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 691-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA fingerprinting ; Repetitive DNA ; Genotype identification ; Angiosperms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Oligonucleotides hybridizing to simple repetitive DNA patterns are highly informative as probes for DNA fingerprinting in all investigated animal species, including man. Here we demonstrate the applicability of this technique in higher plants. The oligonucleotide probes (GTG)5 and (GATA)4 were used to investigate the differences in DNA fingerprint patterns of the following angiosperm species: Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale, Hordeum vulgare, Beta vulgaris, Petunia hybrida, Brassica oleracea, and Nicotiana tabacum. Two species, Hordeum vulgare as a monocot and Beta vulgaris as a dicot, were analyzed in more detail. Their genomes differ considerably in both amount and organization of the simple repetitive sequences (GATA)n, (GACA)n, (GTG)n, and (CT)n due to the evolutionary distance of these two species. Furthermore, several lines and cultivars of Beta vulgaris and Hordeum vulgare can clearly be distinguished on the basis of their highly polymorphic patterns of these repetitive sequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226686
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bemerkungen zur Cytologie einiger Arten der GattungSilene (Caryophyllaceae) aus Zentralgriechenland und Kreta (1978)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 130 (1978), S. 203-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene ; Chromosome numbers ; Flora of Greece ; Crete
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosome numbers of several Greece species of the genusSilene L. from natural habitats are reported for the first time:S. sieberi, S. niederi, S. radicosa subsp.rechingeri, S. oligantha, S. skorpilii, S. schwarzenbergeri andS. fruticulosa. All species are diploid with 2n = 24 chromosomes, including 0, 2 or 4 SAT-chromosomes;S. niederi has B-chromosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982804
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation on the population, racial, and species level in the primitive relic Angiosperm genusDrimys (Winteraceae) in South America (1979)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 132 (1979), S. 53-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Winteraceae ; Drimys s. str. ; D. brasiliensis (with subsp. and comb. nov.) ; D. roraimensis ; comb. nov. ; D. angustifolia ; Population variation ; eco-geographical differentiation ; epidermis ultrastructure ; Systematics and history of the S. American flora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Statistical analyses and scatter diagrams illustrate for the polymorphic E. and SE. BrazilianDrimys brasiliensis a clear correlation between morphological variation and eco-geographical differentiation. This is backed by data on the (ultra)structure of the lower leaf surface. A new infraspecific taxonomy is proposed, andD. roraimensis andD. angustifolia are recognized as distinct species of the Guyana Highlands and S. Brazil, respectively. The affinities between these and other taxa of the paleopolyploid genus, its evolution and its position within the family are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983084
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Transcription and processing of rRNA in higher plant cells (Daucus carota, Petroselinum crispum, Acer pseudoplatanus) (1980)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 134 (1980), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Daucus ; Petroselinum ; Acer ; rRNA ; transcription ; precursors of less than 2.5 × 106 daltons ; processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Actively dividing cells from parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and carrot (Daucus carota) (bothApiaceae) andAcer pseudoplatanus (Aceraceae) were used to detect the primary gene product of the rDNA in plant cells. Parsley and carrot cells were labelled with [32P] orthophosphate. In both cases only one high molecular weight rRNA precursor was present on polyacrylamide gels under non-denaturing conditions. Its molecular weight did not exceed 2.5 × 106 daltons. The component emerged from the heterogenous material after a labelling period of 5–10 min. In parsley cells 45 min after onset of incubation labelled mature rRNA (25S and 18S) arrived in the cytoplasm. InAcer pseudoplatanus (incubation period 60 min) two rapidly labelled components did emerge from polyacrylamide gels; their molecular weights were 2.3 and 3.2− 3.4 × 106 daltons. After electrophoresis under denaturing conditions the larger component was no longer present, thus indicating that it was an aggregate of different RNA molecules. The molecular weights of the rRNA precursors ofD. carota andP. crispum determined after electrophoresis in formamide gels were about 2.1 × 106 daltons. From these results we have no evidence for the existence of rRNA precursors exceeding the molecular weight of 2.5 × 106 daltons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985028
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomenzahlen einiger mediterraner und mitteleuropäischerCentaurea-Arten (Asteraceae) (1975)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 123 (1975), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Centaurea ; Chromosome numbers ; Flora of the Mediterranean and C. Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosome numbers of several Mediterranean and Central European species from the genusCentaurea L. have been studied. The material was collected in natural habitats, exceptC. thracica andC. maxima. The numbers forC. cineraria (2n = 36; tetraploid!),C. subtilis (2n = 22),C. sonchifolia (2n = 44),C. sphaerocephala (2n = 44),C. napifolia (2n = 22),C. achaia (2n = 22),C. thracica (2n = 18), andC. maxima (2n = 28) are reported for the first time. For the following species earlier counts are confirmed:C. cineraria (diploid, 2n = 18),C. maculosa (2n = 18),C. rhenana (2n = 18),C. triumfettii (2n = 22 + 0−1 B; first report of accessory chromosome for this species),C. scabiosa (2n = 20 + 0−3 B),C. crassifolia (2n = 30). B-chromosomes are reported for 3 populations ofCentaurea scabiosa from Berlin; they lack in 2 populations from Bayern and Hessen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00981769
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  • 11
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    Reproductive biology in the primitive relic AngiospermDrimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae) (1980)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 135 (1980), S. 11-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Winteraceae ; Drimys brasiliensis ; Development of inflorescences ; flowers and fruits ; reproductive biology ; pollination ; seed dispersal ; vegetative propagation ; early Angiosperm evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From field observations onDrimys brasiliensis, principally in the Botucatu region of São Paulo State, Brazil, new data on the reproductive biology, the rhythm of growth, and the development of lateral cymose inflorescences, flowers and fruits are presented. Pollination accelerates the rate of flower-development for about 4–6 days. Pollination experiments show thatD. brasiliensis is not self-sterile; because of mechanical devices the sticky pollen grains do not normally come into contact with the stigmata unless an animal pollen vector is involved. The pollinators are diurnalColeoptera, Diptera andThysanoptera which eat from the pollen, lick from the stigmatic exudates and (in case of the flies) probably also from the staminal glands. Fruit- and seedeaters are birds which seem to be the main dispersal agents. Establishment of new individuals normally is through seedlings, but also by vegetative propagation through plagiotropous branches which may root and separate from the mother plant. The morphological, developmental and reproductive aspects inD. brasiliensis are discussed in a wider context, compared with data from otherMagnoliidae, and related to aspects of early Angiosperm evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983005
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosystematic studies onCapsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae): Enzyme polymorphism in natural populations (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 73-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Brassicaceae ; Capsella bursa-pastoris ; Isoenzyme polymorphism ; population analyses ; geographic variation ; heterozygosity ; breeding system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic variability of natural populations ofCapsella bursapastoris in North- and Middle-Europe has been estimated by means of enzyme assays. Zymograms of 81 populations have been developed. 17 loci could be identified, and 8 of them can be heterozygous. Genetic variability is greater between populations than within. No correlation between actual population sizes and genetic heterogeneity could be detected. Some electromorphs shift their frequencies proportionally to increasing adversity of climatic conditions, some appear to be constant over the whole area, and others are characterized by an apparently irregular variation pattern. Marginal populations comprise a significantly higher proportion of heterozygous plants than central ones. Apart from this clinal variation pattern, a mosaic pattern, strongly related to habitat conditions, was observed: genetic heterogeneity is greater in more intensively disturbed sites. The pattern of genetic variation in natural populations ofCapsella bursa-pastoris is rather highly influenced by the breeding system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983207
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Species relationships and genetic variation in the diploid wheats (Triticum, Aegilops) as revealed by starch gel electrophoresis (1980)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 136 (1980), S. 247-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae (=Gramineae) ; Triticum ; Aegilops ; diploid species ; Starch Gel electrophoresis ; allozymic variation ; phylogenetic relationships ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty enzyme loci were examined in the diploid species ofTriticum andAegilops for allelic variation by starch gel electrophoresis. SectionSitopsis, including the five species,Ae. speltoides, Ae. lingissima, Ae. sharonensis, Ae. bicornis andAe. searsii form a close subgroup withAe. speltoides slightly removed from the others.T. monococcum s. lat., was found to be closest to the species of theSitopsis group.Ae. comosa, Ae. umbellulata andAe. uniaristata form a second subgroup withAe. caudata most closely related to these species.Ae. squarrosa appears almost equally related to all of the species, showing no special affinity for any one species group. Nineteen out of twenty loci examined were polymorphic with a mean of 6.7 alleles per locus. Species could be, for most loci, characterized by the presence of predominant alleles. A conspicious genetic characteristic ofTriticum-Aegilops is the sharing of these predominant alleles between species. Within species variation is characterized by a diffuse distribution of secondary alleles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01004629
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    The breeding system ofEmblingia (Emblingiaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 63-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Emblingia ; Emblingiaceae ; Sapindaceae ; Dodonaea ; Stylobasidaceae ; Stylobasium ; Gyrostemonaceae ; Anemophily ; entomophily ; autogamy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Emblingia is a short lived fire weed with a highly autogamous breeding system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983205
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  • 15
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    Vergleichende cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen anRanunculus seguieri und der Artengruppe desR. alpestris (Ranunculaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 47-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus seguieri ; R. alpestris ; R. traunfellneri ; R. bilobus ; R. crenatus ; Relationship betweenR. seguieri andR. alpestris s. lat.: morphology ; crossing experiments ; chromosome numbers ; karyotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological and cytological investigations as well as crossing experiments were carried out withRanunculus seguieri Vill. and 4 species of theRanunculus alpestris L. group (R. alpestris L.,R. traunfellneri Hoppe,R. bilobus Bertol.,R. crenatus Waldst. & Kit.). ForR. seguieri andR. alpestris, localities and distribution are given in addition to extensive diagnoses. A key to the species includes morphological characteristics and distribution data forR. traunfellneri, R. bilobus, andR. crenatus. New diagnostic characters are described. Crossing experiments betweenR. seguieri and the species of theR. alpestris group were unsuccessful. All 5 species have a chromosome number of 2n = 16, the record forR. bilobus is new. There is no statistically significant difference between the karyotypes ofR. seguieri andR. alpestris s. str. Nevertheless, according to morphological evidence and crossing experiments,R. seguieri is not closely related to theR. alpestris group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984608
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  • 16
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    A chemotaxonomical study of someBoraginaceae: pyrrolizidine alkaloids and phenolic compounds (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; phenolic compounds ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By means of thin layer chromatography pyrrolizidine alkaloids and phenolic compounds in some members of the familyBoraginaceae, subfamiliesHeliotropioideae andBoraginoideae, were studied. FromOmphalodes verna a main alkaloid was isolated with an isoretronecanol (or stereoisomeric) nucleus. The chemotaxonomical model ofTétényi forBoraginaceae based on fatty acids is generally supported, but relationships betweenHeliotropioideae andCynoglosseae appear to be closer, suggesting parallel developments from common ancesters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983210
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  • 17
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    Embryology ofEriocaulon setaceum (Eriocaulaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 175-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Eriocaulaceae ; Eriocaulon setaceum ; Embryology ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eriocaulon setaceum can be characterized by: young microsporangium wall with epidermis, endothecium (with fibrous thickenings), and glandular tapetum (uninucleate cells); pollen grains 3-celled, spiraperturate; embryo sac development according to the Polygonum type and with antipodal cyst; endosperm nuclear; embryo small, with incipient differentiation into cotyledonary and epicotylary loci; seed coat mainly from the inner layers of the integuments; pericarp 2-layered and membranous. Embryologically, theEriocaulaceae are nearer to theXyridaceae than to otherFarinosae. Their elevation to the rank of an order,Eriocaulales, therefore appears justified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985181
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  • 18
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    Microgeographic edaphic differentiation in allozyme polymorphisms of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum, Poaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum spontaneum ; Allozymes ; microgeographic differentiation ; population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 22 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 278 individual plants of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum, the progenitor of cultivated barley, in four 100 meter transects, in Israel, each equally subdivided into basalt and terra rossa soil types. Significant differentiation according to soil was found in 9 alleles. Our results suggest that allozyme polymorphisms in wild barley are at least partly adaptive, and differentiate by edaphic natural selection rather than by stochastic processes, and/or neutrality of allozymic variants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985193
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  • 19
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    Genetic variation inSolanum pennellii: Comparisons with two other sympatric tomato species (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1981), S. 11-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Lycopersicon ; Solanum pennellii ; Allozymes ; electrophoresis ; isozymes ; mating systems ; self-incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation—primarily in 19 genetic loci of seven enzyme systems—was analyzed in accessions from various parts of the geographic range ofSolanum pennellii, which according to all tested biosystematic criteria behaves like a species ofLycopersicon. In comparison with the largely sympatricL. hirsutum andL. pimpinellifolium, this species exhibits the same trends of reduced allogamy and decreased genetic variation toward the north and south margins of its distribution, though to a much lesser degree; it does not exhibit their trends toward smaller flower size in the same peripheral regions. All three species agree to a considerable extent in the ranking of their tested loci in respect to degree of variablility; however, overall polymorphy is highest inS. pennellii. Except for the appearance of self-compatibility at its southernmost margin,S. pennellii is exclusively and rigidly self-incompatible. Alleles are distributed much more uniformly over the range than in the previously mentioned species, marginal and internal endemic mutants being much less abundant. A marked geographic disagreement is evident in regions of high and low variation. These differences in patterns of genetic variability are reconciled in terms of observed differences in mating systems, probable age of distributions, and adaptive strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983920
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  • 20
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    Eine neueTillandsia-Art aus Südmexico:T. kolbii (Bromeliaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 259-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Bromeliaceae ; Tillandsia subgen.Allardtia ; T. kolbii ; spec. nova ; Flora of Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species ofTillandsia is described and discussed in regard to related species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Ultrastructure of the stylar canal cells ofCitrus limon (Rutaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 263-274 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Citrus limon ; Style ; canal cells ; canal filling substance ; ultrastructure ; anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of the canal cells and the canal filling substance ofCitrus limon have been studied. At maturity the canal cells are very rich in cytoplasm. Their inner tangential walls lining the canal are much thickened and formed by two layers: the outer corresponds to the original wall, the inner is formed by subsequent deposition of abundant materials of different origin. This thickening occurs at the same time as the filling of the stylar canal. Both events are paralleled by considerable dictyosomic activity, the formation of a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the incorporation of small cytoplasmic masses into the cell wall, due to plasmalemma evaginations. — The material in the stylar canal has a heterogeneous ultrastructure aspect and consists of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids; it presumably provides nutrients for the growing pollen tubes.
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    A comparative study of genomes in angiosperms (1982)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1982), S. 209-227 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Dicotyledons ; Monocotyledons ; DNA reassociation kinetics ; fast repeats ; repetitive DNA ; single copy DNA ; short period interspersion pattern ; slow repeats ; genome evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Angiosperms investigated by DNA/DNA reassociation studies were classified and tested for a taxonomic class- and subclass-specifity in a biometrical fashion. Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons differ significantly from each other with respect to a genomic parameter (U/R-ratio;U single copy DNA fraction;R = 1-U fraction of repetitive DNA). This difference is discussed from an evolutionary and molecular point of view.—Intercorrelations between the fraction of fast repeats, slow repeats, and single copy DNA can be detected. The amount of DNA organized in a short period pattern of interspersion is found to depend on the fraction of repetitive and single copy DNA. The number of DNA segments tandemly arranged in a short period pattern is linearly correlated withR/U-values. This correlation allows for a formula suitable for the estimation of the number of active genes in angiosperms. The analytical complexities of repetitive and single copy DNA are linearly correlated with the genome size of higher plants. The ratioU/R depends on the genome size of angiosperms in a hyperbolic fashion.
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    Heterochromatin and chromosome variation in cultivated species ofTulipa subg.Leiostemones (Liliaceae) (1982)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1982), S. 163-178 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Tulipa subg.Leiostemones ; Giemsa banding ; heterochromatin ; karyosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosomes of several cultivatedTulipa species of subg.Leiostemones were examined in conventionally stained and C-banded preparations. The heterochromatin content varied from almost none to 45%. Several chromosome types were recognized with respect to chromosome morphology and heterochromatin distribution, and groups of species with common chromosome characteristics could be identified. These karyological relationships are discussed with respect to the groups formed on the basis of floral and bulb charateristics.
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    Evolution and systematic relationships in theTriticeae (Poaceae) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 1-28 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Systematics ; phylogeny ; cladistic ; phytogeography ; isozyme analyses ; chromosome pairing ; DNA analyses ; relationships ; molecular evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution and taxonomic relationships in theTriticeae are discussed with the view to highlight aspects of this agronomically important group of plants, which may be of interest to molecular biology. Some of these aspects are addressed in more detail in adjoining papers in which specific genomic loci have been examined at the DNA sequence or isozyme level. Aspects discussed include the systematics and geographic distribution of theTriticeae species, isozyme and chromosome pairing studies on some of the species as well as more recent developments in DNA analyses. A survey of the systematics of theTriticeae indicated that the genomic system ofLöve is probably the most useful starting point for interpreting molecular data even though the system has many problems from a taxonomic point of view. The geographical distribution ofTriticeae species, using both published and unpublished data, suggested that information of this type taken together with the theory of continental drift provides a broad time-span for considering data from DNA sequence studies. The significance, and modes of analyses, of isozyme studies were assessed because they often provide valuable characters in determining relationships between species. The main character underlyingLöve's andDewey's analyses of theTriticeae, namely chromosome pairing, is discussed with particular reference to isozyme studies to show that in some cases, such as species ofHordeum sensu lato, consistent relationships are obtained. Finally, new developments in understanding chromosome structure are considered in relation to the above variables in the taxonomy and evolution of theTriticeae.
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    Occurrence of rye (Secale cereale) 350-family DNA sequences inAgropyron and otherTriticeae (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 65-76 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Secale cereale ; Agropyron cristatum ; 350-family DNA sequences ; R and P genome ; in situ hybridization ; Nor-loci ; 5 S-DNA loci ; relationship ; chromosome pairing ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence is presented that in the R and P genomes (Secale cereale andAgropyron cristatum, respectively) of theTriticeae there exist closely related 350-family DNA sequences in the terminal heterochromatin. This observation is compared to the relationships between these two genomes derived from a comparison of theNor and5 S DNA loci as well as the available data on morphological characters, chromosome pairing, and isozyme studies. It is concluded that the R and P genomes are not closely related and that the common presence of very similar 350-family DNA sequences reflects the parallel amplification of this family of DNA sequences.
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    DNA sequence analyses of the ribosomal spacer regions in theTriticeae (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 91-104 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Ribosomal DNA spacer regions ; phenetic and molecular relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two regions of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were sequenced from a range of species from the tribeTriticeae. One region, the central spacer, was found to be more divergent in sequence than the other, the 18 S-spacer junction. Both regions contained sequences 20–30 bp long which were more highly conserved than the remainder of the region and their possible significance in rDNA expression is discussed. Phenetic relationships based on the sequence data were generally consistent with the relationships based on other criteria. Species possessing the S, E, J1J2, D, and B genomes clustered together, with the H genome species being the most distinct of those examined. The R, P, and V genome species occupy an intermediate position in the overall pattern of relationships. Some relationships differed in detail from those established by other parameters, for example the position of the N genome species, and explanations for discrepancies of this type are discussed.
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    The flavonoids ofBalanites aegyptiaca (Balanitaceae) from Egypt (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 153-158 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Zygophyllaceae ; Balanitaceae ; Balanites aegyptiaca ; Chemosystematics ; quercetin and isorhamnetin glycosides
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six flavonoid glycosides: quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside; 3-glucoside, 3-rutinoside, 3-7-diglucoside and 3-rhamnogalactoside of isorhamnetin were extracted and identified from the leaves and branches of Egyptian material ofBalanites aegyptiaca. Only isorhamnetin: 3-rutinoside and 3-rhamnogalactoside were recorded from the fruits of the same plant.—Phytochemical aspects ofBalanites aegyptiaca and some genera ofZygophylaceae s. l. viz.Nitraria, Fagonia, Zygophyllum, Seetzenia andTribulus support its affinities with that family.
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    Putative genome donors ofArachis hypogaea (Fabaceae), evidence from crosses with synthetic amphidiploids (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 143-151 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Arachis hypogaea ; Amphidiploids ; chromosome pairing ; genome ; putative ancestors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Chromosome pairing, pollen and pod fertility in hybrids between cultivated tetraploidArachis hypogaea and 15 synthetic amphidiploids from 8 diploid species (7 of the A genome and 1 of the B genome) of sect.Arachis have been utilized for the identification of putative genome donors in the evolution of cultivatedA. hypogaea. These results, in conjunction with evidence from morphological similarities, phytogeographical distribution and some phytochemical features, confirm the segmental amphidiploid origin ofA. hypogaea. A. batizocoi andA. duranensis are suggested as the donors of the B genome and the A genome respectively.
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    Taxonomical investigations onHelleborus viridis s. l. (Ranunculaceae) in Northern Italy (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 181-188 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Helleborus viridis subsp.viridis and subsp.occidentalis ; H. odorus subsp.laxus. ; Range of distribution ; taxonomy ; Flora of Northern Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The taxon commonly namedHelleborus viridis in Lombardy (NW. Italy) differs from both, subsp.viridis and subsp.occidentalis, and is shown to fall within the variation range ofH. odorus subsp.laxus which has been reported so far for NE. Italy only. TrueH. viridis within Italy grows only in the Maritime Alps.
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    Typology of latex starch grains of certainEuphorbiaceae and their possible significance in systematics (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 189-193 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Euphorbiaceae ; Euphorbia ; Chamaesyce ; Latex starch grains ; phylogenetic and taxonomic implications
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Latex starch grains of certain Indian species ofEuphorbiaceae belonging toEuphorbia, Chamaesyce, Pedilanthus, Synadenium andMonadenium have been studied. They exhibit distinct shapes in different taxa, i.e., rod, spindle, osteoid, dumb-bell and discoid. This helps i.a. in the taxonomic circumscription ofChamaesyce fromEuphorbia.
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    Germination behaviour in populations ofCapsella bursa-pastoris (Cruciferae) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 161 (1988), S. 35-47 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cruciferae ; Capsella bursa-pastoris ; Adaptation ; germination behaviour in natural populations ; seed dormancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Germination behaviour of variousCapsella bursa-pastoris populations collected from Scandinavia, Middle Europe and the Alps, was tested in unheated, non-illuminated greenhouses (46 populations) and in growth chambers using 5–7 alternating temperature regimes (16 populations). For all populations, the influence of temperature on germination rate is straightforward: the higher the temperature, the greater the germination. Germination capacity, however, may depend on the geographical region. There is also a strong seed age effect on both, rate and capacity of germination. Once dormancy was broken, seeds from all populations were able to germinate over the entire range of temperatures. Some populations revealed a more or less pronounced temperature optimum for germination capacity, others germinated equally well over the entire temperature range. This indicates genetic heterogeneity between populations. However, no correlation between germinability and any environmental pattern was detected. The data indicate thatCapsella bursa-pastoris has adopted a germination strategy which includes a broad temperature tolerance. Germination of wildCapsella plants seems to be regulated by the factors contributing to the inception and breaking of dormancy which depend on pre- and postharvest conditions. Adaptation in germination behaviour inCapsella bursa-pastoris is different from that in other life history traits (flowering behaviour, growth form parameters).
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    Differences in flavonoid constituents among the species ofFagonia sinaica complex (Zygophyllaceae) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 161 (1988), S. 87-89 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Zygophyllaceae ; Fagonia sinaica ; F. cretica ; F. tenuifolia ; Flavonoids ; chemosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eight flavonol glycosides were detected in the three species of theFagonia sinaica complex. They were fully characterized as the 3-glucosides of kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin, 3-rutinoside of quercetin and 3,7-diglucoside of quercetin and isorhamnetin. Two additional glycosides were partially characterized as a kaempferol 3,7-diglycoside and quercetin 3-diglycoside.
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    Paleobotanical studies inFagaceae of the European Tertiary (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 213-229 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Cuticles ; Recent ; Tertiary ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A systematic reassessment of megafossil records ofFagaceae in Central Europe has been undertaken on the basis of leaf cuticular characters. The oldest representatives date back to the Eocene:Quercus subhercynica spec. nova,Dryophyllum furcinerve (Rossm.)Schmalh.,Trigonobalanopsis rhamnoides (Rossm.) gen. & comb. nov. In the Oligocene other members of extant genera appear:Quercus rhenana (Weyl. & Kilpp.)Knobloch & Kvaček,Fagus attenuata Goepp.,Lithocarpus saxonicus spec. nova. In the Neogene these ancient taxa (except inFagus lineage), are gradually replaced by deciduous species ofQuercus andCastanea. Trigonobalanus andCastanopsis are recorded by fruits (or wood) only.
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    Paleobotanical evidence on the early radiation of nonmagnoliid dicotyledons (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 165-191 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chloranthaceae ; Platanaceae ; Trochodendrales ; Fagaceae ; Cercidiphyllum ; Paleobotany ; phylogeny ; floral structure ; leaf architecture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paleobotanical studies indicate that several isolated and systematically depauperate groups of extant woody dicotyledons originated in the Mid Cretaceous. TheChloranthaceae had probably differentiated into insect-pollinated (Chloranthus andSarcandra) and wind-pollinated (Ascarina andHedyosmum) forms by the end of the Albian, and leaves referable to theTrochodendrales are known from the Albian and Cenomanian. In the latest Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, extinct representatives of theTrochodendrales includedNordenskioldia and theJoffrea-Nyssidium complex. ThePlatanaceae also differentiated before the end of the Albian and initially had insect-pollinated, unisexual flowers with five carpels or stamens. Some of these features persisted in the platanoid lineage until the Early Tertiary, and during the Paleocene and Eocene thePlatanaceae included forms with elliptical, palmate and pinnate foliage. The history of thePlatanaceae suggests that several features of the reproductive morphology of extant taxa may have arisen in association with a trend toward wind pollination. In the Mid Cretaceous, platanoid foliage partially intergrades with pinnateSapindopsis and pedateDebeya-Dewalquea leaves suggesting a close relationship betweenPlatanaceae andRosidae andFagaceae respectively. TheChloranthaceae, Trochodendrales, andPlatanaceae all occupy a somewhat intermediate position between theMagnoliidae andHamamelidae and are of considerable interest with respect to their role in the initial radiation of nonmagnoliid (“higher”) dicotyledons.
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    Aspects of evolutionary differentiation of theHamamelidaceae and the LowerHamamelididae (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 193-211 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hamamelididae ; Trochodendrales ; Hamamelidales ; Hamamelidaceae ; Hamamelideae ; fossilHamamelidaceae ; Floral structure ; fruit ; seed ; valvate anther dehiscence ; Floral evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract New investigations on the flower and fruit structure of extantHamamelidaceae and other LowerHamamelididae together with new finds of fossil flowers and seeds from the Upper and Lower Cretaceous provide the outline of an increasingly more differentiated picture of the early evolution of the subclass. Three patterns of valvate anther dehiscence are recognized in the subfamilyHamamelidoideae (and the subclassHamamelididae). The basic (plesiomorphic) type within theHamamelididae has 2 valves per theca. The type with 1 valve but 2 pollen sacs per theca is both consistent and exclusive for the 5 southern genera of theHamamelidaceae. They seem to be the remnants of a homogeneous group that originated before the Upper Cretaceous. This is supported by fossil hamamelidaceous flowers from the Upper Cretaceous that have thecae with 1 valve. Since several-seededHamamelidaceae predate one-seeded forms in the fossil seed record (in Europe) and the systematic structure of the one-seeded group is relatively more homogeneous, several-seeded groups are considered to be more ancient. Several parallel evolutionary trends are recognized within theHamamelidaceae as well as within the LowerHamamelididae: anther dehiscence with 2 valves per theca → 1 slit or 1 valve; pollen sacs per theca 2 → 1; pollen tricolpate → polyforate; exine coarsely reticulate → finely reticulate; loss of perianth (tepals or petals and sepals) and concomitant loss of fixed number of floral organs; differentiation of exposed nectaries.
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    Early history of theJuglandaceae (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 231-250 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Juglandaceae ; Paleobotany ; pollen ; fruits ; evolution ; Cretaceous ; Tertiary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major radiation of theJuglandaceae occurred during the early Tertiary as recorded by the proliferation of juglandaceous pollen and the appearance of fruits representing extinct and extant genera of the family. Juglandaceous pollen types of the Paleocene were predominantly triporate and exhibited a greater diversity in patterns of exinous thinning than occurs in the family today. Analyses of in situ pollen from early Tertiary juglandaceous inflorescences confirms the taxonomic value of certain patterns of exinous thinning. Data from co-occurring fruits and pollen indicate that relatively unspecialized, isopolar triporate pollen of the type presently confined to the tribeEngelhardieae also occurred in other tribes of the family during the Paleocene. Pollination has been mostly anemophilous throughout the Tertiary. Both wind and animal fruit-dispersal syndromes were established early in the radiation of the family but a greater diversity of wind-dispersed genera has prevailed.
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    Aspects of the fossil record and phylogeny of the familyRutaceae (Zanthoxyleae, Toddalioideae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 251-265 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Phylogeny ; fructifications ; morphology ; anatomy ; paleogeography ; Cretaceous ; Tertiary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A comparative analysis of the seed morphology and anatomy of fossil and extantRutaceae (mainlyZanthoxyleae andToddalioideae) is presented. This allows to place the most important fossil taxa in a time-table and on paleogeographical maps. A phylogenetic scheme demonstrates the postulated historical relationships ofEvodia, Zanthoxylum, Fagara, Rutaspermum, Acronychia, Toddalia, Fagaropsis, andPhellodendron.
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    The genusBuxus (Buxaceae): Aspects of its differentiation in space and time (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 267-283 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Buxaceae ; Buxus ; Pollen morphology ; leaf venation ; fossil records ; systematics ; evolution ; chorogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Trends of pollen grain aperture evolution and exine characters as well as characters of leaf venation, petiole and axial vascularization are briefly described and related to geographical distribution and classification ofBuxus. A review of fossil records is given. Three major taxonomic groups can be delimitated within the genus, and aspects of their relationships and chorogenesis are presented. The level of differentiation, the pattern of distribution and the fossil record speak in favour of an ancient origin of the genus.
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    Operculum development in theEudesmieae B eucalypts andEucalyptus caesia (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 227-237 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Eucalyptus ; Eudesmieae ; Floral morphology ; calyx ; corolla ; operculum ; growth ; allometry ; convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In theEudesmieae B eucalypts and inEucalyptus caesia, the perianth of the mature flower consists of a single, anatomically continuous, opercular structure that is crowned by the tips of the original free and separate calycine and corolline whorls. Ontogenetic and comparative evidence supports the hypothesis that this operculum is mostly corolline in composition, and that the calycine parts have been elevated distally onto the dorsal surface. In theEudesmieae B eucalypts this condition appears to be due to precocious initiation of the corolline primordia, followed by expansion and continuity of their growth centres which incorporates the areas at or below the base of the still differentiating calycine whorl. InEucalyptus caesia the corolline primordia are not precocious, but a similar situation is effected by a seemingly retarded increase in receptacle diameter relative to lateral expansion of the corolline growth centre(s). In these two examples the same final perianth form apparently derives from two different sets of growth processes which, nonetheless, result in the same allometric relationships within the developing flower. Although identical at maturity, the operculum form in these two taxa is best described in terms of convergence, rather than homology.
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    On some pollen types withinArum (Araceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 41-44 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Arum spp. ; Pollen types ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a second paper onArum pollen seven further taxa are investigated. Most of them have spinose pollen, only inA. korolkowii the pollen is scabrose. The possible relation between pollen sculpturing and the actual pollination mode is discussed.
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    Biosystematics of two sympatric species ofEucharis (Amaryllidaceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 11-30 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; monocotyledons ; Amaryllidaceae ; Eucharis ; Phenetics ; chromosome morphology ; isozyme electrophoresis ; speciation ; sibling species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eucharis candida andE. formosa are two often sympatric species of bulbous geophytes restricted to neotropical rain forest understory. The species are most common in eastern Ecuador, and are the only two east Ecuadorean species of the genus found north of the Pastaza valley. Data from phenetic, karyotypic, and preliminary isozyme electrophoretic analyses of both species are represented. The species are distinguishable phenetically and karyologically, but isozyme-based relationships are more complex. Phenetic resolution of the isozyme phenotypes supports recognition of two species in Ecuador. A Peruvian isolate ofE. formosa, though not morphologically distinct, shows both allozyme and chromosomal divergence from Ecuadorean populations. Cladistic relationships based on overall allozyme data do not support species distinction, but a novel electrophoretic phenotype for glutathione reductase is shared only by individuals ofE. candida. An apparent geographic component within the monophyletic groups resolved in the cladogram suggests that some degree of gene flow between these two species has been maintained without the complete loss of morpholgoical species identity. This may have been mediated either by artificial population structures due to a probable long history of cultivation, or via Pleistocene refugia effects. Both species may have originated in eastern Ecuador from a common ancestral population which has since radiated outward, perhaps several times.
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    Effects of pollen donors on seed formation inEspeletia schultzii (Compositae) populations at different altitudes (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 45-67 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Espeletia ; Diallel cross ; pollen donors ; parental effects ; outcrossing distance ; inbreeding ; seed abortion ; incompatibility ; pollen tube growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of different pollen donors on seed formation was investigated in three populations ofEspeletia schultzii that differ in environmental conditions and life history characteristics. Self pollen and pollen from different donors (〈 15m apart) within each population was used in a diallel design in order to test the genetic base of seed set variation. Three measures of seed formation were used: (1) achene number; (2) proportion of filled achenes (fruits) that distinguishes between achenes with seeds and empty achenes; (3) proportion of aborted seeds that distinguishes between viable and aborted seeds. Self-pollinations resulted in empty achenes. Achene number did not vary between the different pollen donors. A bimodal pattern of filled achenes was found in two populations in two consecutive years. On the other hand, a unimodal pattern was found in crosses between more distant donors (〉 30m). These patterns seems to be the results of a sporophytic incompatibility system. Seed abortion was highest at the higher elevations and seems to be correlated with elevation rather than with any genetic effect.
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    Karyotypic and chloroplast genomic diversity inMedicago sect.Lupularia (Leguminosae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 69-78 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago lupulina ; M. secundiflora ; Chromosomes ; karyotypes ; chloroplast DNA evolution ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were made on the chromosome complements and chloroplast genomes ofMedicago lupulina andM. secundiflora, which comprise sectionLupularia ofMedicago. Both types of analyses indicated more substantial differences between these species than suggested by external morphology.Medicago lupulina has a relatively asymmetrical karyotype in terms of centromeric position and relative length. The karyotype ofM. secundiflora is comparatively more asymmetrical in centromeric position and reduced in absolute size but exhibits greater symmetry in relative length. The restriction endonuclease fragmentation patterns of the chloropiast DNA of these two species (with Bam HI, Eco RI, Bgl II, and Xho I) show little similarity, with only 17% of the fragments matching in size. The lack of interspecific congruence among data of morphology, karyology and cpDNA inLupularia is contrary to consistency exhibited among these data inMedicago subsect.Intertextae.
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    Isozymes as molecular markers for diploid and tetraploid individuals ofNajas marina (Najadaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 131-139 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Najadaceae ; Najas marina ; Isozymes ; polyploidy ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic variability of five natural populations ofNajas marina L., i.e. one diploid of subsp.marina (Europe), two of subsp.intermedia (Europe) and both a diploid (C. Africa) and a tetraploid (Middle East) of subsp.armata, has been estimated by means of electrophoretic studies. These populations differ in their morphology and karyotype. Emphasis is placed on the characteristics and status of a tetraploid cytotype from Merkaz Sappir (Israel). Almost all the variation observed is expressed in seed alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The differences are in a unique allele of theAdh-2 locus and in the formation of novel heteromeric isozymes.Adh genes in seeds can be used as a marker for the autotetraploid character. The other enzyme systems tested failed in this respect. The genetic variability based on 23 loci is rather low. Nevertheless, the autotetraploid population has a higher or equal ratio of polymorphic loci than the related diploids. Cluster analysis illustrated not only thatNajas marina subsp.marina has diverged much from subsp.intermedia and subsp.armata, but also showed the difference between the latter two taxa, as well as the intermediate position of the autotetraploid population.
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    Operculum development inEucalyptus clöeziana andEucalyptus informal subg.Monocalyptus (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 183-196 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus ; E. clöeziana ; Monocalyptus ; Floral morphology ; operculum ; androecium ; staminophore ; phyllotaxy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flowers ofEucalyptus clöeziana have two clearly distinct perianth whorls. The small free parts of the outer (calycine) whorl cease growth early and are lost from the flower; the parts of the inner (corolline) whorl become continuous laterally by confluence of growth centres and form an operculum in the mature flower. The stamens are inserted on a circumfloral buttress (staminophore) that is homologous to the adaxial corolline component inAngophora and the bloodwood andEudesmia eucalypts. Flowers ofMonocalyptus have only one perianth whorl, which is opercular. The stamens are similarly inserted on a circumfloral buttress. Developmental study does not provide conclusive evidence for either a calycine or corolline determination of theMonocalyptus operculum, but comparison with other eucalypt groups, includingE. clöeziana (the sister taxon), predicts an essentially corolline composition.
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    Differentiation of fourHordeum sect.Stenostachys spp. (Poaceae: Triticeae) using multivariate morphometrics (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 211-223 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Hordeum brachyantherum ; H. californicum ; H. capense ; H. secalinum ; Morphometrics ; cluster analysis ; classificatory discriminant analysis ; canonical analysis ; sheared principal component analysis ; bootstrap validation ; identification key
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Field collections and 296 herbarium sheets were examined for 27 morphometric variables. A priori species identifcation was based on geographical distribution except forH. californicum, a diploid species primarily occurring in California and differing from the much more widespread tetraploidH. brachyantherum that thrives in N. America and N.E. Asia;H. capense grows in S. Africa andH. secalinum mainly in Europe. Various cluster analyses were used followed by cluster recovery verification. Classificatory discriminant analysis and validation by the bootstrap yielded 85–90% overall total correct classification of the four species. Canonical analysis revealed thatH. californicum occupies an intermediate phenetic position among the other three distinct species. Factors of shape differences were unravelled and portrayed by shearing. A revised key to species was drawn up.
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    Variation in self-fertility and floral characters ofGeranium caespitosum (Geraniaceae) along an elevational gradient (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 225-241 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Geranium caespitosum ; Breeding system ; ecotype ; gynodioecy ; pollen sterility ; self-fertility ; selfing ; inbreeding depression ; stigma receptivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Characters that have the potential to alter the breeding system ofGeranium caespitosum were investigated. The characters differ mechanistically, functioning either endogenously and independent of pollen transfer, or exogenously by influencing pollen transfer. Little variation in self-fertility (endogenous mechanism) was measured among populations from different elevations grown in a common garden. Variation in floral morphology (exogenous mechanism) was limited and unlikely to create a change in the breeding system. Macroscopic variation (exogenous mechanism), including gynodioecy, sexual specialization, and pollen sterility, was observed in extreme elevation populations and probably has a sizeable effect on the breeding system.
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    Cyclamen (Primulaceae) in tropical Africa (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 249-252 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Primulaceae ; Cyclamen ; C. somalense ; Taxonomy ; phytogeography ; Mediterranean floristic element ; Flora of Somalia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclamen somalense Thulin & Warfa, spec. nova, the first member of the genus known from tropical Africa, is described from the Al Miskat Mts in NE. Somalia. The new species is closely related to the E. MediterraneanC. persicum Mill. The disjunct Mediterranean element in the mountain flora of northern Somalia, to whichC. somalense belongs, is believed to be largely a relict of Tertiary origin.
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    Cytogenetical changes of offsprings from the induced tetraploid hybrid betweenRanunculus silerifolius (2n = 16) andR. chinensis (2n = 16) (Ranunculaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 129-136 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus cantoniensis ; R. chinensis ; R. silerifolius ; Amphidiploid ; aneuploid induction ; cytotaxonomy ; fertility ; habitat segregation ; hybrid ; multivalent ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Cytogenetical studies were carried out on the successive generations of offsprings from the induced tetraploid hybrid (2n = 32) betweenRanunculus silerifolius (2n = 16) andR. chinensis (2n = 16). Aneuploids, 2n = 30 to 35, frequently occurred. In latter subsequent generations the deviation of aneuploids increased, but the proportion of euploids decreased, accompanied by the reduction of fertility of pollen grains and seed sets. F2 and F4 PMCs constantly exhibited meiotic abnormality, i.e. formation of quadrivalents and univalents. The speciation process ofR. cantoniensis (2n = 32), which was presumed to arise from tetraploid hybrids between the above two species, is discussed on the basis of the above evidences.
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    The unique pollination ofLeporella fimbriata (Orchidaceae): Pollination by pseudocopulating male ants (Myrmecia urens, Formicidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 137-148 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Leporella ; Formicidae ; Myrmecia ; Ant pollination pseudocopulation ; floral morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leporella fimbriata is a self compatible orchid of southern Australia. It is dependant across its range on unique pollination by sexually attracted male winged antsMyrmecia urens, which pseudocopulate with the flower. Typical pollination sequences began with an initial circling then zig-zag flight to the flower. Vectors usually alighted on the inflorescence stem and quickly crawled to the flower where they adopted a copulatory position sideways along the wide labellum, pseudocopulatory probing immediately followed. In this position pollen carried on the thorax was deposited on the stigma. Departure from the labellum usually resulted in pollinium removal. Pollinator movements were restricted and the distribution leptokurtic with a mean of 3.141 ± 4.59 m. Pollination was widespread but variable from site to site and season to season with a maximum of 70% of all flowers being pollinated. Pollinator limitation is indicated. Traits essential for this pollination interaction include the coincidence of orchid and ant geographic distributions and the coincidence of flowering with the flight period of the ant. The production of pheromonelike substances and the distinctive floral morphology are also essential for attraction and manipulation of male ants. The ant mating system which the orchid can exploit is also important.
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    Comments on flower evolution and beetle pollination in the generaAnnona andRollinia (Annonaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 189-194 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Annonaceae ; Annona ; Rollinia ; Beetle pollination ; flower evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dynastid scarab beetle pollination appears basic within the genusAnnona. Those species ofAnnona which are more morphologically derived, as well as allRollinia spp. possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles likeNitidulidae orStaphylinidae. Pollination of the primitive species ofAnnona byDynastinae would imply that the genus had not evolved before the Tertiary. The fossil record is in congruence with this hypothesis. Once again it is stressed that the cantharophilous syndrome, as it is found in theAnnonaceae, Magnoliaceae, Eupomatiaceae andCalycanthaceae, with beetles being exclusive pollinators, is a secondary and derived condition and obviously different from the expected basic entomophily of the original angiosperms.
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    Karyological studies in someHypochoeris spp. (Compositae) from Sicily (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Hypochoeris ; Karyotype ; karyogram ; idiogram ; basic chromosome number ; symmetry of karyotype ; asymmetrical index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract FiveHypochoeris spp. from Sicily have been investigated:H. glabra L. (2n=10),H. radicata L. (2n=8),H. cretensis L. (2n=6),H. laevigata L. (2n=12),H. robertia Fiori (2n=8). Basic chromosome numbers are very variable, x = 3, 4, 5, 6. The karyotype of each species is presented. Geographical origin (S. America or Mediterranean region) of the genusHypochoeris and the taxonomic position ofH. robertia are discussed.
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    Hybridization studies in the genusSilene sectt.Siphonomorpha andAuriculatae (Caryophyllaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 143-148 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene sect.Siphonomorpha ; sect.Auriculatae ; Crossing experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten species in the genusSilene sectt.Siphonomorpha andAuriculatae were crossed artificially involving 612 crosses to test inter- and infraspecific, intervarietal and intersectional crossability. In sect.Siphonomorpha all interspecific crosses (between diploids) failed due to cross- or seed-incompatibility; however, intervarietal crosses betweenS. gigantea var.gigantea andS. gigantea var.incana produced hybrids. In sect.Auriculatae hybrids were produced betweenS. vallesia andS. boryi, both tetraploids, but crosses between these and the diploid species were unsuccessful. The delimitation and status of the species in both sections was supported by the crossing results.
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    Fragrance analyses, an aid to taxonomic relationships of the genusCoryanthes (Orchidaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 159-165 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Coryanthes ; Fragrance analyses ; 2-N-methylaminobenzaldehyde ; taxonomic studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract All members of the investigated genusCoryanthes (subtribeStanhopeinae) are pollinated by male euglossine bees. The different fragrance profiles are the primary reproductive isolating mechanisms, because the flowers are interfertile. The fragrance patterns of 17 species ofCoryanthes were analyzed by gas chromatography as a means to improve the classification of this genus. A first amine (2-N-methylaminobenzaldehyde) was found to be the main fragrance compound of an as yet unclassifiedCoryanthes species.
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    Pothos crassipedunculatus, a new species ofPothos sect.Allopothos (Araceae) from India (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; monocotyledons ; Araceae ; Pothos sect.Allopothos ; Pothos crassipedunculatus ; spec. nova ; Taxonomy ; systematics ; Flora of India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pothos crassipedunculatus Sivadasan & Mohanan (Araceae), a new species closely related to the SW. Indian endemic and little known speciesP. thomsonianus Schott is described. It is characterized by the the non-ligulate, shortly vaginate petiole, thickly peduncled inflorescence, broadly ovate spathe and a sessile spadix. It is included in ser.Brevivaginati Engler of sect.Allopothos Schott.
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    Asphodelus tenuifolius andA. fistulosus (Liliaceae) are morphologically, genetically, and biologically different species (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Asphodelus tenuifolius ; A. fistulosus ; Cytogenetics ; electrophoretics ; morphology ; duplication genes ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biological analysis of six populations ofAsphodelus tenuifolius and 12 populations ofA. fistulosus has confirmed that they are separate species. Both their floral structures (length of the tepals, stamens, anthers and style) and also their pollen size are clearly different.A. tenuifolius has only the 2n = 28 chromosome race, whileA. fistulosus has 2n = 28 and 2n = 56.A. tenuifolius is genetically less variable thanA. fistulosus and they have different electrophoretic mobilities. Gene duplication phenomena exist in the 2n = 28 level of both species.
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    Allozyme and life history variation in five northwardly colonizing North American weed species (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 41-54 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Abutilon theophrasti ; Datura stramonium ; Panicum miliaceum ; Sorghum halepense ; Setaria faberi ; Weeds ; allozymes ; life history ; variation ; Flora of N. America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationships of allozyme and life history variation in a particularly narrow ecological setting are studied. Levels of genetic variation are compared in five introduced, predominantly selfing weedy species that are undergoing rapid range expansion northward in eastern N. America, mostly in monocultures of soybean and maize. In all of these species, a low level of allozyme variation contrasts sharply with the substantial inter- and intrapopulational variation in morphological and phenological life history features. Evolutionary and historical factors, determining variability of the species examined are reviewed, including founder effects, breeding system, environmental homogeneity, polyploidy, domestication, and crop-weed interactions.
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    Chemo- and karyotaxonomic studies on some rhizomatous species of the genusSymphytum (Boraginaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 31-39 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Symphytum tuberosum complex ; S. grandiflorum agg ; Chemotaxonomy ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; triterpenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract InS. tuberosum subspp.tuberosum andnodosum, S. grandiflorum andS. ibericum the presence of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids lycopsamine, echimidine and symphytine could be demonstrated. The taxonS. tuberosum contains an unknown compound that seems to be specific for this taxon. This compound is not the pyrrolizidine alkaloid anadoline which has previously been reported for this species. It is possibly represented by a peak on GC/MS with a molecular ion peak at m/z 623 (as TMS derivative) and can be used as a chemotaxonomic marker for the speciesS. tuberosum. The pyrrolizidine alkaloid pattern of the two subspecies ofS. tuberosum reinforces the close relationship. Fresh material ofS. tuberosum contained the triterpene isobauerenol, but in herbarium material isobauerenol was lacking. InS. grandiflorum, neither fresh nor dried material contains isobauerenol. In herbarium material ofS. ibericum also no isobauerenol could be found. More extensive chemotaxonomical research is necessary to support the view thatS. abchasicum is more closely related toS. ibericum than toS. grandiflorum.
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    Investigations into the evolutionary history of theAntennaria rosea (Asteraceae: Inuleae) polyploid complex (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 97-110 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Compositae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria ; A. rosea ; Agamic complex ; agamospermy ; asexual reproduction ; clonal organism ; dioecy ; morphology ; numerical taxonomy ; phenetics ; polyploidy ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheAntennaria rosea polyploid agamic complex is one of the most morphologically diverse and widespread complexes of N. AmericanAntennaria. The group is taxonomically confusing because of numerous agamospermous microspecies, having been recognized as distinct species. Morphometric analyses have demonstrated that the primary source of morphological variability in the complex derives from six sexually reproducing progenitors,A. aromatica, A. corymbosa, A. media, A. microphylla, A. racemona, andA. umbrinella. Additionally, two other sexually reproducing species,A. marginata andA. rosulata, may have contributed to the genetic complexity of theA. rosea complex. Cluster analysis indicates that four discrete morphological groups exist within theA. rosea complex. Each group could be the result of predominance of genes from different groups of sexual progenitors. AsA. rosea is of multiple hybrid origin, from among several sexual progenitors, it is advisable to recognizeA. rosea as a distinct species from its sexual progenitors.
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    Patterns of intraspecific variation inAntennaria alborosea, A. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, andA. umbrinella (Asteraceae:Inuleae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 123-150 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria ; Geographic variation ; clinal variation ; principal component analysis ; correlation coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Patterns of intraspecific variation were examined inAntennaria alborosea A. E. Porsild,A. corymbosa E. Nels,A. marginata Greene,A. microphylla Rydb.,A. parvifolia Nutt., andA. umbrinella Rydb. AlthoughA. alborosea was initially considered arctic in distribution, it became apparent that a southern montane element also exists. Our results suggest that morphological differences between arctic and southern montane specimens represent clinal variation. The additional morphological data for specimens that occur more than 1,500 km south of the species' range as it was initially described result in a better understanding of this once presumed arctic taxon. Morphological variation in the dioecious speciesA. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, andA. umbrinella was greater between the genders than was geographic variation within each gender. These results demonstrate that both pistillate and staminate specimens must be examined in dioecious species ofAntennaria if morphological variation in the respective species is to be fully understood. Character size or number of broadly distributed species (A. microphylla andA. parvifolia) generally decreased with increasing longitude, whereas characters of species with more restricted distributions (A. alborosea, A. corymbosa, andA. marginata) generally increased in size or number with increasing latitude or longitude.Antennaria umbrinella was an exception in this respect.
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    Cladistic analyses of some net-veinedLiliiflorae (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 123-141 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliiflorae ; Liliales ; Dioscoreales ; Asparagales ; Cladistics ; relationships ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparisons between previous intuitive or phenetic classifications of the netveinedLiliiflorae was used to determine a suitable group of taxa for cladistic analyses. The resultant 48 genera and generic groupings comprising 19 families from within theAsparagales, Liliales andDioscoreales were then analysed. The cladistics largely supported previous treatments, with theLiliales, Dioscoreales andAsparagales all monophyletic.
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    Chromosome number of theOxalis tuberosa alliance (Oxalidaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 25-29 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Oxalidaceae ; Oxalis tuberosa alliance ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotype analyses ; cytotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve taxa of theOxalis tuberosa alliance were analysed and found to share the same basic chromosome number x = 8. The karyotypes are composed by small metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. Different ploidy levels were found among the taxa: there were 9 diploids, 1 tetraploid, 1 hexaploid and 1 octoploid. The last ploidy level corresponds toO. tuberosa, the only tuber bearing taxon found so far in the alliance. Cytotaxonomic evidence and evolutionary considerations suggest to classify theO. tuberosa alliance in sect.Herrerea.
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    Buzz-pollination in three nectariferousBoraginaceae and possible evolution of buzz-pollinated flowers (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 65-68 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Onosma gigantea ; Trichodesma africana ; Trichodesma boissieri ; Buzz-pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Buzz-pollination was observed in three nectariferousBoraginaceae spp.:Onosma gigantea Lam.,Trichodesma africana (L.)R. Br. andT. boissieri Post. An evolutionary pathway from usual nectariferous flowers to typical buzz-pollinated flowers is suggested.
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    Phylogenetic relationships and gene flow between sympatric diploid and tetraploid plants ofDactylis glomerata (Gramineae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 81-96 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Festuceae ; Dactylis glomerata ; Enzymatic markers ; phenology ; interploid exchanges ; autopolyploidy ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic relationships between sympatric, morphologically indistinguishable diploid and tetraploid plants ofDactylis glomerata L. (Gramineae) in Galicia (Spain) were assessed using allozyme markers for 6 distinct systems. The study exploited recent introduction in Galicia and subsequent hybridization of an alien 4xDactylis subspecies possessing distinct allozymes from those of all the native plants. Opportunities for gene exchanges between the ploidies were estimated from in situ observations of flowering, examination of progenies in 2x/4x natural and experimental crosses, and enzyme analyses. Results show a high genetic similarity between the Galician diploids and tetraploids, which possess peculiar alleles in common. Although the ploidy levels usually have distinct flowering periods, interploidal crosses do occasionally occur. Gene flow is likely much more important from the diploid to the tetraploid level. A good genetic intermixing occurs between the Galician and the alien tetraploid entities which have simultaneous flowering. Autopolyploidization of the diploids followed by various rates of hybridization is proposed as one very probable origin of natural tetraploids inDactylis.
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    The genusAntennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae) in western North America: Morphometric analysis ofAntennaria alborosea, A. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, A. rosea, andA. umbrinella (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 151-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria alborosea ; A. corymbosa ; A. marginata ; A. microphylla ; A. parvifolia ; A. rosea ; A. umbrinella ; Taxonomy ; multivariate morphometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multivariate analysis of vegetative and reproductive characters was used to examine morphological relatedness amongAntennaria alborosea A. E. Porsild,A. corymbosa E. Nels.,A. marginata Greene,A. microphylla Rydb.,A. parvifolia Nutt.,A. rosea Greene, andA. umbrinella Rydb. Both pistillate and staminate plants were examined. Some of the characters examined were variable in one species, but stable in another (i.e., presence or absence of papillae on the achenes). Our analyses indicate that the seven species are morphologically distinct. It is hypothesized that theA. rosea agamic complex arose through hybridization amongA. corymbosa, A. microphylla, A. umbrinella, and possiblyA. dioica (L.)Gaertn. However, hybridization between the three former species and others, as well as their subsequent morphological responses to different environmental conditions causes confusion in recognizing the taxa.Antennaria angustifolia Rydb.,A. arida E. Nels.,A. confinis Greene,A. scariosa E. Nels.,A. foliacea humilis Rydb.,A. concinna E. Nels., andA. viscidula E. Nels. are considered to represent F 1 hybrids.
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    Transfer cells and lipid droplets of someValerianaceae (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 37-51 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Valerianaceae ; Transfer cells ; lignification ; lipid droplets ; oil cells ; tannins ; Development ; structure ; axial distribution ; transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Development, structure and the axial distribution of transfer cells and their lignification were investigated inValerianella locusta, Valeriana officinalis, andV. tuberosa (Valerianaceae). Fundamental new results are: (1) Transfer cells often contain numerous lipid droplets. Within the stem the distribution of cells containing lipid droplets correlates to that of transfer cells. (2) InValeriana officinalis persisting protuberances are frequently found on pit membranes of xylem transfer cells. Lignified transfer cells can undergo a second modification: a layer covering the secondary wall forms wall ingrowths similar to those of transfer cells. (3) Peripheral pith cells, abuting transfer cells, are able to modify into transfer cells. Cambial derivatives are only temporarily developed as transfer cells. (4) Phloem transfer cells are found in vascular bundles of the whole axis. (5) In roots, xylem transfer cells are poorly developed or absent. (6) Oil cells with oil bodies are present in the rape ofValeriana tuberosa. They are absent however in the stem of the species investigated. (7) Tannins occur in elements of the primary cortex, phloem and secondary xylem ofValeriana officinalis.
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    Invasive tapetum and tricelled pollen inAmbrosia trifida (Asteraceae, tribeHeliantheae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 237-243 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Heliantheae ; Ambrosia ; Anther ; crystals ; pollen ; sperm cells ; tapetum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Staminate flowers of giant ragweed,Ambrosia trifida L. (Asteraceae, tribeHeliantheae, subtribeAmbrosiinae) were processed into resin and sectioned 1–2 µm thick. The invasive (amoeboid) anther tapetum remains parietal until microspores are released from tetrads, then it swells and invades the locule, merging gradually into a single protoplast that flows among the microspores. After the tapetal membrane ruptures at late microspore stage, tapetal debris fills the locule, then disappears as pollen matures. Pollen becomes tricelled before anthesis. The two sperm cell nuclei are slender and wormlike. The present report supports the two generalizations that invasive tapetum and tricelled pollen are attributes of theAsteraceae.
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    Breeding systems in thePolemoniaceae (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 205-214 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polemoniaceae ; Pollen ; ovule ratio ; stigmatic pollen germination ; breeding systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen — ovule ratios and percentages of stigmatic pollen germination (SPG) were measured for over 160 taxa of thePolemoniaceae. When related to taxa with known breeding systems, it is found that low SPGs and high P:O ratios characterize xenogamous plants, high SPGs and low P:Os characterize autogamous plants. There is a significant negative correlation between P:O ratio and SPG in the whole family as well as in certain genera. Both measures can serve as reliable indicators of the breeding systems in taxa of thePolemoniaceae and can be measured in dried or living specimens. Accordingly, most polemons feature “mixed” breeding system, i.e. facultative xenogamy or facultative autogamy. Xenogamy is common among the tropical genera and in theLeptodactylon, Phlox andPolemonium. Autogamy is more frequent in the tribeGilieae (particularly inGilia) than in the other tribes. Annual taxa tend to be autogamous, showing on the average higher SPG and lower P:O ratio. The lepidopteran-pollinated group of species have a higher mean P:O ratio and lower mean SPG thus indicating that such plants are associated with crosspollination more than the others.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937704
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    Numerical analyses of karyotypic diversity in the genusEupatorium (Compositae, Eupatorieae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 215-228 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Eupatorium ; Chromosomal distance ; chromosomal identity ; karyotype analysis ; statistics phenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Somatic metaphase karyotypes were analyzed for 22 diploid species ofEupatorium. The karyotypic comparisons were made using two indices: minimal chromosomal distance (MCD), measuring overall dissimilarities, and chromosomal identity (CI), measuring number of morphologically identical chromosomes between species. The resulting phenograms from these indices are largely compatible. The 22 species cluster into four groups in the phenogram using MCD, and the grouping corresponds well with morphology or geographic distribution into the three N. American groupsEutrochium, Uncasia, Traganthes, and the E. Asian group. These results suggest that karyotypes in perennialEupatorium have been considerably conservative and changed not through large chromosomal mutations but through small chromosomal mutations gradually fixed.
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    A study of genetic diversity among host-specific populations of the witchweedStriga hermonthica (Scrophulariaceae) in Africa (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Striga hermonthica ; Hemiparasitism ; hostspecificity ; enzyme electrophoresis ; genetic diversity ; Flora of Burkina Faso ; Sudan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Striga hermonthica is a root hemiparasite that attacks onlyGramineae, includingSorghum and millet for which it is a principal cause of lowered yield. Enzyme electrophoresis was used to investigate genetic diversity inStriga hermonthica and to determine the level of differentiation between host-specialized populations. Nine genetic loci coding eight enzymes were interpreted and data obtained from three populations: oneSorghum-adapted population from Sudan and two populations from Burkina Faso, oneSorghum-adapted and the other millet-adapted. Levels of polymorphism were similarly high in all three populations (P=0.625, A=2.6−2.8, H=0.293−0.401). Genotypic frequencies at most loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations in each population, consistent with outcrossing as predicted from previous studies of floral biology. Occasional heterozygote deficiencies were probably the result of Wahlund effect. The mean value of FST over the three populations was 0.068, indicating a slight to moderate level of genetic differentiation among the populations. The two Burkina Faso populations were more closely related (S=0.940, D=0.006) than either was to the Sudan population, suggesting that geographic separation is more important than host specialization in contributing to population differentiation. TheSorghum-adapted population was slightly closer to the Burkina FasoSorghum-adapted population (S=0.873, D=0.047) than to Burkina Faso millet-adapted population (S=0.851, D=0.074). The absence of substantial genetic divergence between host-specific populations ofStriga could result either from recent evolution of host-specialized strains or from strong selection for physiological specialization in the face of substantial gene flow between the populations.
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    The developmental morphology ofIndotristicha ramosissima (Podostemaceae, Tristichoideae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 195-223 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Podostemaceae ; Tristichoideae ; Indotristicha ramosissima ; Rheophytes ; water plants ; life history ; development ; root-shoot model ; leaf-stem intermediates ; phyllotaxis ; flower structure ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The developmental morphology ofIndotristicha ramosissima, a submerged rheophyte from South India, is described. Besides creeping organs (called roots) there are branched shoots with two kinds of short-lived photosynthetic appendages: scales and compound structures (called ramuli). These ramuli may be interpreted as leaf-stem intermediates because they combine typical leaf characters (extra-axillary position, determinate growth, subtending an axillary bud) and typical stem characters (nearly radial symmetry, acropetal development with apical meristem, arrangement of the scaly subunits helical or irregular). Floral shoots arise from axillary exogenous buds along the vegetative shoots, occasionally also from endogenous buds along the roots and vegetative shoots. The uppermost scales and ramuli of each floral shoot form a cup-like structure around the base of the terminal flower.Indotristicha is thought to be primitive within theTristichoideae (Podostemaceae). Some morphogenetic switches are postulated in order to deriveIndotristicha from a putative ancestor that still showed the classical root-shoot model typical of most angiosperms.
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    Quantitative nuclear DNA changes inEleusine (Gramineae) (1991)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 225-233 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Eleusine ; DNA amount ; intra- and interspecific variation ; karyotypes ; hybridisation ; polyploidy ; domestication ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 2C nuclear DNA amounts were determined in 30 collections belonging to 10 species ofEleusine. About a 2.5-fold variation in genome size is evident in the genus. The 2C DNA amount in the diploid species ranged from 2.50 pg inE. verticillata to 3.35 pg inE. intermedia. In contrast, the tetraploid species showed a range from 4.95 pg inE. africana to 6.13 pg inE. floccifolia. At intraspecific level 10 collections ofE. coracana, 6 ofE. indica, 4 ofE. africana, 2 ofE. tristachya, and 2 ofE. kigeziensis did not show any significant variation. However, 2 collections ofE. floccifolia, connected with polyploidy, displayed about 90% variation. Polyploid species showed approximately double the genome size of that of their corresponding diploids. An evolutionary increase in DNA amount is evident inE. coracana during the course of its origin and domestication fromE. africana.
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    Polyploidy and aneuploidy inOphrys, Orchis, andAnacamptis (Orchidaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 235-245 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Ophrys ; Orchis ; Anacamptis ; Polyploidy ; aneuploidy ; karyology ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies on chromosome numbers and karyotypes in Orchid taxa from Apulia (Italy) revealed triploid complements inOphrys tenthredinifera andOrchis italica. InO. tenthredinifera there is no significant difference between the diploid and the triploid karyotypes. The tetraploid cytotype ofAnacamptis pyramidalis forms 36 bivalents during metaphase I in embryo sac mother cells. Aneuploidy was noticed inOphrys bertolonii ×O. tarentina with chromosome numbers n = 19 and 2n = 38. There were diploid (2n = 2x = 36), tetraploid (2n = 4x = 72), hexaploid (2n = 6x = 108) and octoploid (2n = 8x = 144) cells in the ovary wall of the diploid hybridOphrys apulica ×O. bombyliflora. Evolutionary trends inOphrys andOrchis chromosomes are discussed.
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    Karyological notes onCentaurea sect.Acrocentron (Asteraceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 179 (1992), S. 1-18 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Centaurea ; Acrocentron ; Karyology ; biogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The karyology ofCentaurea sect.Acrocentron is surveyed. 19 chromosome counts on 8 species are reported; those onC. acaulis, C. crocata, C. galianoi, C. pubescens, andC. malinvaldiana are new. The basic chromosome numbers of the section are x = 11 and x = 10. Karyological arguments have been used to show that evolution was from x = 11 to x = 10. This is supported by biogeographical data. Two main centres of diversification of sect.Acrocentron were studied from that point of view: the East and the Southwest Mediterranean region.
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    Notes on the colour of pollen (1995)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 198 (1995), S. 235-252 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Pollen ; pollen colour ; pollen signal ; spectral reflection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The spectral reflection of pollen in 67 plant species out of 28 families was measured by means of mass recording of pollen grains. Various types of spectral reflection curves were found, but 75% belonged to two categories: 1. Human-yellow pollen with strong reflection in the green and red, and low reflection in the ultraviolet and blue range of wavelengths. 2. Human-whitish pollen with strong reflection in the green and red and additional reflection of shorter wavelengths. It is shown that it is important to have information about the mode of the visual pollen display — crypsis or colour contrast against the corolla, pollen advertisement, or concealment — and the visual capabilities of the presumed pollinators in order to be able to discuss the signalling function of pollen colours.
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    Organogenetic capacity of leaves: The significance of marginal blastozones in angiosperms (1996)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 199 (1996), S. 121-152 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leaf development ; organismal approach ; blastozone ; organogenetic competence ; primary morphogenesis ; marginal meristems ; topography ; eumeristem ; cytohistological gradients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new term — the “blastozone” — is proposed to designate regions of the shoot competent for organogenesis. It is argued that the notion of “marginal meristems” is based on the cell theory and thus may not be appropriate to elucidate the process of organ formation. For instance, with respect to the occurrence of initials and of an elevated cell division rate marginal meristems have been shown to be doubtful structures. Furthermore, organogenetic competent regions form only parts of the meristems of the shoot. The study of blastozones from an organismic perspective reveals primary morphogenetic events such as initiation, incorporation, and fusion processes. Loss of morphogenetic competence is associated with histogenetic events, e.g., trichome outgrowth, and indicates the onset of processes leading to maturation. The marginal blastozone of the leaf is then used up although meristem features continue to be expressed. A series of SEM studies in several genera exemplifies the proposed viewpoint, demonstrating some of the morphogenetic potentialities of angiosperm leaf marginal blastozones.
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    The characterisation and identification of a naturally occurring hybrid in the genusLeucaena (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 192 (1994), S. 177-197 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Leucaena esculenta ; L. leucocephala ; Hybridization ; sterile triploid ; morphometric analysis ; DNA characters ; restriction site analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytogeographical, morphological, and molecular evidence for the widespread but sporadic occurrence of sterile hybrids betweenLeucaena leucocephala subsp.glabrata andL. esculenta subsp.esculenta in South-Central Mexico is presented. Most morphological and DNA characters studied in the putative hybrids showed states intermediate between the proposed parental taxa. The occurrence of non-additive nuclear ribosomal DNA phenotypes is discussed and the need to use a suite of nuclear taxon-specific markers to determine hybridity is emphasized. The origin of the hybrid is discussed in relation to the disruption of the distributions of both parental taxa through use by man as minor food plants, providing another example of the important influence of human interference on the evolution ofLeucaena. The successful use of dried leaf material as a source of DNA is highlighted as an efficient way to identify sterile hybrids at the molecular level.
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    Chemistry and micromorphology of compound epicuticular wax crystalloids (Strelitzia type) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 193 (1994), S. 115-123 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Strelitzia ; Heliconia ; Typha ; Benincasa ; Epicuticular wax ; wax ultrastructure ; wax chemistry ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Certain non-liliiflorous taxa within the monocotyledons (e.g.,Strelitzia, Heliconia, Typha) are characterized by compound epicuticular wax rodlets (Strelitzia type). Similar rodlets are also encountered on the surface of the dicotyledonous plantBenincasa hispida (Thunb.)Cogn. Chemical analysis of the surface wax from both sources showed that the rodlets are chemically distinct. The rodlets of the monocotyledons consist exclusively of aliphatic wax lipids, mainly wax esters. In contrast, the rodlets ofBenincasa are cheifly composed of triterpenol acetates and triterpenols. Formation of rodlets is therefore interpreted as ultrastructural convergency. It is concluded that taxonomical studies on wax crystalloids can be misleading when interpreted in terms of micromorphology of crystalloids only.
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    Resistenzphysiologische Grundlagen der evolutiven Kälteakklimatisation von Sproßpflanzen (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 145-180 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Coniferophytina ; Angiosperms ; Arecaceae ; Poaceae ; Quercus ; Citrus ; sclerophyllous trees ; mountain plants ; Acclimatation ; chilling resistance ; frost resistance ; stress ecotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gradations in cold resistance of plants with different latitudinal and altitudinal distribution, and the various categories of chilling and freezing resistance are hypothesized to be evolutionary steps of adaptive responses to increasing low temperature stress and annual seasonality. The gradual lowering of the critical phase transition temperature of biomembrane lipids, the capacity of persistent supercooling of tissues, and the development of a dormancy linked freezing-tolerance are considered to be essential mechanisms resulting in improved acclimatation to low temperature climates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989871
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    Differentiation of Fraction 1 protein in relation to age and distribution of Angiosperm groups (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 89-113 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Nicotiana ; Gossypium ; Lemnaceae ; Fraction 1 protein ; differentiation and age of taxa ; migration to Australia ; land connections ; long distance dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fraction 1 protein (F-1-protein) (ribulose bisphosphate carboxy-lase-oxygenase) contained inLemnaceae has been evolving for at least 50 million years because fossils of these plants have been identified in strata belonging to the Upper Cretaceous. Electrofocusing F-1-protein resolves the large subunit polypeptides coded by extranuclear DNA and the small subunit polypeptides coded by nuclear DNA. Four differences affecting isoelectric points of the large subunit polypeptides and eight affecting the small subunit polypeptides are now present among eleven species representing the four genera comprising theLemnaceae. In comparison, four differences in the large and 13 in the small subunit polypeptides exist among 63 species ofNicotiana; four differences in the large and eight differences in the small subunit polypeptides exist among 19 species ofGossypium. The number of differences in F-1-protein composition being of the same order of magnitude for the generaNicotiana, Gossypium, and the familyLemnaceae, we infer that these Angiosperms are of similar antiquity. Nicotiana species indigenous to Australia and Africa contain F-1-proteins whose large subunit polypeptides are different but some of whose small subunit polypeptides are like those found in species from the Western Hemisphere. The same situation is found for the F-1-protein inGossypium. These results are in harmony with the view that species ofNicotiana andGossypium have arrived in Australia via former land connections between S. America, Antarctica, and Australia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984611
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    The tubular exine ofLauraceae andHernandiaceae, a novel type of exine structure in seed plants (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 139-146 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Lauraceae ; Hernandiaceae ; Pollen morphology ; pollen ultrastructure ; Angiosperm phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollen grains ofLauraceae andHernandiaceae are characteristic in having a tubular exine of ± microfibrillar structure. This is coated with a layer of medium electron-dense globules and very peculiar spines, made up of a substance differing from that of the exine. Such a pollen wall structure is otherwise unknown in seed plants and thus adds to the list of odd features erratically present in various taxa of the Ranalean complex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984614
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    Effect of allopolyploidy on the activity of selected enzymes inHibiscus (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 189-198 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Malvaceae ; Hibiscus acetosella ; H. asper ; H. surattensis ; H. radiatus ; andH. cannabinus ; Allopolyploidy ; evolution of dosage compensation ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; malate dehydrogenase ; leucine aminopeptidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mature seeds of diploid and tetraploidHibiscus species were analyzed for enzyme activity (alcohol dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase), total protein content, DNA amount and dry weight. The recently formed tetraploid,H. radiatus, generally had enzyme and protein levels very similar to the sum of its progenitors, while the more ancient speciesH. acetosella had several lower levels. This difference may reflect the greater amount of timeH. acetosella has had to evolve dosage compensations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985182
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    Genetic determination of pappus part number in the annual hybridMicroseris B 87 (Asteraceae—Lactuceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 235-246 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris ; Canalized numbers ; quantitative genetics ; evolutionary genetics ; pappus parts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ChileanMicroseris pygmaea has a ten-part paleaceous pappus while the CalifornianM. bigelovii has five pappus parts on each achene. Hybrids between the two species have between five and ten pappus parts with averages below 7.5. Hybrid B 87 has an F 1 average value of 6.7 pappus parts. 140 F 2 plants were raised from this hybrid, and 12 F 3 families were obtained by selfing from F 2 plants. One larger F 4 family has been raised. Pappus part number in all of these is still canalized between 5 and 10. Variation within these limits is genetically determined by a quantitatively acting polygenic system. Modeling of this system suggests that a minimum of four, but probably not many more, genes are involved. This opens the possibility of a complete genetic analysis of the system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985187
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    Seed and fruit anatomy ofCocculus hirsutus (Menispermaceae) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1981), S. 95-102 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Menispermaceae ; Cocculus hirsutus ; Seed ; fruit ; anatomy ; affinities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ovules ofCocculus hirsutus are anatropous, bitegmic and, crassinucellate. The fruit is drupaceous, black purple, and laterally compressed and has a pericarp demarcated into exocarp and endocarp. The seeds are curved around the basal bodies. Testa and tegmen cells are thin-walled and unspecialized. In the ripe seed the inner epidermis of the tegmen persists, whereas the entire testa and the outer layer of the tegmen degenerate. Relationships of theMenispermaceae toRanunculaceae, Berberidaceae, andLardizabalaceae are supported.
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    Der Knotenbau einigerRubiaceae (1981)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1981), S. 103-111 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Nodal anatomy ; leaf base ; stipules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The leaf base vascularization in most of theRubiaceae corresponds to the unilacunar pattern with one complex trace. Only some species are known to have a trilacunar nodal pattern with three traces. In the unilacunar type one pair of smaller bundles separates from the complex lacunary leaf trace laterally, each soon forking into two arms: One arm becomes a marginal vein of the petiole, the other, besides supplying the stipules, forms a ± distinct vascular “bridge” within the cortex of the nodal flanks. In theRubieae this flank bridge develops as a very distinct vascular “ring” commissure out of which the whorled leaf-like appendages are vascularized; only the opposite true leaves receive their complex trace out of the lacunes directly. Axillary branches originate only from these true leaves.
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    Serologische Untersuchungen zur Gliederung derBrassicaceae (1982)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 140 (1982), S. 39-55 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) ; Alysseae ; Arabideae ; Brassiceae ; Heliophileae ; Hesperideae ; Lepidieae ; Pringleeae ; Sisymbrieae.—Serological systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The serological investigations support the opinion ofJanchen (1942) to combine the generaBunias, Isatis, andSisymbrium in the tribeSisymbrieae; Cheiranthus, Erysimum, andMatthiola in the tribeHesperideae; andBrassica, Crambe, Sinapis, andSuccowia in the tribeBrassiceae. They further underline the central position of theSisymbrieae and the isolated position of theHeliophileae. In accordance withEigner (1973) theBrassiceae are placed closer to theSisymbrieae than inJanchen; the same holds for thePringleeae. No serological justification could be found to uniteArabis andBarbarea in the tribeArabideae, andAlyssum andLunaria in theAlysseae. From the antigen-systems used among the representatives ofJanchen's Lepidieae the generaLepidium andNeslia show remarkable correspondence both toCamelina andThlaspi, but not toCochlearia which appears distant fromCamelina andThlaspi also.
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    The possible polyphyletic origin of copper tolerance inAgrostis tenuis (Gramineae) (1982)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 140 (1982), S. 109-117 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae (Poaceae) ; Agrostis tenuis.—Evolution ; Copper tolerance ; genotype-environment interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of increased copper concentration in solution on the rooting of seven copper tolerant populations ofAgrostis tenuis has been examined using the regression technique ofFinlay &Wilkinson (1963). Three types of response to increased copper concentration have been detected, and it is suggested that these reflect a different genetic control of copper tolerance in different populations.
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    Chemotaxonomical investigations of theSymphytum officinale polyploid complex andS. asperum (Boraginaceae): The pyrrolizidine alkaloids (1982)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 140 (1982), S. 279-292 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Symphytum.—Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By means of thin layer chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry the pyrrolizidine alkaloid patterns derived fromSymphytum asperum, several cytotypes ofS. officinale agg. and the artificial hybrids of the former taxa, were compared. The obtained patterns were not essentially affected by variation in cytotype, harvesting times and -location of plants. Lycopsamine, acetyl-lycopsamine and symphytine or their isomers were generally found in theS. officinale cytotypes, echimidine and symphytine inS. asperum. The interspecific hybrids contained all alkaloids mentioned. The definite lack of echimidine in the 2 n=40 cytotype proves that it is conspecific withS. officinale and does not belong to a hybrid-swarmS. asperum × S. officinale with 2 n=48.
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    Morpho-ecological studies on geophilic plants: Vegetative reproduction inIris vartani (Iridaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 141 (1983), S. 177-185 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Iris vartani ; Bulb structure ; vegetative reproduction ; bulblet germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Structure and behaviour of the underground organs ofIris vartani were investigated in connection with the vegetative reproduction of this species. Under favourable conditions, well developed mature plants give rise to two replacement bulbs and to several propagation bulblets each year. In spite of this considerable vegetative propagation, no crowding occurs at the natural habitat. Controlled experiments show that as soon as a small group is formed, each bulb produces only one replacement bulb and not two as before. Moreover, the bulblets do not sprout while they are attached to the respective mother bulbs, but rather die and disintegrate, remaining as empty peels. In contrast, detached bulblets, sown individually in separate pots, germinate readily. Consequently, the aggregates ofI. vartani do not increase to any great extent and thus ensure their survival “in situ” for many years.
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    Chromosome studies in species and hybrids ofPetrorhagia sect.Kohlrauschia (Caryophyllaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 141 (1983), S. 243-255 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Petrorhagia prolifera ; P. velutina ; P. glumacea ; P. nanteuilii ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotype ; meiotic behaviour ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cytogenetic investigations have been made in the fourPetrorhagia species and hybrids of the sectionKohlrauschia. The three diploid species show close similarities in chromosome number, size and morphology, with the exception ofP. velutina, where one pair of metacentric chromosomes is represented by a pair of telocentrics. Meiotic studies in hybrids indicate close genomic homology between the diploid species and also between the two floral forms ofP. prolifera. The tetraploidP. nanteuilii behaves as an allotetraploid forming only bivalents at meiosis and results suggest thatP. velutina andP. prolifera are the diploid progenitors of this species. Since meiosis in diploid and triploid hybrids results in extensive intergenomic pairing it is concluded that the natural tetraploid has a bivalent promoting mechanism that prevents pairing between the genomes of its diploid progenitors.
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    Developmental anatomy ofAphyllanthes monspeliensis, a herbaceous Monocotyledon with secondary growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 141 (1983), S. 231-241 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliiflorae ; Liliaceae ; Aphyllanthaceae ; Xanthorrhoeaceae ; Aphyllanthes monspeliensis ; Morphogenesis ; anatomy ; vestigial cambium ; secondary thickening ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aphyllanthes monspeliensis is an isolated member of theLiliiflorae endemic to the Mediterranean region. It is herbaceous, but in its rhizome possesses a secondary thickening meristem (STM). The secondary tissues produced are similar to those known in various arborescent Monocotyledons. Ultrastructural features of the STM cells are described. A relictual intrafascicular cambium also occurs in the bundles of the primary system of the rhizome.
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    Morphological dispersal structures in relation to growth habit in theCompositae (1983)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Dispersal ; pappus ; growth form: annuals ; biennials ; perennial herbs ; shrubs and trees ; weeds and non-weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between gross morphological dispersal structures, growth habit, and weediness is reported for a worldwide sample of 5893 Compositae species from 18 regional floras. A significantly smaller percentage of annual species than perennial species has dispersal structures. Among species with dispersal structures, plumed types are more frequent in perennials while adhesive types are more frequent in annuals. Differences in the occurrence and nature of dispersal structures between perennial herbs, shrubs and trees were minor. Weeds are less likely to have well developed morphological dispersal structures than non-weeds. The data support the idea that dispersal in space may be more important for perennial or non-weedy plants than for annual and weedy plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984109
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    Ballistic seed dispersal inIllicium (Illiciaceae) (1983)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 227-232 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Illiciaceae ; Illicium floridanum ; Ballistic dispersal ; seed dispersal ; vegetative propagation ; early angiosperm evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The primary mode of fruit dispersal in the woodyMagnoliidae is animal dispersal.Illicium floridanum and other members of the genus have a well development system of ballistic fruit dehiscence. The ballistic dispersal is effective only over short distances, but may be important in propelling the seeds away from the parent tree. The presence of explosive dehiscence mechanisms in relatively primitive angiosperm genera suggests that a diversity of dispersal mechanisms may have been present in early angiosperms.
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    Reproductive characters associated with breeding behaviour inBeta sect.Beta (Chenopodiaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 277-283 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Beta ; Reproductive biology ; allogamy versus autogamy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of different taxa withinBeta sect.Beta were compared using a number of floral and reproductive characters. Plants which were known to be self-incompatible (through S-allele incompatibility) were found to be morphologically distinct from those which were self-compatible, with the floral characteristics of the latter promoting their autogamy.
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    Chemotaxonomical investigations of theSymphytum officinale polyploid complex andS. asperum (Boraginaceae): Phytosterols and triterpenoids (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 285-292 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Symphytum ; Phytosterols ; triterpenoids ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From a comparison of phytosterol and triterpenoid patterns of severalSymphytum officinale cytotypes,S. asperum and their interspecific hybrids,S. ×uplandicum, which were obtained from thin layer chromatography and gaschromatography (also in combination with mass spectrometry), the hybrid character of the latter taxon is clearly shown. The specific value of the triterpenoid isobauerenol as a chemotaxonomical marker within this group is discussed in some detail.
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    Reproductive relationships between annual species ofCalendula (Compositae) (1983)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 311-329 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Calendula ; Selfing ; interspecific hybrids ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Breeding experiments were carried out inCalendula species. In the annuals, which are selfers, rarely some outcrossing was observed only in the most peripheral flowers. In experimental crosses fruit was produced in all combinations. Fertile F1 and F2 hybrids could be grown from crosses between parents with similar chromosome numbers:C. palaestina ×C. pachysperma and crosses of different morphological forms ofC. arvensis. In crosses of species with different chromosome numbers at least partly fertile F1 hybrids were obtained fromC. tripterocarpa ×C. stellata andC. tripterocarpa ×C. arvensis and crosses of the latter withC. palaestina. Fertile F2 plants were grown from the combination ofC. arvensis ×C. tripterocarpa. Considering this information and previously obtained data, a scheme is proposed for explaining speciation in the genusCalendula.
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    OnHapaline appendiculata andPhymatarum borneense, two rareAraceae from Borneo (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 59-66 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Hapaline ; Hapale ; Phymatarum ; Bucephalandra ; Flora of Borneo ; East Malaysia ; Sarawak
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of newly collected and cultivated material full descriptions and illustrations are presented forHapaline appendiculata Ridl. andPhymatarum borneense M. Hotta.
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    Veronica fridericae, a new species from eastern Turkey (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 67-71 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Veronica fridericae spec. nova ; V. acrotheca ; V. farinosa ; V. armena ; V. multifida ; V. jacquinii ; V. caucasica ; V. filifolia ; V. oltensis ; Flora of Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Veronica fridericae spec. nova, described from the type locality in the S.E. Turkish province Van, is related toV. acrotheca andV. farinosa, both endemic to W. Iran. All 8 perennial species with pinnatifid leaves in S.W. Asia are presented in a key.
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    Eine neueCampanula-Art aus dem ostafghanisch-westpakistanischen Grenzgebiet (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 149-150 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Campanulaceae ; Campanula schimaniana spec. nova ; Flora of Afghanistan and of Pakistan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Campanula schimaniana is a new species of sect.Campanula subsect.Rupestres, distributed in the westernmost mountains affected by monsoon.
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    Chromosome counts inCalea (Asteraceae-Heliantheae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 151-153 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Asteraceae-Heliantheae ; Calea ; Chromosome numbers ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers are reported for six taxa ofCalea, among them tetraploidC. septuplinervia, the only known polyploid inCalea s. str. The base chromosome number ofCalea is interpreted as x = 19.
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