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  • Articles  (365)
  • mercury
  • risk assessment
Collection
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-02-23
    Description: We present the results of multidisciplinary investigations of two significant sites, located in the Acque Albule Basin (AAB), 25 km Northeast of Rome (Italy). This basin has been interpreted as a transtensional structure, lying in the western margin of the Apennine range and affecting the Plio-Pleistocene sedimentary and volcanic sequences. During late Pleistocene times, AAB has been filled in with thermogenic travertine of variable thickness. Since historical time, lithoid travertine has been quarried, becoming the main building material during the Roman period (Lapis Tiburtinus). At present, the mining activity still represents the main economic resource of the region together with thermal baths. After the end of the II World War this area has experienced a strong urbanization and marshy lands were transformed into densely populated areas affected by subsidence and sinkhole phenomena. In order to characterize these environmental hazards from the geophysical and geotechnical point of view, we chose two test sites close to relevant anthropic infrastructures. Site A, located at the southern side of the Guidonia military airport and beside an important road; site B, a few kilometers South-East of site A, lies next to the Regina and Colonnelle Lakes and close to the Roma- Pescara railway. The former feature is a large sinkhole depression, hundreds of meters in width, characterized by ongoing subsidence, whereas the latter consists of two sinkholes actually acting as springs. Both sites lie in proximity of inferred faults, which would affect the AAB in the N-S and NE-SW– directions respectively. The aim of this study is to compare the two cases by collecting geological, geomorphological and geophysical parameters and thus testing the variable controlling their formation and development. We also extended the geophysical campaign in the surrounding area using a multidisciplinary approach to image both surface and subsurface features. We carried out stratigraphic and geomorphological survey, 2 and 3D Geoelectrical Tomography (ERT), differential GPS altimetry, gravity, magnetic, seismic, and soil gas measurements. Moreover, two drillings have been bored inside and outside the depression area of the Site A, reaching depths of 60 and 20 meter, respectively. Geotechnical parameters of the recovered stratigraphy were also measured by laboratory tests. In general, the approach we propose could provide key elements to recognize similar situations in sinkhole prone areas. Moreover, comparative analysis together with the monitoring of the A site can represent useful tools to understand the genesis and dynamics of phenomena and hopefully to forecast their evolution, particularly in the parts of the basin where active movements caused fractures and damages to buildings and infrastructures.
    Description: Published
    Description: Napoli 7-8-9 settembre 2016
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Keywords: Acque Albule Basin ; risk assessment ; sinkhole
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Abstract
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The WebGis development represents a natural answer to the growing requests for dissemination and use of geographical information data. WebGis originates from a combination of web technology and the Geographical Information System, which is a recognised technology that is mainly composed of data handling tools for storage, recovery, management and analysis of spatial data. Here, we illustrate two examples of seismic hazard and risk analysis through the WebGis system in terms of architecture and content. The first presents ground shaking scenarios associated with the repetition of the earthquake that struck the Lake of Garda area (northern Italy) in 2004. The second shows data and results of a more extensive analysis of seismic risk in the western part of the Liguria region (north-western Italy) for residential buildings, strategic structures and historic architecture. The adoption of a freeware application (ALOVMap) assures easy exportability of the WebGis structures for projects dealing with natural hazard evaluation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1274-1281
    Description: 5.5. TTC - Sistema Informativo Territoriale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: WebGis ; Alov ; earthquake scenarios ; seismic hazard ; risk assessment ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2009) American Geophysical Union.
    Description: Despite volcanic risk having been defined quantitatively more than 30 years ago, this risk has been managed without being effectively measured. The recent substantial progress in quantifying eruption probability paves the way for a new era of rational science-based volcano risk management, based on what may be termed ‘‘volcanic risk metrics’’ (VRM). In this paper, we propose the basic principles of VRM, based on coupling probabilistic volcanic hazard assessment and eruption forecasting with cost-benefit analysis. The VRM strategy has the potential to rationalize decision making across a broad spectrum of volcanological questions. When should the call for evacuation be made? What early preparations should be made for a volcano crisis? Is it worthwhile waiting longer? What areas should be covered by an emergency plan? During unrest, what areas of a large volcanic field or caldera should be evacuated, and when? The VRM strategy has the paramount advantage of providing a set of quantitative and transparent rules that can be established well in advance of a crisis, optimizing and clarifying decision-making procedures. It enables volcanologists to apply all their scientific knowledge and observational information to assist authorities in quantifying the positive and negative risk implications of any decision.
    Description: Published
    Description: B03213
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: risk assessment ; decision making ; campi flegrei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Sampling and analyses methods for determining the stable isotopic compositions of Hg in an active volcanic system were tested and optimized at the volcanic complex of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Condensed gaseous fumarole Hg(fum) T , plume gaseous elemental Hg(g) 0 and plume particulate Hg(p) II were obtained at fumaroles F0, F5, F11, and FA. The average total Hg emissions, based on HgT/SO2 in condensed fumarolic gases and plumes, range from 2.5 to 10.1 kg y−1, in agreement with published values [Ferrara, R., Mazzolai, B., Lanzillotta, E., Nucaro, E., Pirrone, N., 2000. Volcanoes as emission sources of atmospheric mercury in the Mediterranean Basin. Sci. Total Environ. 259(1–3), 115–121; Aiuppa, A., Bagnato, E., Witt, M.L.I., Mather, T.A., Parello, F., Pyle, D.M., Martin, R.S., 2007. Real-time simultaneous detection of volcanic Hg and SO2 at La Fossa Crater, Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Sicily). Geophys. Res. Lett. 34(L21307).]. Plume Hg(p) II increases with distance from the fumarole vent, at the expense of Hg(g) 0 and indicates significant in-plume oxidation and condensation of fumarole Hg(fum) T . Relative to the NIST SRM3133 Hg standard, the stable isotopic compositions of Hg are δ202Hg(fum) T =−0.74‰±0.18 (2SD, n=4) for condensed gaseous fumarole Hg(fum) T , δ202Hg(g) 0 =−1.74‰±0.36 (2SD, n=1) for plume gaseous elemental Hg(g) 0 at the F0 fumarole, and δ202Hg(p) II =−0.11‰±0.18 (2SD, n=4) for plume particulate Hg(p) II . The enrichment of Hg(p) II in the heavy isotopes and Hg(g) 0 in the light isotopes relative to the total condensed fumarolic Hg(fum) T gas complements the speciation data and demonstrates a gas-particle fractionation occurring after the gas expulsion inambient T° atmosphere. A first order Rayleigh equilibriumcondensation isotope fractionation model yields a fractionation factor αcond-gas of 1.00135±0.00058.
    Description: Published
    Description: 236-243
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: mercury ; isotope ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union.
    Description: Aeromagnetic data collected between the Aeolian volcanoes (southern Tyrrhenian Sea) and the Calabrian Arc (Italy) highlight a WNW‐ESE elongated positive magnetic anomaly centered on the Capo Vaticano morphological ridge (Tyrrhenian coast of Calabria), characterized by an apical, subcircular, flat surface. Results of forward and inverse modeling of the magnetic data show a 20 km long and 3–5 km wide magnetized body that extends from sea floor to about 3 km below sea level. The magnetic properties of this body are consistent with those of the medium to highly evolved volcanic rocks of the Aeolian Arc (i.e., dacites and rhyolites). In the Calabria mainland, widespread dacitic to rhyolitic pumices with calc‐alkaline affinity of Pleistocene age (1–0.7 Ma) are exposed. The tephra falls are related to explosive activity and show a decreasing thickness from the Capo Vaticano area southeastward. The presence of lithics indicates a provenance from a source located not far from Capo Vaticano. The combined interpretation of the magnetic and available geological data reveal that (1) the Capo Vaticano WNW‐ESE elongated positive magnetic anomaly is due to the occurrence of a WNW‐ESE elongated sill; (2) such a sill represents the remnant of the plumbing system of a Pleistocene volcano that erupted explosively producing the pumice tephra exposed in Calabria; and (3) the volcanism is consistent with the Aeolian products, in terms of age, magnetic signature, and geochemical affinity of the erupted products,. The results indicate that such volcanism developed along seismically active faults transversal to the general trend of the Aeolian Arc and Calabria block, in an area where uplift is maximized (∼4 mm/yr). Such uplift could also be responsible for fragmentation of the upper crust and formation of transversal faults along which seismic activity and volcanism occur.
    Description: Published
    Description: B11101
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: 5.7. Consulenze in favore di istituzioni nazionali e attività nell'ambito di trattati internazionali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: aeromagnetic anomalies ; volcanic arc ; tectonics of the Calabrian Arc ; risk assessment ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.08. Volcanic arcs
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A National research project was recently carried out to develop a robust methodology for the design and retrofit of wharves structures located in areas of high to moderate seismicity. A detailed census of the Italian major seaports was performed using purposely devised questionnaires and Ancona harbor was chosen for a detailed investigation with the aim of providing risk assessment guidelines. This port has been selected as representative of a moderate seismicity area (expected peak ground acceleration of 0.25 g with a return period of 475 yrs). Ancona is the first harbor in the Adriatic sea, with more than a 1.500.000 passenger service and 150.000 trucks transit. It is equipped with 30 wharfs, 25 of which built in 1965-1975. To compute deterministic ground shaking scenarios, predictive empirical models have been used. At the same time advanced numerical simulation have been carried out both at high (0.7-30 Hz) and low (0-1.3) frequency ranges. The contributions of site effects and liquefaction have been also taken into account in damage estimation. Standard risk assessment has been performed using the empirical curves implemented in HAZUS program (NIBS, 2004), supported by recent studies (Lessloss, 2006, Del. 89) on damage observed after the 2003 event in Lefkas (Greece).
    Description: China Earthquake Administratio; Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, China; International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE); Chinese Association of Earthquake Engineering (CAEE)
    Description: Published
    Description: Beijing, China
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: deterministic ground shaking scenario ; numerical simulations ; seaport damage ; risk assessment ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This study was to identify of impacted area, sediment contamination and ecological risk assessment in Mahshahr creeks in Khure Musa ares......
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: risk assessment ; Heavy metal ; Sediments ; Biological indices
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Not Known
    Format: 163pp.
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  • 8
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    In:  wge@arge-elbe.de | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4217 | 1240 | 2012-11-10 18:43:55 | 4217 | Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: Fragen, die die Gewässerökologie und die Gewässergütesituation der Elbe betreffen, werden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland einvernehmlich in der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für die Reinhaltung der Elbe (ARGE ELBE) der sieben Elbanrainerländer behandelt. Die Wassergütestelle Elbe (WGE) koordiniert als gemeinsame Einrichtung der ARGE ELBE die Überwachung des Stromes in den vier Kompartimenten Wasser, Schwebstoffe, Sediment und Biota. Im Rahmen der Biota-Untersuchungen wird auch die Belastungssituation des Elbfisches Brassen (Abramis brama L.) erfaßt.
    Description: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries began publishing the Informationen aus der Fischereiforschung = Information on Fishery research in 2010
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Pollution ; pollutants ; fish ; consumer protection ; Elbe ; contamination ; HCB ; DDT ; mercury ; fish quality
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , FALSE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 187-192
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: The purpose of the project is to improve our understanding about best management practices that can be utilized on diked managed wetlands in Suisun Marsh for reducing the occurrence of low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high methylmercury (MeHg) events associated primarily with fall flood-up practices. Low DO events are of concern because they can lead to undue stress and even mortality of sensitive aquatic organisms. Elevated MeHg levels are of concern because MeHg is a neurotoxin that bio-magnifies up the food chain and can cause deleterious effects to higher trophic level consumers such as piscivorous fish, birds, and mammals (including humans). This study involved two years (2007-2008) of intensive field data collection at two managed wetland sites in northwest Suisun Marsh and their surrounding tidal sloughs, an area with prior documented low DO events. In addition, the study collected limited soils and water quality field data and mapped vegetation for three managed wetland sites in the central interior of Suisun Marsh, for the purpose of examining whether wetlands at other locations exhibit characteristics that could indicate potential for similar concerns. In Year 1 of the study, the objective was to identify the baseline conditions in the managed wetlands and determine which physical management conditions could be modified for Year 2 to reduce low DO and MeHg production issues most effectively. The objective of Year 2 was to evaluate the effectiveness of these modified management actions at reducing production of low DO and elevated MeHg conditions within the managed wetlands and to continue improving understanding of the underlying biogeochemical processes at play. This Final Evaluation Memorandum examined a total of 19 BMPs, 14 involving modified water management operations and the remaining five involving modified soil and vegetation management practices. Some of these BMPs were previously employed and others have not yet been tested. For each BMP this report assesses its efficacy in improving water quality conditions and potential conflicts with wetland management. It makes recommendations for further study (either feasibility assessments or field testing) and whether to consider for future use. Certain previously used BMPs were found to be important contributors to poor water quality conditions and their continued use is not recommended. Some BMPs that could improve water quality conditions appear difficult to implement in regards to compatibility with wetland management; these BMPs require further elaboration and feasibility assessment to determine whether they should be field tested. In practice for any given wetland, there is likely a combination of BMPs that would together have the greatest potential to address the low DO and high MeHg water quality concerns. Consequently, this report makes no sweeping recommendations applicable to large groups of wetlands but instead promotes a careful consideration of factors at each wetland or small groups of wetlands and from that assessment to apply the most effective suite of BMPs.This report also identifies a number of recommended future actions and studies. These recommendations are geared toward improving the process understanding of factors that promote low DO and high MeHg conditions, the extent of these problems in Suisun Marsh, the regulatory basis for the DO standards for a large estuarine marsh, the economics of BMPs, and alternative approaches to BMPs on diked managed wetlands that may address the water quality issues. The most important of these recommendations is that future BMP implementation should be carried out within the context of rigorous scientific evaluation so as to gain the maximum improvement in how to manage these water quality issues in the diked managed wetlands of Suisun Marsh.
    Description: State Water Resources Control Board
    Description: Project Number 06-283-552-0
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Chemistry ; Engineering ; Environment ; Fisheries ; Management ; Pollution ; BMPs ; dissolved oxygen ; mercury ; Suisun Marsh ; managed wetlands ; best management practices ; methyl mercury ; hydrology ; tidal water quality ; Wetlands and Water Resources ; Bachand and Associates ; Suisun Resource Conservation District ; California Department of Fish and Game ; California Department of Water Resources ; University of California Davis ; U.S. Geological Survey
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 353
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  • 10
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/7524 | 424 | 2015-05-30 17:15:37 | 7524 | Centre de Recherches Océanographiques, Côte d'Ivoire
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: Samples of albacore tunny-fish (Thunnus albacares) caught from East Tropical Atlantic areas have been analysed in white and red muscles in order to determine the concentration of mercury. The results show that there are no significant differences between the mercury concentrations in the white and in the red muscles, and that a significant correlation exists between the mercury concentrations in the two types of muscles.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Environment ; Fisheries ; Gulf of Guinea ; Thunnus albacares ; tuna fish ; mercury
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
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    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 1-8
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  • 11
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/18558 | 12051 | 2015-11-04 15:16:46 | 18558 | Society of Fisheries Technologists, India
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: Three species of intertidal filter feeding bivalves (Modiolus carvalhoi, Modiolus sp. and Donax spiculum) exposed to mercury and cadmium filtered significantly less volume of water under individual metal and metal mixture stress. Mercury and cadmium in mixtures interacted additively and more than additively (Synergism) in depressing the filtration rate of the bivalves.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Pollution ; filtration ; cadmium ; toxicity tests ; filter feeders ; heavy metals ; mercury ; Modiolus curvalhoi ; Donax spiculum
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 204-210
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  • 12
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    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | Washington, DC
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/15545 | 222 | 2014-10-21 21:48:47 | 15545 | United States Fish and Wildlife Service
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Phenyl-mercuric lactate is included in the pulp processing reagents by some paper mills to eliminate slime formation in the pulp. Small quantities of this chemical are added to the wet pulp in the beaters, particularly for the bactericidal action against Aerobacter aerogenes. Subsequently the mecurial is carried away in the wash waters. However, as the highly poisonous nature of many compounds of mercury is well known, questions have been raised concerning the pollution hazards created by phenyl-mercuric lactate in streams receiving effluents from mills using this substance.
    Keywords: Biology ; Environment ; Limnology ; Pollution ; paper mills ; pulp processing ; mercury ; effluents
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 6
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  • 13
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/21711 | 18721 | 2017-11-27 14:08:10 | 21711 | University of Guilan, Faculty of Natural Resources, Iran
    Publication Date: 2021-06-29
    Description: This study is an attempt to evaluate the biomonitoring capabilities of rock oyster, Saccostrea cucullata, for mercury (Hg) pollution. The oyster and sediment samples were collected from 10 rocky habitats of Qeshm and Hormoz Islands in the Persian Gulf. The concentration of mercury in the shell and soft tissues of the oysters and sediments were analyzed using an advanced mercury analyzer. Biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) was calculated based on the ratio of Hg concentrations in soft tissues to that in sediments.The results showed that the rate of mercury accumulation in the soft tissues of the oyster was significantly higher than that in its shell (P 〈 0.05). There was a significant correlation between mercury concentrations in the soft tissues and the sediments (r =0.75). According to BSAF, soft tissues of the oyster were recognized as an appropriate indicator for biomonitoring mercury. The present study generally supports the usability of soft tissue of S. cucullata as a sensitive biomonitoring organ to warn mercury pollution in the Persian Gulf.
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Pollution ; biomonitoring ; mercury ; Persian Gulf ; rock oyster ; Saccostrea cucullata ; Iran ; pollution ; tissues
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 145-155
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  • 14
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/21881 | 18721 | 2018-01-15 09:36:19 | 21881 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: Previous studies showed that the level of mercury in Sanandaj Gheshlagh Reservoir (SGR) was higher than limits established by the World Health Organization. Total Mercury (T-Hg) concentrations in white muscle, red muscle and liver tissues of Common carp as the most consumed fish in the region were investigated. For the first time the content of mercury in red muscle tissue was measured and compared with white muscle and liver tissues. During the July to December 2009, 24 Common carp were caught from SGR (4 samples per month). THg concentrations in above mentioned tissues were measured, using Mercury Analyzer. T-Hg concentrations variations in white muscle, red muscle and liver tissues were (123-458), (115- 455) and (107-303) ng g-1, respectively. Statically significant differences were found between three tissues. A significant monthly variations of T-Hg concentrations were observed within liver tissue samples. Fish weights in this ranged between 330.1 to 753 grams. T-Hg in white and red muscle tissues in all samples weighted above 500 grams were higher than the limits established by the EPA. Therefore, additional researches are needed to evaluate any potential effluence of this fish consumption on people health.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Fisheries ; Pollution ; Heavy metal ; Pollution ; Common carp ; mercury ; bioaccumulation ; tissues ; Cyprinus carpio ; muscle ; Sanandaj Gheshlagh Reservoir ; Iran
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 79-88
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  • 15
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    Florida Marine Research Institute | St. Petersburg, FL
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/26026 | 20978 | 2018-10-15 00:08:23 | 26026 | Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: Because mercury, a toxic metallic element, has been shown to bioaccumulate in fish tissue, humans consuming fish can potentially consume significant levels of mercury. Limited information is available on mercury levels in Florida’s marine and estuarine fish species. We examined the concentration of mercury in 2,832 fish representing 81 species from 32 families. Species represented all major trophic groups, from primary consumers to apex predators. Mercury concentrations in individual fish varied greatly within and among species. However, the majority of individuals we examined contained low concentrations. Species with very low mean or median mercury concentrations tended to be planktivores, detritivores, species that feed on invertebrates, or species that feed on benthic invertebrates and small fish. Apex predators typically had the highest mercury concentrations. In most species, mercury concentration increased as fish size increased. Sampling in Florida waters is continuing, and future research relating mercury levels to fish age, feeding ecology, and the trophic structure of Florida’s marine and estuarine ecosystems will help us to further identify important sources of variation.
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Pollution ; mercury ; fishes ; Florida
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 35
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  • 16
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/27018 | 25017 | 2020-05-07 03:17:02 | 27018 | University of Karachi. Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre
    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: In this study the amounts of mercury (Hg) were determined in tentacles and muscle tissues of O. ehrenbergii and S. buccalis from two coastal sites of Karachi; Buleji and Sunehri during Southwest monsoon (August and September) and Northeast monsoon (December and January) seasons of the year 2018. The mean amounts of Hg in edible tissues of sea cucumbers were as follows: O. ehrenbergii (0.0176 mg/kg dry wt.) and S. buccalis (0.0155 mg/kg dry wt.). Hg amounts in muscles of both species are much lower than the maximum permissible limits (0.5 mg/kg wet wt.). Estimated Daily Intakes for adults consuming O. ehrenbergii and S. buccalis are lower than published RfD values. Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) values (0.00787) are also lower than 1, it may be concluded that the consumption of these sea cucumbers from Karachi, do not pose any health hazards to human as Hg amounts were concerned.
    Description: Higher Education Commission of Pakistan
    Keywords: Biology ; Pollution ; Ohshimella ehrenbergii ; Stolus buccalis ; mercury ; Buleji ; Sunehri ; Karachi ; estimated daily intakes ; target ; hazard ; quotient
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 55-62
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  • 17
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    Florida Marine Research Institute | St. Petersburg, FL
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/120 | 3 | 2011-09-29 22:33:26 | 120 | Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission’s Florida Marine Research Institute (FWC-FMRI) hasexamined total mercury levels in muscle tissue from a variety of economically and ecologically important speciesas part of an ongoing study to better understand mercury contamination in marine fishes.The FWC-FMRI MercuryProgram is one of the most comprehensive programs in the United States for monitoring mercury levels inmarine and estuarine fishes. Because mercury, a toxic metallic element, has been shown to bioaccumulate in fishtissue, humans consuming fish can potentially consume significant levels of mercury.We examined the concentrationof total mercury in 6,806 fish, representing 108 species from 40 families. Species represented all major trophicgroups, from primary consumers to apex predators.The majority of individuals we examined contained low concentrationsof mercury, but concentrations in individual fish varied greatly within and among species. Specieswith very low mean or median mercury concentrations tended to be planktivores, detritivores, species that feedon invertebrates, or species that feed on invertebrates and small fish prey.Apex predators typically had the highestmercury concentrations. In most species, mercury concentration increased as fish size increased. Samplingin Florida waters is continuing, and future research relating mercury levels to fish age, feeding ecology, and thetrophic structure of Florida’s marine and estuarine ecosystems will help us better understand concentrations ofthis element in marine fishes. (64pp.)
    Keywords: Pollution ; Fisheries ; Biology ; mercury ; Florida ; fishes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 18
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    In:  michael.haarich@vti.bund.de | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/3286 | 1240 | 2012-05-10 13:55:54 | 3286 | Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: For assessing the status of the marine environment of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, international monitoring programmes are performed in the framework of the international conventions for the protection of the marine environment of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea. The German contribution to these programmes is covered by the national Joint Marine Monitoring Programme, which is carried out by several institutes of the coastal Federal States and the Federal Government of Germany. The Institute for Fishery Ecology of the Federal Fisheries Research Centreis responsible for the investigations of harmful substancesin fish samples from the open sea areas. This article gives a short description of how this task is performed and, as an example, how concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury in plaice from the German Bight have developed over a period of thirteen and eight years, respectively.
    Description: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries began publishing the Informationen aus der Fischereiforschung = Information on Fishery research in 2010.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Chemistry ; marine ecology ; chemical load ; monitoring ; toxicity ; polychlorinated biphenyls ; mercury ; pollution ; fishes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , FALSE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 19
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    State of Washington, Department of Ecology | Olympia, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/3381 | 15 | 2015-04-28 21:13:02 | 3381
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The Vancouver Lake Pilot Dredge Study revealed concentrations of certain chemicals which could be of concern: the metals copper, zinc and mercury and the pesticides lindane and aldrin were found in significant amounts. (PDF contains 1 page)
    Keywords: Pollution ; Fisheries ; Chemistry ; mercury ; zinc ; copper ; lindane ; aldrin ; pollution ; Vancouver Lake (Wash.)
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2021-10-27
    Description: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substrate contamination by mercury on the hepatopancreas of the Crustacean species; Armadillo officinalis Duméril, 1816. Uncontaminated specimens were collected from the banks of Ghar El Melh lagoon then exposed for three weeks to three concentrations of mercury salt solution. After the end of the exposure, the hepatopancreas of unexposed and exposed animals were compared to detect histological changes. Transmission Electron Microscopy observations showed that the hepatopancreas of Hg-exposed animals showed morphological and histological changes compared with control animals even at the lowest concentration. The degree of these alterations was found to be dose-dependent. The global predominant features were: microvillus border disruption, condensation of some cytoplasm areas and of chromatin, rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial alterations, lipid droplets modifications in addition to the increasing number of B-granules in the B and S cells.
    Description: Cette étude vise à évaluer l’effet de la contamination du substrat par le mercure sur l’hépatopancréas de l’espèce de Crustacés; Armadillo officinalis Duméril, 1816. Des échantillons non contaminés ont été recueillis sur les rives de la lagune de Ghar El Melh, puis exposés pendant trois semaines à trois concentrations de solution de sel de mercure. A la fin de l'exposition, l’hépatopancréas des animaux non exposés et exposés ont été comparés pour détecter les modifications histologiques. Les observations en microscopie électronique à transmission ont montré que l'hépatopancréas des animaux exposés au mercure présentait des changements morphologiques et histologiques par rapport aux animaux témoins, même à la concentration la plus faible. Le degré de ces altérations s'est avéré dépendant de la dose. Les principales caractéristiques globales étaient: la rupture de la frontière des microvillosités, la condensation de certaines zones du cytoplasme et de la chromatine, l’altération du réticulum endoplasmique rugueux et des mitochondries, la modification des gouttelettes lipidiques en plus du nombre croissant de granules B dans les cellules B et S.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Crustaceans ; mercury ; ultrastructure ; storage organ ; substrate contamination ; mercury ; Armadillo officinalis ; Crustacean ; hepatopancreas
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: 119-124
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  • 21
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    In:  horst.karl@mri.bund.de | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/7028 | 1240 | 2011-11-08 08:33:15 | 7028 | Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei
    Publication Date: 2021-06-29
    Description: Johann Heinrich von Thunen-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries began publishing the Informationen aus der Fischereiforschung – Information on Fishery research in 2010
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Health ; mercury ; maximum residue ; regulations ; conversation ; fish fish products ; contamination
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , FALSE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 160-162
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  • 22
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    In:  foe@vti.bund.de | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5452 | 1240 | 2012-11-11 19:26:55 | 5452 | Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: Johann Heinrich von Thunen-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries began publishing the Informationen aus der Fischereiforschung – Information on Fishery research in 2010
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Ecology ; Environment ; contamination ; fish ; heavy metals ; North Sea ; bioaccunulation ; lead ; cadmium ; mercury ; mass transfer
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , FALSE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 139-146
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  • 23
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    In:  foe@vti.bund.de | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/6215 | 1240 | 2012-11-14 15:48:42 | 6215 | Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Johann Heinrich von Thunen-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries began publishing the Informationen aus der Fischereiforschung – Information on Fishery research in 2010
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; carry over ; heavy metals ; freshwater fish ; feeding experiments ; cadmium ; mercury ; carp ; Cyprinus carpio ; toxicity
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , FALSE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 31-32
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  • 24
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/17926 | 12051 | 2015-09-24 22:34:52 | 17926 | Indian Fisheries Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-02
    Description: The behaviour of metals in aquatic ecosystems is dependent on various environmental factors. Experiments were conducted in five different contact times (0.5, 2, 12, 24 and 48h) between soil sediment and mercury on Cyprinus carpio var communis. It was observed that contact time with soil sediment had significant effect in reducing the toxicity of mercury. Higher the time of contact, greater the effect. Medium hard water (150 mg/L CaC0 sub(3) of total hardness) had the highest effect as compared to other water in reducing the toxicity of mercury when combined with underlying soil sediment. With the increase in contact time, complexation and adsorption of inorganic mercury ions with the dissolved and particulate phases of water and soil sediment were increased; thereby bioaccumulation of mercury ions by scale carp was more. Applicability of the result of this experiment in natural ecosystems was also suggested.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; mercury ; Cyprinus carpio ; contact time ; acute toxicity
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 113-120
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  • 25
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/17418 | 12051 | 2015-07-05 07:57:01 | 17418 | Indian Fisheries Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-12
    Description: The acute toxicity test conducted by static bioassay techniques have revealed that among selected heavy metals, copper is more toxic than zinc and mercury to Planaxis sulcatus and Trochus radiatus. The natural availability of heavy metals in the surrounding environment of these organisms is found to be deciding factor for their toxicity. Natural habitat of the animal also contributes to the sensitivity of a particular animal to the heavy metals tested. In addition the tendency of the animal to overcome the adverse conditions in their surrounding also plays a significant role in toxicity of pollutants.
    Keywords: Pollution ; zinc ; mercury ; pollution effects ; marine molluscs ; copper ; toxicity ; intertidal environment ; Planaxis sulcatus ; Nerita oryzarum ; Trochus radiatus ; Mumbai ; Maharashtra ; India
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 101-106
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  • 26
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    In:  foe@vti.bund.de | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/6682 | 1240 | 2011-09-29 13:12:52 | 6682 | Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: Johann Heinrich von Thunen-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries began publishing the Informationen aus der Fischereiforschung – Information on Fishery research in 2010
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Pollution ; embryonic development ; trout ; mercury ; breeding ; pollution effects
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , FALSE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 66-67
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  • 27
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/18296 | 12051 | 2015-10-18 11:27:04 | 18296 | Society of Fisheries Technologists, India
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Studies on the distribution of heavy metals like copper, cadmium, zinc, lead and mercury in deep sea prawns Pandalus borealis in the Oslofjord region showed that those collected from inner and middle fjord contained higher levels of heavy metals than those from the outer fjord. Their content in the edible portions, viz., tail muscle, was less compared to other organs. In terms of metal concentration copper and zinc are present in significant quantities in Pandalus borealis.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Pollution ; Pandalus borealis ; heavy metals ; copper ; cadmium ; zinc ; lead ; mercury ; prawns ; pollution ; contamination ; fjords ; Holmenstrandsfjord ; Oslo ; Norway
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 20-25
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  • 28
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/18411 | 12051 | 2015-10-23 11:43:32 | 18411 | Society of Fisheries Technologists, India
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Lethal and sub-lethal effects of mercury have been studied in Perna viridis and Modiolus carvalhoi. For P. viridis LC30 is 1.0 p.p.m. at 48 h and 0.23 p.p.m. at 96 h. Recorded LC50 values for M. carvalhoi are 0.5 p.p.m. and 0.19 p.p.m. at 48 h and 96 h respectively. The results document that these two species, although inhabiting the same area in the tidal belt, exhibit clear differences in mercury resistance. It is further shown that the duration of exposure affects mortality rates. In sub-lethal concentration, between 0.01 and 0.10 p.p.m. decrease in pedal-gland activity is conspicuous in P. viridis. At concentrations much below LC50 values (at 96 h), although some animals are alive, pedal-gland activity is totally suspended, supporting the assumption that shell closure ability plays a minor role in byssus thread production. In M. carvalhoi total cessation of pedal gland activity occurred at 0.09 p.p.m. of mercury.
    Keywords: Pollution ; toxicity tests ; pollution effects ; mercury ; Perna viridis ; Modiolus carvalhoi
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 84-89
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  • 29
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/18449 | 12051 | 2015-10-27 15:57:48 | 18449 | Society of Fisheries Technologists, India
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Chitosan from prawn waste was used for the removal of mercury from solutions. Mercuric chloride solutions containing 250, 500, 1000, 10000 and 100000 ng of Hg super(+2)/ml were treated with chitosan samples of different particle size for different periods. The effect of initial concentration of mercury in the solution, particle size of chitosan and time of treatment on the adsorption of Hg super(+2) was studied. The residual mercury content after treatment for ten min. with chitosan of 40 mesh size from a solution of initial concentration 10000 ng/ml was 10 ng/ml whereas it was 50 ng/ml for chitosan of larger particle size (10-20 mesh). From solutions of lower concentrations complete removal of mercury was possible by chitosan treatment. Though the particle size and time of treatment have significant effect, the concentration of mercury in solution is more influential on the removal of mercury from solution.
    Keywords: Pollution ; waste treatment ; removal ; chitosan ; pollution control ; mercury
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 109-112
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  • 30
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/18660 | 12051 | 2015-11-10 07:17:29 | 18660 | Society of Fisheries Technologists, India
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: Toxicity of inorganic mercury to different life history stages of fresh water fishes, Cyprinus carpio and Cirrhinus mrigala were demonstrated by static bioassays. 48 and 94% of egg hatching occurred in controls at 72 and 24h of experimentation in C. carpio and C. mrigala respectively. While fish eggs in water containing mercuric chloride showed delayed development as compared to the control. LC50, LC100 and safe concentrations of hatchling, fry and fingerling were calculated. Hatchling and fry were observed to be more susceptible as compared to fingerlings of C. carpio and C. mrigala.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Pollution ; mercury ; toxicity tests ; Cirrhinus mrigala ; Cyprinus carpio
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 29-31
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2022-02-03
    Description: Radon (222Rn) is a natural radioactive gas formed in rocks and soil by the decay of its parent nuclide (238-Uranium). The rate at which radon migrates to the surface, be it along faults or directly emanated from shallow soil, represents the Geogenic Radon Potential (GRP) of an area. Considering that the GRP is often linked to indoor radon risk levels, we have conducted multi-disciplinary research to: (i) define local GRPs and investigate their relationship with associated indoor Rn levels; (ii) evaluate inhaled radiation dosages and the associated risk to the inhabitants; and (iii) define radon priority areas (RPAs) as required by the Directive 2013/59/Euratom. In the framework of the EU-funded LIFE-Respire project, a large amount of data (radionuclide content, soil gas samples, terrestrial gamma, indoor radon) was collected from three municipalities located in different volcanic districts of the Lazio region (central Italy) that are characterised by low to high GRP. Results highlight the positive correlation between the radionuclide content of the outcropping rocks, the soil Rn concentrations and the presence of high indoor Rn values in areas with medium to high GRP. Data confirm that the Cimini-Vicani area has inhalation dosages that are higher than the reference value of 10 mSv/y.
    Description: European LIFE projects, LIFE-Respire (LIFE16 ENV/IT/000553) projects; Istituto Nazionale per l’Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro, project number: INAIL/CNR-IGAG (P19L06)
    Description: Published
    Description: 666
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geogenic radon potential ; risk assessment ; soil gas and indoor radon ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: The Santa Barbara and Aragona areas are affected by mud volcanism (MV) phenomena, consisting of continuous or intermittent emission of mud, water, and gases. This activity could be interrupted by paroxysmal events, with an eruptive column composed mainly of clay material, water, and gases. They are the most hazardous phenomena, and today it is impossible to define the potential parameters for modelling the phenomenon. In 2017, two digital surface models (DSMs) were performed by drone in both areas, thus allowing the mapping of the emission zones and the covered areas by the previous events. Detailed information about past paroxysms was obtained from historical sources, and, with the analysis of the 2017 DSMs, a preliminary hazard assessment was carried out for the first time at two sites. Two potentially hazardous paroxysm surfaces of 0.12 and 0.20 km2 for Santa Barbara and Aragona respectively were defined. In May 2020, at Aragona, a new paroxysm covered a surface of 8721m2. After this, a new detailed DSM was collected with the aim to make a comparison with the 2017 one. Since 2017, a seismic station was installed in Santa Barbara. From preliminary results, both seismic events and ambient noise showed a frequency of 5–10 Hz.
    Description: Dipartimento Regionale Protezione Civile – Regione Sicilia (grant no. 840/December 2016)
    Description: Published
    Description: 3407–3419
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: mud volcanoes ; Santa Barbara (Sicily) ; Aragona (Sicily) ; risk assessment ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: We present an overview of the potential of active monitoring techniques to investigate the many factors affecting the concentration of radon in houses. We conducted two experiments measuring radon concentration in 25 apartments in Rome and suburban areas for two weeks and in three apartments in the historic center for several months. The reference levels of 300 and 100 Bq/m3 are overcome in 17% and 60% of the cases, respectively, and these percentages rise to 20% and 76% for average overnight radon (more relevant for residents' exposure). Active detectors allowed us to identify seasonal radon fluctuations, dependent on indoor-to-outdoor temperature, and how radon travels from the ground to upper floors. High levels of radon are not limited to the lowest floors when the use of heating and ventilation produces massive convection of air. Lifestyle habits also reflect in the different values of gas concentration measured on different floors of the same building or in distinct rooms of the same apartment, which cannot be ascribed to the characteristics of the premises. However, the finding that high residential radon levels tend to concentrate in the historic center proves the influence of factors such as building age, construction materials, and geogenic radon.
    Description: Published
    Description: 13917
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: active radon monitor ; indoor radon concentration ; residential radon ; risk assessment
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 12 (1981), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 0302-3524
    Keywords: Massachusetts coast ; crabs ; marsh plants ; mercury ; metal uptake ; mussels ; salt marshes ; sewage disposal
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Electrochimica Acta 37 (1992), S. 2663-2672 
    ISSN: 0013-4686
    Keywords: adsorption ; condensation ; interaction ; mercury ; uracil
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Electrochimica Acta 37 (1992), S. 2059-2066 
    ISSN: 0013-4686
    Keywords: adsorption ; mercury ; mitoxantrone ; reduction
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Electrochimica Acta 39 (1994), S. 737-743 
    ISSN: 0013-4686
    Keywords: adsorption ; aromaticity. ; mercury ; structure
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Electrochimica Acta 36 (1991), S. 2103-2108 
    ISSN: 0013-4686
    Keywords: film electrode ; mercury ; potentiometric stripping analysis ; ring disk electrode ; voltammetry.
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 49 (1987), S. 265-272 
    ISSN: 0022-2011
    Keywords: Sunetta scripta ; bivalve ; copper ; end product ; environmental hypoxia ; hemolymph ; lactic acid ; mercury
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 42 (1983), S. 17-32 
    ISSN: 0022-2011
    Keywords: Locusta migratoria ; cadmium ; glycoproteins ; histopathological effects ; mercury ; metallothioneins
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Phytochemistry 26 (1987), S. 973-974 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Metrosideros ; Myrtaceae ; heavy metal ; mercury ; rate of emission. ; tree ; vapour release
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Asterionella glacialis ; cadmium. ; diatom ; fatty acids ; lipids ; mercury ; sterols
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 5 (1990), S. 303-310 
    ISSN: 1011-1344
    Keywords: Dunaliella tertiolecta ; Photosystem II ; chlorophyll. ; fluorescence ; mercury ; water-splitting system
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 85 (1994), S. 153-160 
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: grey seal ; harbour seal ; harp seal ; mercury ; ringed seal ; selenium
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 34 (1992), S. 23-36 
    ISSN: 0272-7714
    Keywords: Liverpool Bay ; North Wales ; aluminium ; arsenic ; iron ; mercury ; sediments ; sewage disposal
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 38 (1994), S. 625-642 
    ISSN: 0272-7714
    Keywords: Haifa Bay ; Pb^2^1^0 deposition flux ; bioturbation rate ; capping of pollutants ; mercury ; sedimentation rate
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 527-545 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: breast-feeding ; chlorinated compounds ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Exposure to persistent organochlorines in breast milk was estimated probabilistically for Canadian infants. Noncancer health effects were evaluated by comparing the predicted exposure distributions to published guidance values. For chemicals identified as potential human carcinogens, cancer risks were evaluated using standard methodology typically applied in Canada, as well as an alternative method developed under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Potential health risks associated with exposure to persistent organochlorines were quantitatively and qualitatively weighed against the benefits of breast-feeding. Current levels of the majority of contaminants identified in Canadian breast milk do not pose unacceptable risks to infants. Benefits of breast-feeding are well documented and qualitatively appear to outweigh potential health concerns associated with organochlorine exposure. Furthermore, the risks of mortality from not breast-feeding estimated by Rogan and colleagues exceed the theoretical cancer risks estimated for infant exposure to potential carcinogens in Canadian breast milk. Although levels of persistent compounds have been declining in Canadian breast milk, potentially significant risks were estimated for exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans. Follow-up work is suggested that would involve the use of a physiologically based toxicokinetic model with probabilistic inputs to predict dioxin exposure to the infant. A more detailed risk analysis could be carried out by coupling the exposure estimates with a dose–response analysis that accounts for uncertainty.
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  • 48
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    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 689-701 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: risk ; risk perception ; risk assessment ; risk communication ; risk management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Risk management has become increasingly politicized and contentious. Polarized views, controversy, and conflict have become pervasive. Research has begun to provide a new perspective on this problem by demonstrating the complexity of the concept “risk” and the inadequacies of the traditional view of risk assessment as a purely scientific enterprise. This paper argues that danger is real, but risk is socially constructed. Risk assessment is inherently subjective and represents a blending of science and judgment with important psychological, social, cultural, and political factors. In addition, our social and democratic institutions, remarkable as they are in many respects, breed distrust in the risk arena. Whoever controls the definition of risk controls the rational solution to the problem at hand. If risk is defined one way, then one option will rise to the top as the most cost-effective or the safest or the best. If it is defined another way, perhaps incorporating qualitative characteristics and other contextual factors, one will likely get a different ordering of action solutions. Defining risk is thus an exercise in power. Scientific literacy and public education are important, but they are not central to risk controversies. The public is not irrational. Their judgments about risk are influenced by emotion and affect in a way that is both simple and sophisticated. The same holds true for scientists. Public views are also influenced by worldviews, ideologies, and values; so are scientists' views, particularly when they are working at the limits of their expertise. The limitations of risk science, the importance and difficulty of maintaining trust, and the complex, sociopolitical nature of risk point to the need for a new approach—one that focuses upon introducing more public participation into both risk assessment and risk decision making in order to make the decision process more democratic, improve the relevance and quality of technical analysis, and increase the legitimacy and public acceptance of the resulting decisions.
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  • 49
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    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 711-726 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: variability ; exposure ; susceptibility ; risk assessment ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews existing data on the variability in parameters relevant for health risk analyses. We cover both exposure-related parameters and parameters related to individual susceptibility to toxicity. The toxicity/susceptibility data base under construction is part of a longer term research effort to lay the groundwork for quantitative distributional analyses of non-cancer toxic risks. These data are broken down into a variety of parameter types that encompass different portions of the pathway from external exposure to the production of biological responses. The discrete steps in this pathway, as we now conceive them, are: •Contact Rate (Breathing rates per body weight; fish consumption per body weight) •Uptake or Absorption as a Fraction of Intake or Contact Rate •General Systemic Availability Net of First Pass Elimination and Dilution via Distribution Volume (e.g., initial blood concentration per mg/kg of uptake) •Systemic Elimination (half life or clearance) •Active Site Concentration per Systemic Blood or Plasma Concentration •Physiological Parameter Change per Active Site Concentration (expressed as the dose required to make a given percentage change in different people, or the dose required to achieve some proportion of an individual's maximum response to the drug or toxicant) •Functional Reserve Capacity–Change in Baseline Physiological Parameter Needed to Produce a Biological Response or Pass a Criterion of Abnormal Function Comparison of the amounts of variability observed for the different parameter types suggests that appreciable variability is associated with the final step in the process–differences among people in “functional reserve capacity.” This has the implication that relevant information for estimating effective toxic susceptibility distributions may be gleaned by direct studies of the population distributions of key physiological parameters in people that are not exposed to the environmental and occupational toxicants that are thought to perturb those parameters. This is illustrated with some recent observations of the population distributions of Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol from the second and third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
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  • 50
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    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 763-807 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: risk assessment ; probabilistic risk assessment ; performance assessment ; policy analysis ; history of technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This article describes the evolution of the process for assessing the hazards of a geologic disposal system for radioactive waste and, similarly, nuclear power reactors, and the relationship of this process with other assessments of risk, particularly assessments of hazards from manufactured carcinogenic chemicals during use and disposal. This perspective reviews the common history of scientific concepts for risk assessment developed until the 1950s. Computational tools and techniques developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s to analyze the reliability of nuclear weapon delivery systems were adopted in the early 1970s for probabilistic risk assessment of nuclear power reactors, a technology for which behavior was unknown. In turn, these analyses became an important foundation for performance assessment of nuclear waste disposal in the late 1970s. The evaluation of risk to human health and the environment from chemical hazards is built on methods for assessing the dose response of radionuclides in the 1950s. Despite a shared background, however, societal events, often in the form of legislation, have affected the development path for risk assessment for human health, producing dissimilarities between these risk assessments and those for nuclear facilities. An important difference is the regulator's interest in accounting for uncertainty.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: risk perception ; CRESP ; trust ; DOE Savannah River site ; risk assessment ; stakeholder ; economic dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Environmental managers are increasingly charged with involving the public in the development and modification of policies regarding risks to human health and the environment. Involving the public in environmental decision making first requires a broad understanding of how and why the public perceives various risks. The Savannah River Stakeholder Study was conducted with the purpose of investigating individual, economic, and social characteristics of risk perceptions among those living near the Savannah River Nuclear Weapons Site. A number of factors were found to impact risk perceptions among those living near the site. One's estimated proximity to the site and relative river location surfaced as strong determinants of risk perceptions among SRS residents. Additionally, living in a quality neighborhood and demonstrating a willingness to accept health risks for economic gain strongly abated heightened risk perceptions.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: risk assessment ; uncertainty ; formaldehyde ; decision analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A call for risk assessment approaches that better characterize and quantify uncertainty has been made by the scientific and regulatory community. This paper responds to that call by demonstrating a distributional approach that draws upon human data to derive potency estimates and to identify and quantify important sources of uncertainty. The approach is rooted in the science of decision analysis and employs an influence diagram, a decision tree, probabilistic weights, and a distribution of point estimates of carcinogenic potency. Its results estimate the likelihood of different carcinogenic risks (potencies) for a chemical under a specific scenario. For this exercise, human data on formaldehyde were employed to demonstrate the approach. Sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the relative impact of specific levels and alternatives on the potency distribution. The resulting potency estimates are compared with the results of an exercise using animal data on formaldehyde. The paper demonstrates that distributional risk assessment is readily adapted to situations in which epidemiologic data serve as the basis for potency estimates. Strengths and weaknesses of the distributional approach are discussed. Areas for further application and research are recommended.
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  • 53
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    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 1157-1171 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: risk assessment ; transportation risk ; diesel exhaust ; fugitive dust ; vehicle emissions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract When the transportation risk posed by shipments of hazardous chemical and radioactive materials is being assessed, it is necessary to evaluate the risks associated with both vehicle emissions and cargo-related risks. Diesel exhaust and fugitive dust emissions from vehicles transporting hazardous shipments lead to increased air pollution, which increases the risk of latent fatalities in the affected population along the transport route. The estimated risk from these vehicle-related sources can often be as large or larger than the estimated risk associated with the material being transported. In this paper, data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Motor Vehicle-Related Air Toxics Study are first used to develop latent cancer fatality estimates per kilometer of travel in rural and urban areas for all diesel truck classes. These unit risk factors are based on studies investigating the carcinogenic nature of diesel exhaust. With the same methodology, the current per-kilometer latent fatality risk factor used in transportation risk assessments for heavy diesel trucks in urban areas is revised and the analysis expanded to provide risk factors for rural areas and all diesel truck classes. These latter fatality estimates may include, but are not limited to, cancer fatalities and are based primarily on the most recent epidemiological data available on mortality rates associated with ambient air PM-10 concentrations.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: municipal waste incineration ; risk assessment ; Monte-Carlo simulation ; time activity patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract During the modernization of the municipal waste incinerator (MWI, maximum capacity of 180,000 tons per year) of Metropolitan Grenoble (405,000 inhabitants), in France, a risk assessment was conducted, based on four tracer pollutants: two volatile organic compounds (benzene and 1, 1, 1 trichloroethane) and two heavy metals (nickel and cadmium, measured in particles). A Gaussian plume dispersion model, applied to maximum emissions measured at the MWI stacks, was used to estimate the distribution of these pollutants in the atmosphere throughout the metropolitan area. A random sample telephone survey (570 subjects) gathered data on time-activity patterns, according to demographic characteristics of the population. Life-long exposure was assessed as a time-weighted average of ambient air concentrations. Inhalation alone was considered because, in the Grenoble urban setting, other routes of exposure are not likely. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to describe probability distributions of exposures and risks. The median of the life-long personal exposures distribution to MWI benzene was 3.2·10−5 μg/m3 (20th and 80th percentiles = 1.5·10−5 and 6.5·10−5 μg/m3), yielding a 2.6·10−10 carcinogenic risk (1.2·10−10–5.4·10−10). For nickel, the corresponding life-time exposure and cancer risk were 1.8·10−4 μg/m3 (0.9.10−4 – 3.6·10−4 μg/m3) and 8.6·10−8 (4.3·10−8–17.3·10−8); for cadmium they were respectively 8.3·10−6 μg/m3 (4.0·10−6–17.6·10−6) and 1.5·10−8 (7.2·10−9–3.1·10−8). Inhalation exposure to cadmium emitted by the MWI represented less than 1% of the WHO Air Quality Guideline (5 ng/m3), while there was a margin of exposure of more than 109 between the NOAEL (150 ppm) and exposure estimates to trichloroethane. Neither dioxins nor mercury, a volatile metal, were measured. This could lessen the attributable life-long risks estimated. The minute (VOCs and cadmium) to moderate (nickel) exposure and risk estimates are in accord with other studies on modern MWIs meeting recent emission regulations, however.
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  • 55
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    Keywords: MeHg ; pharmacokinetics ; PBPK model ; variability ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the uncertainty in guidelines for the ingestion of methylmercury (MeHg) due to human pharmacokinetic variability was conducted using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that describes MeHg kinetics in the pregnant human and fetus. Two alternative derivations of an ingestion guideline for MeHg were considered: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 μg/kg/day derived from studies of an Iraqi grain poisoning episode, and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry chronic oral minimal risk level (MRL) of 0.5 μg/kg/day based on studies of a fish-eating population in the Seychelles Islands. Calculation of an ingestion guideline for MeHg from either of these epidemiological studies requires calculation of a dose conversion factor (DCF) relating a hair mercury concentration to a chronic MeHg ingestion rate. To evaluate the uncertainty in this DCF across the population of U.S. women of child-bearing age, Monte Carlo analyses were performed in which distributions for each of the parameters in the PBPK model were randomly sampled 1000 times. The 1st and 5th percentiles of the resulting distribution of DCFs were a factor of 1.8 and 1.5 below the median, respectively. This estimate of variability is consistent with, but somewhat less than, previous analyses performed with empirical, one-compartment pharmacokinetic models. The use of a consistent factor in both guidelines of 1.5 for pharmacokinetic variability in the DCF, and keeping all other aspects of the derivations unchanged, would result in an RfD of 0.2 μg/kg/day and an MRL of 0.3 μg/kg/day.
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  • 56
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    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 577-584 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: risk assessment ; exposure point concentration ; bootstrapping ; gamma distribution ; lognormal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends the use of the one-sided 95% upper confidence limit of the arithmetic mean based on either a normal or lognormal distribution for the contaminant (or exposure point) concentration term in the Superfund risk assessment process. When the data are not normal or lognormal this recommended approach may overestimate the exposure point concentration (EPC) and may lead to unecessary cleanup at a hazardous waste site. The EPA concentration term only seems to perform like alternative EPC methods when the data are well fit by a lognormal distribution. Several alternative methods for calculating the EPC are investigated and compared using soil data collected from three hazardous waste sites in Montana, Utah, and Colorado. For data sets that are well fit by a lognormal distribution, values for the Chebychev inequality or the EPA concentration term may be appropriate EPCs. For data sets where the soil concentration data are well fit by gamma distributions, Wong's method may be used for calculating EPCs. The studentized bootstrap-t and Hall's bootstrap-t transformation are recommended for EPC calculation when all distribution fits are poor. If a data set is well fit by a distribution, parametric bootstrap may provide a suitable EPC.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: regulation ; radioactive waste ; performance assessment ; risk assessment ; regulatory assessment ; bias evaluation ; international collaboration ; underground disposal ; quantitative risk analysis ; public debate ; decision process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Much has been written about the development and application of quantitative methods for estimating under uncertainty the long-term radiological performance of underground disposal of radioactive wastes. Until recently, interest has been focused almost entirely on the technical challenges regardless of the role of the organization responsible for these analyses. Now the dialogue between regulators, the repository developer or operator, and other interested parties in the decision-making process receives increasing attention, especially in view of some current difficulties in obtaining approvals to construct or operate deep facilities for intermediate or high-level wastes. Consequently, it is timely to consider the options for regulators' review and evaluation of safety submissions, at the various stages in the site selection to repository closure process, and to consider, especially, the role for performance assessment (PA) within the programs of a regulator both before and after delivery of such a submission. The origins and broad character of present regulations in the European Union (EU) and in the OECD countries are outlined and some regulatory PA reviewed. The issues raised are discussed, especially in regard to the interpretation of regulations, the dangers from the desire for simplicity in argument, the use of regulatory PA to review and challenge the PA in the safety case, and the effects of the relationship between proponent and regulator. Finally, a very limited analysis of the role of PA in public hearings is outlined and recommendations are made, together with proposals for improving the mechanisms for international collaboration on technical issues of regulatory concern.
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    Risk analysis 18 (1998), S. 679-688 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Air quality ; benchmarking ; best available control technology ; contaminant exposure ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Although occupational exposure limits are sought to establish health-based standards, they do not always give a sufficient basis for planning an indoor air climate that is good and comfortable for the occupants in industrial work rooms. This paper considers methodologies by which the desired level, i.e., target level, of air quality in industrial settings can be defined, taking into account feasibility issues. Risk assessment based on health criteria is compared with risk-assessment based on “Best Available Technology” (BAT). Because health-based risk estimates at low concentration regions are rather inaccurate, the technology-based approach is emphasized. The technological approach is based on information on the prevailing concentrations in industrial work environments and the benchmark air quality attained with the best achievable technology. The prevailing contaminant concentrations are obtained from a contaminant exposure databank, and the benchmark air quality by field measurements in industrial work rooms equipped with advanced ventilation and production technology. As an example, the target level assessment has been applied to formaldehyde, total inorganic dust and hexavalent chromium, which are common contaminants in work room air.
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  • 59
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    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 23-32 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Software failures ; software hazard analysis ; safety-critical systems ; risk assessment ; context
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract As the use of digital computers for instrumentation and control of safety-critical systems has increased, there has been a growing debate over the issue of whether probabilistic risk assessment techniques can be applied to these systems. This debate has centered on the issue of whether software failures can be modeled probabilistically. This paper describes a “context-based” approach to software risk assessment that explicitly recognizes the fact that the behavior of software is not probabilistic. The source of the perceived uncertainty in its behavior results from both the input to the software as well as the application and environment in which the software is operating. Failures occur as the result of encountering some context for which the software was not properly designed, as opposed to the software simply failing “randomly.” The paper elaborates on the concept of “error-forcing context” as it applies to software. It also illustrates a methodology which utilizes event trees, fault trees, and the Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology (DFM) to identify “error-forcing contexts” for software in the form of fault tree prime implicants.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Benchmark ; mercury ; risk assessment ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents benchmark (BMD) calculations and additional regression analyses of data from a study in which scores from 26 scholastic and psychological tests administered to 237 6- and 7-year-old New Zealand children were correlated with the mercury concentration in their mothers' hair during pregnancy. The original analyses of five test scores found an association between high prenatal mercury exposure and decreased test performance, using category variables for mercury exposure. Our regression analyses, which utilized the actual hair mercury level, did not find significant associations between mercury and children's test scores. However, this finding was highly influenced by a single child whose mother's mercury hair level (86 mg/kg) was more than four times that of any other mother. When that child was omitted, results were more indicative of a mercury effect and scores on six tests were significantly associated with the mothers' hair mercury level. BMDs calculated from five tests ranged from 32 to 73 mg/kg hair mercury, and corresponding BMDLs (95% lower limits on BMDs) ranged from 17 to 24 mg/kg. When the child with the highest mercury level was omitted, BMDs ranged from 13 to 21 mg/kg, and corresponding BMDLs ranged from 7.4 to 10 mg/kg.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Remediation ; stakeholders ; deliberation ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The National Research Council has recommended the use of an analytic/deliberative decision-making process in environmental restoration decisions that involve multiple stakeholders. This work investigates the use of the results of risk assessment and multiattribute utility analysis (the “analysis”) in guiding the deliberation. These results include the ranking of proposed remedial action alternatives according to each stakeholder's preferences, as well as the identification of the major reasons for these rankings. The stakeholder preferences are over a number of performance measures that include the traditional risk assessment metrics, e.g., individual worker risk, as well as programmatic, cultural, and cost-related impacts. Based on these results, a number of proposals are prepared for consideration by the stakeholders during the deliberation. These proposals are the starting point for the formulation of actual recommendations by the group. In our case study, these recommendations included new remedial action alternatives that were created by the stakeholders after an extensive discussion of the detailed analytical results.
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  • 62
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    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 327-334 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Biological introductions ; binucleate Rhizoctonia ; biocontrol ; risk assessment ; seedlings ; susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This article describes an application of a method for assessing risks associated with the introduction of an organism into a new environment. The test organism was a binucleate Rhizoctonia fungal isolate that has potential for commercial development as a biological control agent for damping-off diseases in bedding plants. A test sample of host plant species was selected using the centrifugal phylogenetic host range principles, but with an emphasis on economic species. The effect of the fungus on the plant was measured for each species and expressed on a logarithmic scale. The effects on weights of shoots and roots per container were not normally distributed, nor were the effects on the number of plants standing (those which survived). Statements about the effect on the number standing and the shoot weight per container involved using the observed (empirical) distribution. This is illustrated with an example. Problems were encountered in defining the population of species at risk, and in deciding how this population should be formally sampled. The limitations of the method are discussed.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: dose-response ; models ; food-borne ; pathogens ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Food-related illness in the United States is estimated to affect over six million people per year and cost the economy several billion dollars. These illnesses and costs could be reduced if minimum infectious doses were established and used as the basis of regulations and monitoring. However, standard methodologies for dose-response assessment are not yet formulated for microbial risk assessment. The objective of this study was to compare dose-response models for food-borne pathogens and determine which models were most appropriate for a range of pathogens. The statistical models proposed in the literature and chosen for comparison purposes were log-normal, log-logistic, exponential, β-Poisson and Weibull-Gamma. These were fit to four data sets also taken from published literature, Shigella flexneri, Shigella dysenteriae,Campylobacter jejuni, and Salmonella typhosa, using the method of maximum likelihood. The Weibull-gamma, the only model with three parameters, was also the only model capable of fitting all the data sets examined using the maximum likelihood estimation for comparisons. Infectious doses were also calculated using each model. Within any given data set, the infectious dose estimated to affect one percent of the population ranged from one order of magnitude to as much as nine orders of magnitude, illustrating the differences in extrapolation of the dose response models. More data are needed to compare models and examine extrapolation from high to low doses for food-borne pathogens.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: ethylene oxide ; risk assessment ; epidemiology ; cancer guidelines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ethylene oxide (EO) research has significantly increased since the 1980s, when regulatory risk assessments were last completed on the basis of the animal cancer chronic bioassays. In tandem with the new scientific understanding, there have been evolutionary changes in regulatory risk assessment guidelines, that encourage flexibility and greater use of scientific information. The results of an updated meta-analysis of the findings from 10 unique EO study cohorts from five countries, including nearly 33,000 workers, and over 800 cancers are presented, indicating that EO does not cause increased risk of cancers overall or of brain, stomach or pancreatic cancers. The findings for leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) are inconclusive. Two studies with the requisite attributes of size, individual exposure estimates and follow up are the basis for dose-response modeling and added lifetime risk predictions under environmental and occupational exposure scenarios and a variety of plausible alternative assumptions. A point of departure analysis, with various margins of exposure, is also illustrated using human data. The two datasets produce remarkably similar leukemia added risk predictions, orders of magnitude lower than prior animal-based predictions under conservative, default assumptions, with risks on the order of 1 × 10−6 or lower for exposures in the low ppb range. Inconsistent results for “lymphoid” tumors, a non-standard grouping using histologic information from death certificates, are discussed. This assessment demonstrates the applicability of the current risk assessment paradigm to epidemiological data.
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  • 65
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    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 1223-1234 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: risk assessment ; standard-setting ; carcinogens ; OSHA ; ACGIH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For carcinogens, this paper provides a quantitative examination of the roles of potency and weight-of-evidence (WOE) in setting permissible exposure limits (PELs) at the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and threshold limit values (TLVs) at the private American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). On normative grounds, both of these factors should influence choices about the acceptable level of exposures. Our major objective is to examine whether and in what ways these factors have been considered by these organizations. A lesser objective is to identify outliers, which might be candidates for further regulatory scrutiny. Our sample (N=48) includes chemicals for which EPA has estimated a unit risk as a measure of carcinogenic potency and for which OSHA or the ACGIH has a PEL or TLV. Different assessments of the strength of the evidence of carcinogenicity were obtained from EPA, ACGIH, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We found that potency alone explains 49% of the variation in PELs and 62% of the variation in TLVs. For the ACGIH, WOE plays a much smaller role than potency. TLVs set by the ACGIH since 1989 appear to be stricter than earlier TLVs. We suggest that this change represents evidence that the ACGIH had responded to criticisms leveled at it in the late 1980s for failing to adopt sufficiently protective standards. The models developed here identify 2-nitropropane, ethylene dibromide, and chromium as having OSHA PELs significantly higher than predicted on the basis of potency and WOE.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Extreme events ; risk assessment ; risk management ; extreme value theory ; judgmental distributions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we review methods for assessing and managing the risk of extreme events, where “extreme events” are defined to be rare, severe, and outside the normal range of experience of the system in question. First, we discuss several systematic approaches for identifying possible extreme events. We then discuss some issues related to risk assessment of extreme events, including what type of output is needed (e.g., a single probability vs. a probability distribution), and alternatives to the probabilistic approach. Next, we present a number of probabilistic methods. These include: guidelines for eliciting informative probability distributions from experts; maximum entropy distributions; extreme value theory; other approaches for constructing prior distributions (such as reference or noninformative priors); the use of modeling and decomposition to estimate the probability (or distribution) of interest; and bounding methods. Finally, we briefly discuss several approaches for managing the risk of extreme events, and conclude with recommendations and directions for future research.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Market response ; risk assessment ; airplane accidents ; airline industry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The risk of catastrophic failures, for example in the aviation and aerospace industries, can be approached from different angles (e.g., statistics when they exist, or a detailed probabilistic analysis of the system). Each new accident carries information that has already been included in the experience base or constitutes new evidence that can be used to update a previous assessment of the risk. In this paper, we take a different approach and consider the risk and the updating from the investor's point of view. Based on the market response to past airplane accidents, we examine which ones have created a “surprise response” and which ones are considered part of the risk of the airline business as previously assessed. To do so, we quantify the magnitude and the timing of the observed market response to catastrophic accidents, and we compare it to an estimate of the response that would be expected based on the true actual cost of the accident including direct and indirect costs (“full-cost information” response). First, we develop a method based on stock market data to measure the actual market response to an accident and we construct an estimate of the “full-cost information” response to such an event. We then compare the two figures for the immediate and the long-term response of the market for the affected firm, as well as for the whole industry group to which the firm belongs. As an illustration, we analyze a sample of ten fatal accidents experienced by major US domestic airlines during the last seven years. In four cases, we observed an abnormal market response. In these instances, it seems that the shareholders may have updated their estimates of the probability of a future accident in the affected airlines or more generally of the firm's future business prospects. This market reaction is not always easy to explain much less to anticipate, a fact which management should bear in mind when planning a firm's response to such an event.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Uncertainty ; variability ; risk assessment ; risk management ; ozone ; clean air act ; social policy ; analysis of benefits and costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper is a challenge from a pair of lifelong technical specialists in risk assessment for the risk-management community to better define social decision criteria for risk acceptance vs. risk control in relation to the issues of variability and uncertainty. To stimulate discussion, we offer a variety of “straw man” proposals about where we think variability and uncertainty are likely to matter for different types of social policy considerations in the context of a few different kinds of decisions. In particular, we draw on recent presentations of uncertainty and variability data that have been offered by EPA in the context of the consideration of revised ambient air quality standards under the Clean Air Act.
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  • 69
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    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 135-152 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Probability ; uncertainty ; data ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Risk assessors attempting to use probabilistic approaches to describe uncertainty often find themselves in a data-sparse situation: available data are only partially relevant to the parameter of interest, so one needs to adjust empirical distributions, use explicit judgmental distributions, or collect new data. In determining whether or not to collect additional data, whether by measurement or by elicitation of experts, it is useful to consider the expected value of the additional information. The expected value of information depends on the prior distribution used to represent current information; if the prior distribution is too narrow, in many risk-analytic cases the calculated expected value of information will be biased downward. The well-documented tendency toward overconfidence, including the neglect of potential surprise, suggests this bias may be substantial. We examine the expected value of information, including the role of surprise, test for bias in estimating the expected value of information, and suggest procedures to guard against overconfidence and underestimation of the expected value of information when developing prior distributions and when combining distributions obtained from multiple experts. The methods are illustrated with applications to potential carcinogens in food, commercial energy demand, and global climate change.
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 54-73 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Quecksilber ; Blei ; Toxizität ; Säuglingsnahrung ; cadmium ; mercury ; lead ; toxicity ; infantformulas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are differences between young and adult organisms regarding toxokinetic aspects and clinical manifestations of heavy metal intoxications. Chronically, toxic Cd intake causes a microcytotic hypochromic anemia in young rats at lower exposure levels and after shorter exposure periods than in adult animals. Cd absorption is increased by co-administration of milk and in conjunction with iron deficiency. After long exposure periods toxic Cd concentrations accumulate in the kidney cortex; this process starts very early in life. In 3-year-old children Cd concentrations in the kidney can reach up to one-third of those found in adults. Hg++ and methyl-Hg can cause Hg encephalopathia, and frequently cause mental retardation in adults. Correspondingly, Hg++ accumulation in the brains of suckling rats is approx. 10 times higher than in grown animals. Milk increases the bioavailability of Hg++. In suckling rats Hg is bound to a greater extent to ligands in the erythrocytes. Methyl-Hg concentrations in breast milk reach 5% of those in maternal plasma and that is a severe hazard for breastfed children of exposed mothers. Toxic Pb concentrations can lead to Pb encephalopathia. A high percentage of surviving children have seizures and show signs of mental retardation. Anemia and reduced intelligence scores were recently observed in children after exposure to very low levels of Pb. Pb absorption is increased in children and after co-administration of milk. There are no definite proofs for carcinogenesis or mutagenesis after oral exposure to Cd, Hg, and Pb in man. Heavy metal concentrations were found in the same order of magnitude in commercial infant formulas and in breast milk. When infant formulas are reconstituted with contaminated tap water, however, Pb and Cd concentrations can be much higher. The average heavy metal uptake from such diets exceeds the provisional tolerable weekly intake levels set by the WHO for adults, calculated on the basis of an average food intake and a downscaled body weight. These considerations do not even provide for differences in absorption and distribution or for the increased sensitivity of children to heavy metal exposure. However, dilution effects for essential heavy metals were observed in fast-growing Young children; this effect might be extrapolated to toxic metals. These theoretical considerations are compared with epidemiological evidence. A health statistic from Baltimore shows a decline of Pb intoxications in infants. This observation correlates with a simultaneous decline in exposure to Pb which was due, for example, to decreased use of lead dyes in house paints and the abolition of tin cans for infant food. At the end of the observation period Pb-related infant mortality had decreased to zero. Maximum admissible Pb exposure from infant formulas in the USA has now been further reduced but the calculated Pb exposures in the example mentioned above are still lower. In conclusion, no hazard can be deducted from the mentioned epidemiological data regarding the present content of Cd, Hg, and Pb in commercially available infant formulas in Germany. Looking at the high toxic potential, however, it seems desirable to keep the content of these three metals in infant formulas as low as the best available technology can achieve.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die klinischen Symptome und die Toxokinetik von Schwermetallintoxikationen zeigen Unterschiede zwischen jungen und ausgewachsenen Organismen. Chronisch toxische Cd-Mengen verursachen eine mikrozytäre hypochrome Anämie, die bei Jungratten nach kürzerer und geringerer Exposition auftritt als bei erwachsenen Tieren. Nach der Resorption, die durch Milch und im Eisenmangel erhöht ist, akkumuliert Cd über Jahre bis zu toxischen Konzentrationen in der Nierenrinde. Dieser Fortgang beginnt im Säuglingsalter und kann in den ersten drei Lebensjahren bis zu 1/3 der Erwachsenenwerte erreichen. Hg++ und Methyl-Hg können u. a. eine Hg-Enzephalopathie hervorrufen, in deren Folge Kinder mehr als Erwachsene geistige Behinderungen zeigten. In Saugratten ist die Hg-Akkumulation im Hirn gegenüber erwachsenen Tieren zehnfach erhöht. Milch steigert die Bioverfügbarkeit von Hg++, das nach der Resorption bei Säuglingen vermehrt in den Erythrozyten gebunden wird. Methyl-Hg erreicht in der Muttermilch 5 % der mütterlichen Plasmakonzentration und führte bei epidemischen Vergiftungen zu schweren Schäden bei Säuglingen. Chronische Pb-Exposition kann Enzephalopathien verursachen, die bei Kindern in einem hohen Prozentsatz Krampfleiden und geistige Behinderungen hinterlassen. Anämien und Intelligenzminderungen werden bei Kindern nach sehr niedrigen Pb-Expositionen beobachtet. Die Pb-Resorption wird durch Milchgabe gesteigert und ist bei Kindern erhöht. Für Cd, Hg und Pb gibt es keine gesicherten Belege für Karzinogenese oder Mutagenese bei Menschen nach oraler Exposition. Der Schwermetallgehalt in kommerzieller Säuglingsnahrung liegt in derselben Größenordnung wie in der Muttermilch. Bei Verwendung von kontaminiertem Zapfwasser zur Rekonstitution von Fertignahrung ist die Belastung mit Pb und Cd jedoch erhöht. Die theoretische Metallaufnahme aus solchen Diäten, berechnet für einen normgewichtigen Säugling und einen repräsentativen Diätplan, übersteigt, bezogen auf das Körpergewicht, die „provisional tolerable weekly intakes“ der WHO für Erwachsene. Dabei führen Unterschiede in Resorption und Verteilung von Cd, Hg und Pb zu einer erhöhten Empfindlichkeit des kindlichen Organismus. Andererseits ergibt sich aus dem schnellen Wachstum von Säuglingen ein Verdünnungseffekt für essentielle Spurenmetalle, der von manchen Autoren auf toxische Metalle extrapoliert wird. Diesen theoretischen Überlegungen stehen epidemiologische Erfahrungen gegenüber. Eine Statistik über kindliche Bleivergiftungen aus Baltimore ist über einen Zeitraum von 13 Jahren stark rückläufig. Die einzelnen Stufen des Rückgangs lassen sich mit einem zeitgleichen Rückgang der kindlichen Pb-Belastung korrelieren, z. B. durch die Meidung von Bleifarben für den Hausanstrich oder die Abschaffung von bleihaltigem Verpackungsmaterial für Babynahrung. Am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraums weist die Mortalitätsstatistik keine einschlägigen Todesfälle mehr auf. In den USA wurde der zulässige Pb-Gehalt in der Säuglingsnahrung seither weiter reduziert. Die im oben genannten Beispiel aus deutschen Werten errechneten Pb-Belastungen liegen deutlich darunter. Zusammenfassend läßt sich aus den genannten epidemiologischen Erfahrungen keine akute Gefährdung durch die gegenwärtigen Cd-, Hg- und Pb-Gehalte in kommerzieller Säuglings- und Kleinkindnahrung ableiten. Das hohe toxische Potential läßt es aber wünschenswert erscheinen, die Gehalte dieser drei Metalle so niedrig zu halten, wie es nach neuestem technischem Stand möglich wäre.
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  • 71
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    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Blei ; Cadmium ; Quecksilber ; Gewürze ; Gewürzzubereitungen ; Wurstwaren ; Lead ; cadmium ; mercury ; spices ; condiments ; meat products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The lead and cadmium contents of 50 spices and 19 condiments were investigated by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mercury contents were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption method including amalgamation. The mean concentrations of lead, cadmium, and mercury were 0.470 mg/kg, 0.080 mg/kg, and 0.005 mg/kg, respectively. By using the detected levels of these three heavy metals in model calculations only a small carry-over of lead, cadmium, and mercury in meat products by spices and condiments can be assumed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 50 Gewürze und 19 Gewürzzubereitungen wurden mittels flammenloser Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie auf ihren Blei- und Cadmiumgehalt sowie mittels Kaltdampftechnik und nachfolgender Amalgamierung auf ihren Quecksilbergehalt untersucht. Im Mittel wurden hierbei 0,470 mg Blei, 0,080 mg Cadmium und 0,005 mg Quecksilber pro kg Würzmittel gefunden. Anhand von Modellrechnungen wurde ein nur geringer Blei-, Cadmium- und Quecksilbereintrag über Würzmittel in die Wurstsorten Fleischwurst, Leberwurst und Mettwurst aufgezeigt.
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  • 72
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 57-77 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic transport ; risk assessment ; concentration CDF ; exceedance probabilities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the principles underlying a recently developed numerical technique for modeling transport in heterogeneous porous media. The method is then applied to derive the concentration mean and variance, the concentration CDF, exceedance probabilities and exposure time CDF, which are required by various regulatory agencies for risk and performance assessment calculations. The dependence of the various statistics on elapsed travel time, location in space, the dimension of the detection volume, natural variability and pore-scale dispersion is investigated and discussed.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Biocides ; organochlorines ; mercury ; pollution ; river Rhine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1994/95 durchgeführte Vergleichsuntersuchungen zur Belastung von Binnenland- und Wattenmeerbrütern des Austernfischers mit den Bioziden DDT, DDE und HCH sowie den Industriechemikalien PCB, HCB und Hg ergaben in Austernfischer-Eiern vom Unteren Niederrhein signifikant höhere Konzentrationen chlororganischer Verbindungen als in Eiern der Wattenmeerinseln Griend (NL) und Mellum (D). Nur Hg wurde in niederrheinischen Eiern in hoch signifikant geringerer Konzentration gefunden als in Eiern von Brutvögel des Wattenmeeres. Austernfischer-Eier von Griend waren bezüglich der meisten analysierten Parameter geringer belastet als Eier von Mellum (Ausnahmen: pp'DDT, Σ PCB). Von den untersuchten Umweltchemikalien war die PCB-Konzentration in allen drei Untersuchungsgebieten am höchsten. Die hohe PCB-Kontamination am Unteren Niederrhein spiegelt die auch heute noch erhebliche Belastung des Flusses mit „Altlasten” wider. Weder die Konzentration der untersuchten Industriechemikalien noch die der Biozide dürften von embryotoxischer Wirkung gewesen sein.
    Notes: Summary Due to the international importance of the Wadden Sea for waders and waterfowl a long-term programme to monitor contamination of birds breeding in the Wadden Sea has been established in the early 1980s. One of the species selected is the Oystercatcher. Comparatively little is known about contamination of birds breeding inland. Therefore, we collected eight eggs of Oystercatchers breeding at the Lower Rhine (district of Kleve) and analysed their contamination with biocides (DDT, DDE, HCH) and industrial chemicals (PCB, HCB, Hg) in comparison to birds breeding on the Wadden Sea islands of Griend (NL) and Mellum (D), where ten eggs were collected in 1994/95. We found distinctive differences between inland and Wadden Sea breeding Oystercatchers. Eggs from the Lower Rhine had significantly higher residues of all organochlorines, whereas concentration of mercury was significantly lower than in those from birds breeding on the Wadden Sea islands. In general, eggs collected on Griend held lower concentrations than those collected on Mellum island, except pp'-DDT and Σ PCB. The high PCB contamination in Ostercatcher eggs from the Lower Rhine nowadays reflects the extreme pollution in the past. However, concentrations of the parameters studied obviously had no embryotoxic effects in Oystercatchers.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: copper ; mercury ; chromatin supraorganization ; survival ; Triatoma infestans ; Hemiptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nuclear phenotypes and survival of the hemipteran,Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), were studied in specimens treated with copper sulfate and methylmercury. The objective was to determine whether changes in chromatin supraorganization and insect survival similar to those promoted by other stressing agents could also be induced by heavy metals. At the concentrations used, copper sulfate and methylmercury were toxic to the cells, mainly inducing nuclear degenrration in the Malpighian tubules and being lethal to a large part of the insect population. Although some individual resistance was found, especially in fasted specimens, heavy metals were found to be much more lethal than was, for instance, a thermal shock at 0°C for 12 h. The nuclear phenotypes detected after heavy metal treatment were similar to those reported under other stressing conditions. However, the frequency at which nuclei exhibited aspects of heterochromatin unraveling was much higher than that found in fasted and thermal-shocked specimens, and was independent of the heavy metal type used. If this phenotype represents an attempt to improve opportunities for extensive cell and insect survival, it was not sufficiently effective. In 5th instar nymphs, the effect of CuSO4 on chromatin supraorganization was detected at early steps of spermatogenesis but not in the cells which were at late spermiogenesis when the metal was administered. This is probably due to changes in nuclear protein composition and to the tightly packed state of the DNA-protein complexes occurring at spermiogenesis, which may protect chromatin from damages. However, when CuSO4 was supplied to 4th instar nymphs, it slowed down the spermiogenesis process, possibly due to several factors including Cu2+ binding to DNA phosphates.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: honeybee Apis mellifera ; proteinase inhibitors ; long-term toxicity ; olfactory conditioning ; proteinases ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the effects of long-term ingestion of two serine proteinase inhibitors (PIs), the Kunitz Soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) and the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) on survival, learning abilities involved in the foraging behaviour, and digestive physiology of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L., Hymenoptera). A threshold-dose was established, above which adverse effects of long-term ingestion of the PIs tested are to be expected. The experiments reported herein could be extended to other PIs or gene products used to confer insect resistance, and be part of a general procedure used to assess the innocuousness of transgenic melliferous plants to honeybees.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Hazard analysis ; risk assessment ; risk management ; explosion ; fire ; risk avoidance ; hazard indices ; HAZOP ; quantitative analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The report briefly describes the consecutive steps in the identification, assessment and comparison of hazards and associated risk. These techniques can be helpful in setting the priorities for the decision on measures to reduce risk. When quantifying risk for the comparison of alternative cases, the use of a consistent data base is stressed. It is pointed out that the risk assessment techniques described in the report, although potentially valuable tools for improving overall safety performance, have shortcomings particularly in dealing with human factors. A glossary is appended to define terms as they are used in this report and a list of recommended further reading is included. Part II will appear inFire Technology, November 1984.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Hazard analysis ; risk assessment ; risk management ; explosion ; fire ; risk avoidance ; hazard indices ; HAZOP ; quantitative analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The report briefly describes the consecutive steps in the identification, assessment and comparison of hazards and associated risk. These techniques can be helpful in setting the priorities for the decision on measures to reduce risk. When quantifying risk for the comparison of alternative cases, the use of a consistent data base is stressed. It is pointed out that the risk assessment techniques described in the report, although potentially valuable tools for improving overall safety performance, have short-comings particularly in dealing with human factors. A glossary is appended to define terms as they are used in this report and a list of recommended further reading is included. Part I appeared inFire Technology, August 1984.
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  • 78
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    Fire technology 32 (1996), S. 297-307 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire ; safety ; design ; regulations ; performance ; guidelines ; risk assessment ; evaluation ; criteria ; technology transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Australia is quickly moving toward adopting performance-based regulations for building fire safety. This approach offers owners and designers more flexibility, greater opportunity for innovation, and more cost-effective construction. To help introduce a performance approach, the Fire Code Reform Centre has developedFire Engineering Guidelines, which document an agreed methodology for performance-based design and draws on earlier Australian research and similar developments in a number of countries. The guidelines are the first step in a broader research program to develop a full risk assessment methodology as the basis for fire safety design in Australia.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Platinum ; mercury ; ruthenium ; heteronuclear ; cluster ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Addition of a THF solution prepared by stirring [CpRu(CO)2]2 over Na/Hg amalgam to a solution of the triplatinum cluster [Pt3(dppm)3(CO)][PF6]2 (1) in THF gives the heteronuclear cluster [Pt3(dppm)3{(μ4-Hg)–RuCp(CO)2}2] [PF6]2 (2) in 40% yield following chromatography. A single crystal X-ray study of 2 reveals structural parameters for the Pt3Hg2 molecular core that are consistent with those of other structurally characterized complexes of this type. 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectra of this complex indicate that the structure observed in the solid state is retained in solution.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: cadmium ; cell culture ; culture medium ; ICP-MS ; K-562 ; mercury ; selenium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of some metals on the growth of cultured human erythroleukemia K-562 cells were investigated when grown in two different types of media based upon RPMI-1640 or Ham's F-10. The study on proliferation, using RPMI-1640 supplemented with sodium selenite, selenomethionine, mercuric chloride, methylmercuric chloride and cadmium nitrate showed no inhibition of growth at concentrations of 2.5, 25, 25, 2.5 and 25 μM, while at 75, 250, 50, 5 and 50 μM toxicity was apparent. Selenite at 5–50 μM and selenomethionine at 50–100 μM inhibited the growth. In Ham's F-10 supplemented with the same compounds no inhibition was found at concentrations of 5, 10, 25, 1 and 50 μM, while at 50, 100, 50, 5 and 75 μM toxic effects were noted. Selenite 10 μM and selenomethionine 25-50 μM inhibited the proliferation. Measurements of trace element levels in pellets of K-562 cells grown in RPMI-1640 or Ham's F-10 unveiled higher cell contents of cadmium and selenium in cells grown in RPMI-1640, being consistent with higher concentrations of these elements in that medium. Manganese and mercury concentrations were higher in cells grown in Ham's F-10 correlating with a higher medium concentration of these elements. The growth responses and cellular uptake differed between the metals and the selenocompounds and although extrapolating the results to humans is difficult the selenium exposures were in approximately the same order of magnitude as in human exposures. The compounds could be ranked according to decreasing toxicity as: methylmercuric chloride 〉 mercuric chloride, cadmium nitrate, sodium selenite 〉 selenomethionine.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: energy transfer ; fluorescence ; mercury ; phycobilisome ; phycocyanin ; Spirulina platensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have shown that mercury affects energy transfer in Spirulina platensis. It inhibits energy transfer from phycocyanin to chlorophyll a by specifically bleaching the β-84 chromophore of the chromo protein, phycocyanin (PC), in the cyanobacterium. This effect is observed during short-term exposure of cells to Hg2+ ions. Upon long-term (12 h) exposure, mercury at low concentrations (1–2.5 μm) causes the gradual degradation of the β polypeptide (22 kDa) of the PC of phycobilisomes in this cyanobacterium. The effect of mercury on this polypeptide is significant compared with the other phycobiliproteins.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: mercury ; Na-K-ATPase ; rat liver ; signal transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Specific binding of Hg to ouabain-sensitive Na-K-ATPase of rat liver plasma membrane was demonstrated with a K of 2.64¥10 and B of 1.6nmole mg protein. The binding of mercury to the enzyme also causes significant inhibition of the enzyme, which is greater than its ouabain sensitivity. In the cytosol Hg binding to reduced glutathione (GSH) is stimulated by GSH-S-transferase (GST), the activity of which was found to be significantly enhanced by 15mM Na and 10mM Hg. It is proposed that the transport of Hg2 inside the cell takes place by increased dissociation of Hg from the membrane due to greater avidity of Hg towards cytosolar GSH binding. The GSH-Hg complex enters the nucleus where it dissociates to bind the metal response element (MRE) of the metallothionein (MT) gene to induce MT transcription.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: lead ; mercury ; metals ; nickel ; radiation effects ; selenium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of Pb2+, Ni2+, Hg2+ and Se4+ on cultured human glioma U-343MG cells were investigated considering uptake, toxicity and, in combination with radiation, clonogenic cell survival. The cells were exposed to 0-100 μm of the metals for a week before the evaluation. The tests showed a tendency to toxicity with 10 μm nickel although not significant (P 〉 0.05). Selenium, lead and mercury exerted a significant toxicity (P 〈 0.05) at 2.5 μm, 10 μm and 1 μm, respectively. To challenge the clonogenic cell survival capacity, the cells were irradiated with60Co photons after being exposed to the highest nontoxic concentration of the different metals. The clonogenic cell survival tests, after irradiation, showed no significant change if the cells were exposed to 5 μm nickel, 0.5 μm selenium or 5 μm lead compared with those not exposed. Mercury, 0.1 μm, gave a relative reduction in survival compared with only irradiated cells of 58 ± 17%. Thus, only mercury affected the radiation-induced damage and/or repair. When exposed to the highest nontoxic concentrations of the different metals, the cultures did not display a significant uptake ratio (metal concentration ratio of exposed cells to control cells) of nickel (3.1 ± 3.3), only a small uptake ratio of selenium (4.0 ± 0.4), while there was a large uptake ratio of both lead (2.6 ± 1.7) x 102 and mercury (1.5 ± 0.2) x 101. The results indicated that nickel was neither especially toxic nor influenced the clonogenic cell survival after irradiation. Mercury was more toxic and also influenced the radiation sensitivity. Lead was taken up strongly but did not influence the radiation sensitivity. Selenium accumulated but gave no detectable effect on the radiation sensitivity.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: 3β-HSD ; fish oocyte ; mercury ; Na-K-ATPase ; steroidogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Both in vitro and in vivo HgCl treatment demonstrated a remarkably high rate of progesterone synthesis accompanied by a low rate of conversion to 17β-estradiol in the oocyte of Channa punctatus. On depuration, however, there was a reversal of the steroidogenic scenario with a low progesterone and high estradiol level. The accumulation of progesterone was positively correlated with the significant increase in 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the Hg-treated fish. Thus, it was clear that at the early stage of intoxication Hg does play a role in the induction of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the oocyte of fish at the spawning stage. The induction of this enzyme was found to be mediated by specific binding of Hg to the plasma membrane Na-K-ATPase (B: 14 nmoles mg protein; K 1.14 x 108 moles) and increase in the specific messenger RNA translating 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. It is concluded that inorganic mercury is able to initiate translatable messenger RNA synthesis in fish oocyte at a low degree of intoxication.
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  • 85
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    BioMetals 10 (1997), S. 357-361 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: copper ; exposure ; mercury ; smoking ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The excretion of mercury, copper and zinc in urine, and mercury in whole blood andplasma, was determined in 40 chloralkali workers exposed to mercury vapour and 40age-matched referents. The Hg concentrations in whole blood, plasma and urine werehigher in the exposed group (35 nmol l, 30 nmol l,and 11.5 nmol mmol creatinine, respectively) in comparison with thereference group (15 nmol l, 6.3 nmol l, and 1.8nmol mmol creatinine, respectively). The urinary copper excretionwas similar in the two groups, while U-Zn excretion was significantly higher (P = 0.04)in the exposed group, median 0.83 mmol mmol creatinine versus 0.76mnmol mmol creatinine in the reference group. In a subgroup of exposedworkers with current U-Hg above 11.5 nmol lmmolcreatinine (20 mg g creatinine) the medianU-Zn was 1.1 mmol mmol creatinine. In both groups smokers had highU-Zn levels than non smokers. When both U-Hg and smoking were taken into account in alinear regression model, there was a significant association between U-Hg and U-Zn inthe combined group of exposed and referents (P = 0.002). This study indicates thatmercury exposure in humans, as in animals, causes increased urinary excretion of zinc.The mechanisms may be induced synthesis of metallothionein in the kidneys, displacementof Zn from preexisting metallothionein by Hg, or a decreased reabsorption of zinc in thekidneys owing to a slight tubular dysfunction.
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  • 86
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    BioMetals 11 (1998), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: feathers ; pheasant ; mercury ; muscles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mercury concentrations were determined in muscles and feathers of 58 cock pheasants. Birds were collected from seven different polluted sites in southern Poland in 1987. The mercury concentrations in the muscle ranged from 0.010 to 0.026 mug g dry mass. The significantly highest values were found in muscle samples from Przylasek and Przemysl. The levels found in the flight feathers were higher than in breast feathers. Average concentrations in flight feathers ranged from 0.050 mug g (Przemysl) to 0.240 mug g dry mass (Przylasek). © Rapid Science 1998
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: capsule secondary structure ; exopolysaccharide ; bacterial cell surface ; copper ; mercury ; ytterbium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Escherichia coli K1 secretes a homopolymer capsular polysaccharide (CPS) consisting of alpha 2,8 linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (poly α2,8NeuNAc). Typically poly α2,8NeuNAc is arranged in low and high order alpha helices with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups extending from the helices. Several properties of CPS such as antigenicity and metal binding can be influenced by its structural conformation. We examined the influences of metal ions and temperature on the secondary structure of polyαa2,8NeuNAc. Conformation alteration was detected by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD). The majority of metal ions tested had no detectable influence on poly a2,8NeuNAc structure. In contrast, Yb3+., Hg2+, and Cu2+ ions greatly altered the UV and CD spectra, which suggests that these ions had disrupted the alpha helical structure of poly α2,8NeuNAc. These changes were influenced by the metal ion concentration. When poly α2,8NeuNAc was incubated at temperatures ranging from 20 - 60°C, alterations in its UV absorption spectra were also seen. The most significant change occurred between 35 and 40°C. In summary, this study suggests that the higher order structure and function of bacterial CPS may be influenced by environmental factors
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: mercury ; trigeminal ganglion ; tooth pulp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An amalgam filling was inserted into the first upper molar of 12 rats and the animals were killed after 3–9 months. Tissue sections from the trigeminal ganglia and the brain stem were then investigated with a sensitive histochemical technique to trace mercury deposits. Within the trigeminal ganglia, nerve cells with mercury deposits were observed in seven out of 12 rats, whereas no mercury was detected in sections from the brain stem. The mechanism responsible for the accumulation of mercury in neurons of the trigeminal ganglia is discussed.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: mercury ; urine ; feces ; gastrointestinal absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of long-term daily intake of mercury on its urinary and fecal excretion, whole-body retention, and blood concentration in male rats were observed. The animals were exposed to mercuric chloride labeled with 203Hg via drinking water for 8 weeks (5, 50 and 500 μ m Hg). 203Hg in urine, feces and blood was quantified. The blood mercury concentration did not keep a linear relationship with the increasing dose. The percentage of the total amount of mercury intake which is excreted by the fecal route in rats exposed to 500 μ m Hg was significantly lower than in those exposed to 5 and 50 μ m. The daily dose percentage of mercury excreted in urine increased with dose size. The results show that the absorption fraction of mercury through the gastrointestinal tract (30–40%) was higher than values previously reported.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: mercury ; kidney ; metallothionein ; oral exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of long-term daily intake of low and high levels of mercury on its organ distribution and binding to renal metallothionein (MT) in male rats were studied. The animals were exposed to mercuric chloride labelled with203Hg via drinking water for 8 weeks (5, 50 and 500μ m Hg). The greatest concentration of mercury was found in the kidneys. Similar levels of radioactivity in the buccal cavity and oesophagus were also observed by whole-body autoradiography. In the kidneys, the mercury was accumulated in the outer stripe of the outer zone of the medulla and, to a minor degree, in the renal cortex. Almost 50% the total renal mercury was associated to MT. The binding capacity of the renal MT for mercury tends to saturate with increasing doses, thus this means that the capacity of the kidneys to accumulate mercury is limited.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: grade crossings ; level crossings ; railway safety ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the application of probabilistic risk assessment techniques to level crossing safety on JR East, the largest of the six private railroads in Japan. The risk of a level crossing accident was defined as the product of the accident rate and the expected consequences per accident. Rail traffic volume, road traffic volume, visibility of the crossing from the road, road gradient, width of the crossing and the type of safety devices at the crossing were shown to influence the accident rate and the collective risk. The mean accident rate at all crossings was 0.74 per million trains. The accident rate was 0.59 per million trains at crossings equipped with barriers, 1.25 at crossings equipped with warning bells and 0.76 at pedestrian crossings. Crossings equipped with obstacle detectors had a lower accident rate (0.12 per million trains) than crossings without detectors (0.43 per million trains). Crossings with visibility less than 20 m had a 50% higher mean accident rate than crossings with visibility greater than 20 m. As the number of tracks increased, the accident rate monotonically increased due to the increased accident exposure. Risk assessment techniques were applied to determine the efficacy of the various level crossing safety devices. In addition to upgrading the safety of crossings, the management techniques stressed the importance of education campaigns in warning the public about the dangers of illegal crossings.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Raman microprobe technique ; quinoline ; mercury ; adsorption ; condensation ; orientation ; distance profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Quinoline is known to adsorb on a mercury electrode surface with several differentorientations and it sometimes blocks other electrochemical reactions. The Ramanmicroprobe technique has been applied successfully to observe reorientations ofquinoline adsorbed on the mercury surface from neutral and basic aqueoussolutions. The orientation-distance profile from the mercury surface was also studied.A Raman band intensity of quinoline (1373 cm−1) relative to the intensity ofperchlorate ion (931 cm−1) was measured. The peak positions did not shift evenwhen the applied potential was altered, but the relative peak intensity changed.It was concluded that the adsorbed quinoline changes its orientation from a flatat −0.1 〉 E 〉 −0.3V, to a standing at E 〈 −0.5 V, passing through a mixtureof the two orientations when −0.3 〉 E 〉 −0.5 V.
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 190-200 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Philosophy of technology ; resease experiments ; gene technology ; technology assessment ; risk assessment ; transgenic organisms ; ethics in genetic engineering ; environmental ethics ; bioethics ; field tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Field tests with genetically modified organisms go beyond the boundaries of the politically and morally neutralized space that normally surrounds scientific experiments. They enter public areas. As a social process of shaping nature they are political in a fundamental sense. Consequences of this observation concern the legitimacy of decisions and the legitimacy of deciding procedures. The political rights of citizens and their human rights can only be respected if these procedures are democratic. Without a more serious exploration of the specific circumstances of release tests — for example, the precise ecological context, the consequences for the future development of the affected ecosystem, the social consequences, and the possible institutional ways of establishing gene technology in agriculture — we do not really know what we are doing when we release transgenic organisms. Moral judgements today can therefore only be prima facie, not free from shortcomings. As responsible judges we must confess that we are still morally blind.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: copper ; mercury ; rat ; tooth fillings ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to measure the distribution of mercury, in tissues of rats exposed to amalgam over a two months period. Possible interaction of mercury with copper and zinc in organs was also evaluated. Rats were either exposed to mercury from 4 dental amalgams, or fed the diet containing powdered amalgam during two months. Mercury was measured in the kidney, liver and brain, copper in kidney and brain and zinc in kidney. The results showed significantly higher concentrations of mercury in the kidneys and the brains of rats in both exposed groups compared to control. Even after two months of exposure to mercury brain mercury concentration in rats with amalgam fillings was 8 times higher than in the control and 2 times higher than in rats exposed to amalgam supplemented diet. The highest mercury concentration in the latter group was found in the kidneys and it was 5 times higher than in the control group. We found no significant differences between mercury levels in exposed and control rat's liver. Exposure to mercury from dental amalgams did not alter the concentrations of copper and zinc in the tissues. Histopathological analyses of rats tissues did not show any pathological changes. These results support previously proposed nose-brain transport of mercury released from dental amalgam fillings.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: mercury ; zinc ; copper ; metallothionein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of HgCl2 on urinary excretion of Zn, Cu and metallothionein at different time intervals were observed in male Wistar rats. The rats were given a daily intraperitoneal injection of203HgCl2 (0.5 or 1.0 mg Hg kg−1) for 2 days.203Hg, Zn, Cu and metallothionein in urine, kidney and liver were analyzed. Significant increases in urinary Zn and Cu concentrations were found in HgCl2-dosed groups. Elevated urinary Zn and Cu concentrations were accompanied by an increased metallothionein excretion in urine at different time periods. Zn concentration in urine remained elevated during the entire observation period of 7 days. There were also increased concentrations of Cu and Zn in the renal cortex in one of the two exposed groups. The results indicate that urinary Cu and Zn are related to the manifestation of renal toxicity and/or the synthesis of metallothionein in kidney induced by mercury.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioMetals 5 (1992), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: mercury ; arsenic ; cadmium ; plasmid ; restriction analysis ; curing ; conjugation ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pseudomonas sp isolated from the Bay of Bengal (Madras coast) contained a single large plasmid (pMR1) of 146 kb. Plasmid curing was not successful with mitomycin C, sodium dodecyl sulfate, acridine orange, nalidixic acid or heat. Transfer of mercury resistance from marinePseudomonas toEscherichia coli occurred during mixed culture incubation in liquid broth at 10−4 to 10−5 ml−1. However, transconjugants lacked the plasmid pMR1 and lost their ability to resist mercury. Transformation of pMR1 intoE. coli competent cells was successful; however, the efficiency of transformation (1.49×102 Hgr transformants μg−1 pMR1 DNA) was low.E. coli transformants containing the plasmid pMR1 conferred inducible resistance to mercury, arsenic and cadmium compounds similar to the parental strain, but with increased expression. The mercury resistant transformants exhibited mercury volatilization activity. A correlation existed between metal and antibiotic resistance in the plasmid pMR1.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Enzyme and Microbial Technology 16 (1994), S. 802-807 
    ISSN: 0141-0229
    Keywords: Accumulation ; Chlorella ; agarose ; algae ; alginate ; immobilization ; mercury ; packed-bed reactor ; phosphate ; volatilization
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: first-order derivative ; Spectrophotometry ; copper ; mercury ; lead ; dithizone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A first-order derivative spectrophotometric method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of copper, mercury and lead at μg/L levels using dithizone as reagent. The procedure involves the simultaneous extraction of these elements by dithizone in chloroform from weakly alkaline solutions. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the ranges 0.5–10 (Cu), 1–10 (Hg) and 1–10 (Pb) μg present in 40 ml of aqueous phase with detection limits of 5 μg/L (Cu) and 20 μg/L (Hg and Pb). The R.S.D.s for 100 μg/L of copper, mercury and lead were 2.5, 2.6 and 3.1% respectively, for 5 determinations. The method is applicable for the determination of copper and lead in marine sediment samples with good precision and accuracy.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: mercury ; soil ; atomic absorption spectrometry ; microwave digestion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several decomposition procedures and their influence on the determination of mercury by electrothermal (ET) and cold vapour (CV) atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) have been studied. Soil samples were decomposed by microwave digestion in closed and open vessels as well as by digestion under reflux according to German standard. The use of different acids (HNO3, HCl or aqua regia) was evaluated and compared in respect to their influence on the determination of mercury by ET AAS and CV AAS. The digestion solutions were analyzed by ET AAS with a palladium modifier and by CV AAS using SnCl2 or NaBH4, as reducing agents. The detection limits obtained with different procedures were also evaluated. For the soil containing 6.25 μg/g of Hg the ET AAS measurements were possible. In the case of lower concentration of mercury the CV AAS determination following the microwave digestion procedure with HCl or aqua regia is recommended. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was confirmed by the determination of total mercury in SRM 2711 Montana Soil.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: mercury ; fish ; collaborative study ; atomic absorption spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract One of the major analytical problem in the analysis of fish tissues for total mercury is the dissolution of the sample. This paper compares two different methods of wet digestion (microwave and closed pressurized vessel), followed by FIAAS as final determination and a Zeeman-solid-sample-AAS determination method without previous mineralization. Six fish samples were selected for this study. The top, the central and the bottom portions of the fish were analyzed separately. The mercury contents in the bottom portions determined by Zeeman-solid-sample-AAS were significantly higher than those obtained by the other two systems. A good correlation was observed among the results of the different techniques.
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