ALBERT

Beschreibung: Nell’ambito del progetto EDISECUR, finanziato della regione Lazio, è stato sviluppato un prototipo di telesensore infrasonico, TIS, a tracciamento di speckle per la misura della velocità angolare, delle frequenze fondamentali e delle armoniche di una superficie sottoposta a oscillazioni. Il TIS si presta particolarmente per il rilevamento e il monitoraggio nel tempo degli edifici, ponti e altri manufatti. Conoscere lo stato vibrazionale di queste strutture può essere d’interesse sia per la loro caratterizzazione dinamica che per la sicurezza. Questo prototipo, sufficientemente compatto, si presta a una misura immediata della velocità angolare e, con semplici operazioni, si possono dedurre spostamenti e accelerazioni angolari. Dalle grandezze angolari e dalla conoscenza geometrica della superficie, tramite alcuni schemi ed esempi, si mostra come sia possibile determinare anche altri parametri cinematici lineari. Il telesensore può essere impiegato nelle misure delle vibrazioni di superfici a lunga distanza di varia natura, anche laddove non fosse possibile accedere per eseguire una misura diretta. Lo strumento copre un campo di frequenze fino alle decine di Hz, ha una sensibilità e una dinamica tale da rilevare le vibrazioni indotte dal rumore industriale, dal traffico, dal vento e altro. Questo lavoro è principalmente rivolto alle applicazioni del TIS nel rilevamento delle vibrazioni delle strutture ed è in questo ambito che vengono spiegate le modalità, i limiti e i vantaggi del suo impiego insieme agli errori insiti nella tecnica di misura. Dato che il TIS misura un movimento relativo tra lo stesso strumento e la superficiebersaglio, sono stati valutati gli errori delle vibrazioni dovute alla microsismicità e altre cause ambientali. Vengono infine riportati due preliminari esempi di misura su una struttura edile.

Beschreibung: Regione Lazio, progetto EDISECUR

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-36

Beschreibung: 7TM.Sviluppo e Trasferimento Tecnologico

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: L’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) riceve, nella Sala di Sorveglianza Sismica e Centro Allerta Tsunami di Roma, i segnali in tempo reale da centinaia di stazioni sismiche distribuite sul territorio nazionale. Entro due minuti dall’occorrenza di un qualsiasi terremoto, appositi sistemi automatici forniscono una prima valutazione dei parametri ipocentrali. Due sismologi, sempre presenti nella sala operativa della sede centrale, controllano le informazioni ottenute e, per i terremoti sopra una determinata soglia di magnitudo (ML ≥ 2.5), comunicano alla Sala Situazione Italia della Protezione Civile i dati elaborati, in media in circa 12 minuti (massimo entro 30 minuti) [Margheriti et al., 2021]. La valutazione definitiva dei parametri ipocentrali di tutti i terremoti, dai più grandi avvertiti in vaste aree del territorio ai più piccoli rilevati solo da pochi strumenti, è demandata a un’analisi più accurata svolta in un secondo tempo, ormai da alcuni decenni, da un gruppo di analisti specializzati nell’interpretazione dei segnali sismici. Gli analisti sismologi del Bollettino Sismico Italiano revisionano tutti i dati registrati dalle stazioni della Rete Sismica Nazionale (RSN) dell’INGV e riconoscono la presenza di terremoti attraverso un’analisi diretta delle forme d’onda. In tal modo l’analista rileva il tempo d’arrivo delle onde sismiche ai vari sensori e valuta l’ampiezza delle oscillazioni e la direzione del moto del suolo; questi parametri, utilizzati da apposite procedure di calcolo, consentono di localizzare ogni terremoto e di valutare la magnitudo associata. Le informazioni così ottenute confluiscono nel database che l’INGV gestisce e che mette a disposizione della comunità1. Questa pubblicazione ha come scopo quello di far conoscere un prodotto dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Il Bollettino Sismico Italiano (BSI), con particolare riferimento all’anno 2015. Saranno delineate le principali caratteristiche della sismicità naturale e quella di origine antropica registrata in Italia nel corso dell’anno esaminato.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-48

Beschreibung: 4IT. Banche dati

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This study represents the first attempt to combine the geomorphological characteristics of the island of Ustica with the human settlements that have been established during prehistory, with the purpose of reconstructing the interactions between communities and the natural environment from the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age (6th - 1st millennia B.C.). Ustica is a small island in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, visible but far (~55 km) from the northern coast of western Sicily. Its rugged volcanic nature, remodeled and enriched by the sea, offered to the first colonizers a wide repertoire of opportunities and challenges. This island can be treated as an ideal “laboratory” to understand how settlers, taking their first steps towards the foundation of organized communities, were able to seize opportunities or succumb to obstacles. The review of archaeological research until now carried out in Ustica, integrated with geomorphological data and other biogeographical indicators, offers a picture of the prehistory of Ustica in which human presence is continuous and distributed in various sites of the island characterized by different physiographic characteristics. There are phases dominated by the choice of naturally protected sites and phases in which settlements expands on open land, suitable for agricultural use. Where the archaeological evidence is scarce, the geomorphological peculiarities allow us to decipher the vocations and characters of a human settlement. The study leads to an open question: in the Middle Bronze Age, after about five thousand years of uninterrupted habitation of Ustica, which factors, geological, social, or other, induced the early communities to abandon the island, without returning there for about eight centuries, until the Hellenistic-Roman age?

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: VO550

Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This work sets out to identify a state-of-the-art system to be used for the calibration of seismic sensors. The aim is to acquire such a system within the framework of the PON ARS01 00926 EWAS (an Early Warning System for cultural heritage) project, which seeks to develop new technologies for the protection, conservation and safety of cultural heritage and envisages creating a newly developed seismic monitoring system. This system will exploit the ETL3D/5s-H hybrid sensors, resulting from the integration of a precision accelerometer within the ETL3D/5s velocimeter [Fertitta et al., 2020]. The new calibration system, already acquired and being installed, can be used by the EWAS project partners (including the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology and the Kore University of Enna), to calibrate the ETL3D/5s-H sensors, and by external organisations to calibrate or gauge other seismic sensors, thus providing a useful service to the scientific community and supporting industrial activities. This paper presents the method used and the activities undertaken to define the technical specifications of the calibration system. A feasibility study of an electromechanical vibrating table and the testing of two electrodynamic calibration systems were carried out. One of the electrodynamic systems is the CS18P (Calibration System for Seismic Sensors) produced by the German firm SPEKTRA. The CS18P comprises two vibrating tables, one horizontal and one vertical, which, thanks to their fluid-dynamic suspension, eliminate the sliding and rolling friction associated with the movement of the moving part with respect to the fixed part. A hardware and software system monitors and controls the motion in real time, analyses the data and automatically processes a predefined set of measurements. In the light of the technical specifications and experimental results, the CS18P represents the ideal solution for the aims of the EWAS project and also in view of the possible future uses of the calibration system.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-38

Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: In recent years, new approaches for developing earthquake rupture forecasts (ERFs) have been proposed to be used as an input for probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA). Zone- based approaches with seismicity rates derived from earthquake catalogs are commonly used in many countries as the standard for national seismic hazard models. In Italy, a single zone- based ERF is currently the basis for the official seismic hazard model. In this contribution, we present eleven new ERFs, including five zone-based, two smoothed seismicity-based, two fault- based, and two geodetic-based, used for a new PSH model in Italy. The ERFs were tested against observed seismicity and were subject to an elicitation procedure by a panel of PSHA experts to verify the scientific robustness and consistency of the forecasts with respect to the observations. Tests and elicitation were finalized to weight the ERFs. The results show a good response to the new inputs to observed seismicity in the last few centuries. The entire approach was a first attempt to build a community-based set of ERFs for an Italian PSHA model. The project involved a large number of seismic hazard practitioners, with their knowledge and experience, and the development of different models to capture and explore a large range of epistemic uncertainties in building ERFs, and represents an important step forward for the new national seismic hazard model.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE220

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Mobile network routers in seismic and volcanic surveillance

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-36

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: This special issue of “Annals of Geophysics” concerns the dissemination of knowledge on the prevention of damage mainly due to non-structural elements during earthquakes and its practical application at houses, schools and offices by common citizens, companies and institutions. The seismic capacity of buildings and other civil engineering structures and infrastructures are object of regulations for design and construction, and in some cases also the design, fabrication and mounting of electrical and mechanical equipments. Consequently, even in strong earthquakes many collapses of buildings and infrastructures are avoided. However, with few exceptions, design procedures do not aim at avoiding seismic vibrations from being transferred to the structures, but enable the structures to resist to the effects of those vibrations

Beschreibung: European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28)

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE331

Beschreibung: 3TM. Comunicazione

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Encouraging property owners and individuals to adopt mitigation measures to improve the resilience of their buildings and equipments to seismic hazard has been a major challenge in many earthquake- prone countries. Few business leaders are aware of the fragility of their supply chains or other critical systems due to earthquake hazard. Bridging the gap between research production and research use is another crucial challenge for the earthquake risk research process. The KnowRISK project outcome is aimed at encouraging the proactive engagement of multi- stakeholders (community at large, schools, business community and local govern-ment groups) undertaking non-structural mitigation measures that will minimize earthquake losses to individuals and communities. Engaging stakeholders, taking into account their needs and inputs to maintain critical and urgent business activities, can contribute to the research findings and ensure that our data collection is thorough and complete. Engagement with stakeholders, during the whole process can lead to improved outcomes and for the development of viable solutions, for business and society, because of stakeholder’s role and influence within the organizations.

Beschreibung: European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28)

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE324

Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The focus of this study is the analysis of a cave in Central Italy, the Beatrice Cenci cave, in order topoint out and constrain evidence of possible past earthquakes and of fault activity in the area. Weperformed a survey of seismic related damages within the cave. This included the analysis ofbroken/collapsed speleothems, the recognition of structural collapse, of tilting/growth alteration inthe speleothems, and the mapping of fractures, joints and/or faults. To timely set the occurrence ofthe recognized damage, organic sediments were dated with 14C radiocarbon method. The resultsmerged toward the recognition of two distinct seismic shaking events affecting the caveenvironment, one older than 30 kyr and another around 7 kyr. The deformation observed withinthe cave led us to the hypothesis that the events of damage were possibly linked to the activity ofthe regional tectonic lineament that crosses the cave, i.e., the Liri normal fault. The morphology andthe evolution of the cave appear controlled by the fault zone. These speleoseismological resultsprovided a new contribution on the knowledge of the past activity of the Liri fault and on theearthquake history of this sector of Central Apennines.

Beschreibung: INGV

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE435

Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Il presente lavoro raccoglie alcune esperienze di Progetti di Alternanza Scuola Lavoro (d’ora in poi ASL) realizzati dall’INGV negli anni scolastici dal 2015 al 2019 e dedicati al rischio sismico, alle scienze polari ed agli strumenti per la divulgazione scientifica. Le esperienze descrivono il lavoro realizzato da un gruppo di ricercatori INGV con competenze in diversi ambiti disciplinari (sismologia, geologia, vulcanologia fisica dell’atmosfera, psicologia) e in alcuni casi le attività sono state svolte in collaborazione con ricercatori di altri enti. Il gruppo di lavoro è composto da ricercatori che da molti anni dedicano parte del loro tempo-lavoro alle attività di divulgazione scientifica, ai progetti educativi, alla didattica della scienza. In una parola a quella che oggi rappresenta, per gli enti di ricerca, la “Terza missione”, ovvero l’insieme di tutte le attività finalizzate a creare una connessione bidirezionale tra il mondo della ricerca e la società. Ciò che ha caratterizzato l’approccio dei ricercatori INGV ai progetti ASL, sia nella fase di progettazione che di realizzazione, è la finalità di consentire agli studenti di vivere un’esperienza reale ed immersiva in un contesto di lavoro. E quindi l’opportunità di sperimentare capacità e abilità che caratterizzano il contesto organizzativo (diritti, doveri, responsabilità, impegni, regole), diversamente dal mondo della scuola. Il secondo aspetto al quale ci si è riferiti nella realizzazione dei progetti è quello di consentire agli studenti di esplorare, in particolare il contesto delle attività lavorative connesse al mondo della ricerca. Da questo punto di vista gli studenti hanno potuto acquisire conoscenze in ambiti tematici specifici, hanno avuto modo di sperimentare metodi e tecniche proprie del mondo della ricerca e di acquisire capacità e abilità trasversali come il lavoro in gruppo. Il contributo è organizzato in tre capitoli in relazione ai temi affrontati nei progetti. Nel primo sono riportate le schede dei tre progetti dedicate al tema Terremoto; nel secondo vengono descritti i due progetti dedicati alla Divulgazione Scientifica e nel terzo un progetto sulle Scienze Polari. Per rendere maggiormente fruibile la lettura, ogni progetto viene descritto attraverso una scheda sintetica che evidenza le caratteristiche principali: titolo, referenti INGV, studenti partecipanti, periodo, descrizione delle attività, obiettivi e considerazioni sull’esperienza. Nel capitolo conclusivo viene proposto un bilancio delle esperienze realizzate, evidenziando punti di forza e aree di miglioramento dei progetti, con la finalità di condividere suggerimenti ed idee per tracciare percorsi formativi maggiormente efficaci nel futuro.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 119-131

Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: “Move, protect, secure” were the three key points that the KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements) project posed at the core of its communication and dissemination strategy. This three key points enable each person, professional or not, to reduce non-structural damage caused by earthquakes. Dissemination is usually the last but never the least step of a communication plan, and indeed it played a crucial role in KnowRISK project for conveying the three key-point message to the widest audience. Standard dissemination activities, such as open-door events, and internet allowed us to achieve a wide spreading of ideas and best practices, reaching more than 4,000 non-professionals and almost 50,000 page views of the KnowRISK project website (in three years), respectively. As communication was recipient-targeted, the dissemination task of the project was addressed to professionals, layman, and schools. In particular, schools were chosen in order to profit from the chain-reaction action that is capable to spread a message from students to the surrounding environment.

Beschreibung: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection through the European project KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements; Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE328

Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: We present the commented transcription of three rare articles published in 19091910 by Father Atto Maccioni o.f.m. This friar is one of the least known among the many ecclesiastics who cultivated seismology from the 18th century onwards. Maccioni, from 1908 to 1926, managed a seismic observatory at the Sienese convent of the Osservanza. He devised an “Avvisatore”: a device equipped with a modified coherer with respect to those adopted in radiotelegraphic communications, aimed to detect natural radio signals associated with earthquakes. From the few available results it seems that the scholar obtained positive feedback, but the most interesting aspect of the story is that until now it was generally believed that this kind of research began only quite recently [Warwick, 1982]. On the contrary Maccioni may have been the first ever to study a possible electromagnetic precursor, more than a century ago.

Beschreibung: Presentiamo la trascrizione commentata di tre rari articoli pubblicati nel 19091910 da padre Atto Maccioni o.f.m., uno dei meno noti tra i tanti ecclesiastici che si sono occupati di sismologia dal XVIII secolo in poi. Maccioni, che dal 1908 al 1926 gestì un osservatorio sismico presso il convento senese dell’Osservanza, aveva ideato l’Avvisatore, un dispositivo munito di un coherer diverso da quelli radiotelegrafici e destinato a rilevare segnali radio naturali associati ai terremoti. Dai pochi risultati disponibili sembra che lo studioso abbia avuto dei riscontri positivi ma l’aspetto più interessante della vicenda è che finora si era creduto che ricerche di questo tipo fossero iniziate solo molto di recente [Warwick, 1982]. Invece Maccioni potrebbe essere stato il primo al mondo a studiare, più di un secolo fa, un ipotetico precursore elettromagnetico.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-32

Beschreibung: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"

Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: La Cromatografia Ionica (IC) è diventata una delle tecniche analitiche più utilizzate nella determinazione degli anioni (F-, Cl-, Br-, NO3-, SO42-) e dei cationi (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) in soluzioni acquose, anche a basse concentrazioni. Nel Laboratorio dell’INGV Sezione di Palermo questa tecnica viene utilizzata per determinare la composizione chimica di acque naturali (acque sotterranee, termali, meteoriche, marine), di fluidi fumarolici, campionati tramite il metodo delle ampolle di Giggenbach e delle specie acide emesse dai pennacchi vulcanici campionati con trappole alcaline. Ogni anno nel laboratorio vengono analizzati numerosi campioni per scopi di ricerca e monitoraggio geochimico e ambientale. Uno dei principali problemi dell’attività analitica di routine è la valutazione della precisione del dato, definita dall’American Public Health Association [1999], “come la misura del grado di accordo tra analisi replicate di un campione, di solito espresse come deviazione standard”. Tralasciando I problemi di rappresentatività del campione, ci sono diversi fattori che contribuiscono alla precisione, come il pretrattamento del campione, la preparazione e conservazione delle miscele di calibrazione, la ripetibilità delle misure delle aree dei picchi delle miscele di calibrazione e il tipo di calibrazione. In questo lavoro mostriamo la precisione dei cromatografi Dionex ICS-1100 ripetendo più volte l’analisi le miscele di calibrazione durante una singola sessione analitica, e la ripetibilità dello strumento, elaborando I risultati ottenuti analizzando le stesse miscele di calibrazione in differenti sessioni analitiche nell’arco di 12 mesi. Infine, viene determinata l’accuratezza del metodo attraverso l’analisi di un campione certificato. L’accuratezza è la vicinanza tra il valore osservato ed il valore vero, o comunque accettato come tale. I dati riportati in questo rapporto tecnico si riferiscono alle condizioni analitiche per le analisi di routine, con la configurazione strumentale corrente in uso presso questo laboratorio; queste possono essere ottimizzate per altri range di utilizzo a condizione però che vengano eseguite le necessarie verifiche di precisione e accuratezza.

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) “Sez. di Palermo”

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-22

Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: A new indirect method of estimating in situ soil air permeability is presented in this technical report. The new method is simply based on the measurement of air pressure (probe pressure) generated by pumping a constant air flux inside a special designed probe inserted into the soil. To calibrate the method, some measurements of the probe pressure were performed in some soils of the island of Vulcano, characterized by different values of the air permeability. Furthermore, technical aspects of a new device for performing continuous acquisition of the air permeability based on the new indirect method, were also described

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) “Sez. di Palermo”

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-18

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: La determinazione di anioni inorganici nelle acque naturali, sotterranee e superficiali, cosi come nelle acque reflue e potabili, è una delle applicazioni più importanti della cromatografia ionica (IC). Con questa tecnica si possono comunemente determinare i principali anioni inorganici: fluoruro, cloruro, bromuro, nitrato e solfato. Utilizzando specifiche metodologie oltre ai predetti analiti, si può determinare anche il fosfato durante la medesima analisi. La determinazione dei fosfati nelle acque riveste una notevole importanza in considerazione del fatto che il fosfato rappresenta un possibile indice di inquinamento per la presenza di questa sostanza in moltissimi composti chimici, quali: detersivi domestici ed industriali, fertilizzanti ecc. La quantità di fosfati, nelle acque naturali, quando è di origine minerale e non indica inquinamento, raggiunge concentrazioni appena dosabili, mentre concentrazioni elevate e quindi misurabili, sono indice di inquinamento. Il fosfato è uno dei nutrienti di maggiore importanza nelle acque, la sua presenza in concentrazioni consistenti, può essere responsabile di manifestazioni eutrofiche ed ipertrofiche nelle acque superficiali. Data la sua importanza nel condizionare il funzionamento degli ecosistemi acquatici, esso è incluso nella lista dei cosiddetti macrodescrittori utilizzati per definire lo stato chimico delle acque fluviali e lacustri e per valutare, lo stato trofico delle acque. La determinazione del fosfato viene comunemente effettuata utilizzando l’analisi spettrofotometrica dell’eteropoliacido fosfomolibdico formatosi in seguito alla reazione con molibdato in ambiente acido ed in presenza di idoneo riducente. Tuttavia questo, metodo ampliamente utilizzato, consente la determinazione del singolo analita e non consente quindi la caratterizzazione chimica del campione. La cromatografia ionica, invece, presenta il vantaggio di essere una tecnica multi-elementare che consente di determinare in breve tempo tutti i costituenti maggiori disciolti nelle acque. In questo rapporto tecnico viene descritta la determinazione del fosfato e dei costituenti maggiori nelle acque naturali utilizzando, un cromatografo Thermo Scientific Dionex ICS 5000+, equipaggiato con una colonna a scambio anionico “Dionex AS19 4µm”, un generatore di eluente a idrossido di potassio (KOH), un soppressore elettrochimico ed un rivelatore a cella conduttimetrica.

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) “Sez. di Palermo”

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-22

Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Il sito delle “Ciampate del diavolo”, sul fianco nord­orientale del vulcano Roccamonfina, è un sito unico al Mondo grazie alle sue peculiarità geologiche ed antropologiche. Il ritrovamento di impronte di hominini al di sopra di un deposito ignimbritico, impresse in nel periodo di maggiore attività del vulcano, dà spazio a numerose questioni circa le condizioni paleoambientali esistenti sul vulcano ed i complessi processi che hanno permesso la formazione e la conservazione delle impronte. La nota dedica particolare attenzione al contesto dell’attività del vulcano ed alle caratteristiche della serie dei Tufi Leucitici Bruni, in quanto le impronte note come “Ciampate del diavolo” sono presenti sulla superficie di una delle unità più alte della sequenza di questi tufi. The “Ciampate del diavolo” geosite is unique in the World due to its geological and anthropological peculiarities. Finding hominin footprints on the ignimbrite deposits of 350,000 years ago, imprinted in the period of greatest activity of the volcano, opens up numerous questions about the palaeoenvironmental conditions of the volcano and the complex processes that allowed the generation and conservation of the footprints. The note pays particular attention to the framing of the volcano's activity and to the features of deposits of the Brown Leucitic Tuff series, as the human fossil footprints known as "Ciampate del Diavolo" are preserved on the surface of one of the highest units in the sequence.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 49-55

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse

Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Mts. Simbruini karst aquifer feeds important springs whose capture contributes to the water supply of Rome City. To improve the geochemical characterization of this aquifer, we analyzed 36 groundwater samples, 29 from springs and 7 from shallow wells, collected in 1996 and 2019. Atomic adsorption spectroscopy, titration, ionic chromatography and mass spectrometry were the used analytical methods. Groundwater is bicarbonate alkaline-earth type and HCO3- dominance confirms that the aquifer is hosted in carbonate rocks. Total alkalinity vs. cations plot indicates that CO2 driven weathering controls the water chemistry. The probability plots of HCO3-, cations and Ca2+ +Mg2+ indicate four groundwater populations with the less represented one (9 samples)characterized by the highest PCO2 values (〉 0.3 atm). Most anomalous values of the dissolved PCO2are from springs located near the center of the studied area. Four samples have negative values of𝛿13CCO2 (about -22‰ vs. PDB), indicating its organic origin, but two other samples have positivevalues (1.6 and 2.6 ‰ vs. PDB), similar to those observed in the CO2 of deep origin discharged atthe close Colli Albani volcano. Therefore, geochemical evidence indicates that the Mts. Simbruiniaquifer is locally affected by the input of deep originated CO2, likely rising up along fractures, interacting with a recharge of meteoric origin, as evidenced by its 𝛿2H and 𝛿18O isotopic signatures.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: HS659

Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The best chance to achieve a future disaster-resilient society is through risk education in School: it has a great potential to strengthen capacity of communities to mitigate risks. The KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements) project took this opportunity and implemented a risk communication campaign for schools in Portugal, Italy, and Iceland. The idea was that suitably changes in people’s knowledge and attitude can trigger best practices. Crucial to reach such target is the raise of awareness on meaningful issues. The main challenge of the campaign was how to effectively address the mitigation of the vulnerability to earthquakes of non-structural elements, which is an issue considered to be of low priority even in the building regulations of many countries around the world. The campaign stood on a communication strategy that was systematized within a protocol, for 13- 15 years old students, that specifies goals, contents, learning strategy, support material, and relies on face-to-face intervention of scientists in the classroom. This protocol had training sessions bounded by assessment sessions, ex-ante and ex-post, that allowed to validate its efficacy. The training made large use of flipped learning and Episode of Situated Learning (EAS) strategy to raise student’s motivation and increase achievements. To ensure its replicability, the protocol was tested in zones matching a wide range of seismic hazard in Italy. The assessment showed the protocol be effective and ready for a wide dissemination.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE325

Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: In aree di vulcanismo attivo e recente, oltre all’emissione di vapore e gas dai crateri centrali, si possono verificare emissioni di gas dal suolo che vengono rilasciati in modo diffuso o in mofete, o ancora che si disciolgono in acquiferi superficiali. Generalmente il gas più abbondante (fino al 99 vol.%) è l’anidride carbonica (CO2), ma in alcuni casi può essere anche il metano (CH4). La CO2 è un gas incolore e inodore che tende ad accumularsi in depressioni o scantinati dove ristagna in assenza di vento. Respirare aria con una concentrazione di anidride carbonica maggiore di 8 vol.% può condurre all’incoscienza o alla morte. Un esempio di quello che potrebbe accadere, anche se si tratta di un caso estremo, è rappresentato dal tragico evento avvenuto presso il lago Nyos in Camerun (un lago ospitato in un cratere vulcanico). Durante la notte del 21 agosto 1986 le acque del lago, sature di CO2, si rovesciarono improvvisamente e per decompressione si liberò una enorme quantità di gas che scese lungo i fianchi del cratere fino a raggiungere la valle sottostante dove vi era un villaggio. La nube di CO2, silenziosa e inodore, colse nel sonno gli abitanti e uccise circa 1700 persone e circa 3000 capi di bestiame [Barberi et al., 1986]. Numerosi incidenti dovuti all’inalazione di gas vulcanici sono avvenuti in varie altre parti del mondo, in particolare in Italia, Giappone, Nuova Zelanda [Hansell and Oppenheimer, 2004; Durand and Wilson, 2005] e nelle Isole Azzorre (Portogallo) [Viveiros et al., 2015]. Anche in Italia, purtroppo sono avvenuti diversi incidenti letali dovuti ad inalazione di CO2; si ricorda ad esempio che alla fine degli anni ’80 due bambini persero la vita nell’isola di Vulcano [Baubron et al., 1990] e ancora nel complesso vulcanico dei Colli Albani due uomini persero la vita, il primo a Cava dei Selci (frazione di Marino) nel 2000 e il secondo a Lavinio nel 2011 [Carapezza et al., 2003; Barberi et al., 2019]. Sempre in provincia di Roma, numerosi casi di intossicazione da CO2, che hanno altresì comportato l’evacuazione temporanea di alcune abitazioni, sono avvenuti per blowout (emissione incontrollata) di gas da pozzi d’acqua [Barberi et al., 2007; Carapezza et al., 2020]. La Campania ospita due dei vulcani quiescenti considerati tra i più pericolosi al mondo proprio per l’alta densità di popolazione che vive nelle zone esposte al pericolo: il Vesuvio e i Campi Flegrei. Anche in queste aree vulcaniche si hanno emissioni di gas endogeni e falde d’acqua ricche in CO2 e in caso di riattivazione del vulcano c’è da aspettarsi anche un forte incremento del rilascio del gas endogeno [Barberi et al., 2005]. Al fine di far conoscere tale problematica alla popolazione, si è ritenuto opportuno di agire sui ragazzi e di farlo in modo stimolante e divertente attraverso un Videogioco che catturi la loro attenzione in modo da portarli a scoprire le soluzioni più adeguate da adottare per individuare/evitare/gestire i pericoli legati a quello che spesso viene definito anche “carburante delle eruzioni”, i gas vulcanici. Le attività che hanno portato alla realizzazione di questo lavoro (e nello specifico del videogioco) sono state svolte nell’ambito del Progetto Europeo RESPIRE – Radon rEal time monitoring System and proactive Indoor Remediation (LIFE16ENV/IT/000553) e con la collaborazione di un Tirocinante del Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione ed Elettrica e Matematica Applicata dell’Università degli Studi di Salerno. Il lavoro è stato descritto e sintetizzato in questo Report attraverso varie sezioni. La prima in cui si descrive la problematica dei Gas Vulcanici e della loro pericolosità; l’importanza e i vantaggi derivati dall’utilizzo di un videogioco come strumento di apprendimento; l’obiettivo che il videogioco si prefigge di raggiungere. Una seconda sezione in cui, in prima istanza, si evidenzia l’importanza di sviluppare un videogioco a partire da un Motore Grafico che consente di tralasciare i dettagli hardware e software di basso livello e di concentrarsi maggiormente sull’interattività e sulle regole del gioco, e in seconda istanza si descrivono le caratteristiche principali del motore grafico alla base del gioco (RPG Maker MV).Una terza sezione in cui viene presentato il videogioco sviluppato denominato “GioGas”; nello specifico, la sua trama, l’interfaccia grafica che lo caratterizza e alcuni sui dettagli implementativi. Infine, una sezione in cui vengono descritti gli sviluppi futuri come ad esempio la divulgazione presso le scuole e in occasione di eventi, l’implementazione di una versione multiplayer del gioco al fine di aggiungere ulteriori elementi di stimolo e di coinvolgimento per lo studente.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: PGS1 is a new compact portable seismic station, designed at INGV OBS and Earth Lab, that is specifically intended for the deployment of dense arrays of seismographs on-shore. With its low cost, compact design, high data-quality and long battery life, PGS1 is a perfect solution for seismic monitoring networks. PGS1 design is based on a solid polypropylene suitcase, containing a complete data acquisition system, two battery packs and a photovoltaic panel. The new Earth Lab 5s medium-period seismic sensor is included. The whole system meets the IP67 standard requirements both in transport and in acquisition configuration. PGS1 is normally equipped with one battery pack, one more pack can be added inside the suitcase achieving 40 days of battery life. The station is equipped with a photovoltaic panel, useful to extend the deployment length. Inside the suitcase, there are compartments where to store the seismic sensor, the photovoltaic panel and all the cables. Therefore, the station is very easy to transport.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE105

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Low field magnetic susceptibility and other rock magnetic analyses are applied to inspect the magnetic nature of solid residuals in snow samples collected in downtown Rome and in two Natural Parks in central Italy. Field emission scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) analyses are utilized to reveal the nature of Fe-rich particles and discriminate their anthropogenic origin. The results indicate that magnetite (Fe3O4) is the main magnetic carrier in almost all samples and that the variations in concentration are directly associated with local sources of particulate matter (PM) from anthropogenic pollution related to automotive circulation in both environments. Magnetic minerals of other provenance are found as accessories. The snow deposits revealed to be an efficient neutral tool for fine particle collections, also in environments characterized by different concentration and source of pollutants.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: GM215

Beschreibung: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The 1971 eruption represents a benchmark in the recent history of Etna volcano. From a volcanological point of view, this eruption was characterised by complex intrusive dynamics associated with significant ground deformation that induced the activation of the Moscarello seismogenic fault and the formation of a new summit crater: the Southeast Crater. At the same time, the 1971 event marks an important change in the eruptive style and composition of the magma towards products richer in K. It is no coincidence that, over the next fifty years, there would be an increase in the frequency of summit and flank eruptions and associated output rate. From an historical viewpoint, the eruptive event of 1971 was the first important flank eruption studied by the International Institute of Volcanology: the analysis of the scientific articles on this activity reveals a greater multidisciplinary content in the descriptions and explanations of volcanic activity. Particularly important were the collaborations of British and French research groups that, together with their Italian colleagues, succeeded in giving a complete picture of the eruption and describing the state of knowledge on the Sicilian volcano. The multidisciplinary methodology used to study this eruption is still valid today.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: VO543

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This study analyses the relationship between the pre- and protohistoric sites on the slopes of Etna and the volcanic products, as well as the diverse settlement strategies in the different periods of prehistory. New C14 dating from significant excavations, in addition to those known from other Etnean sites, were performed with the aim of validating the chronology of the sequence of the different phases. A substantial concordance of the archaeological data with the volcanological ones has been found. It has been observed that a consistent human presence on Etna appears from the Middle Neolithic (5500 BC), after the sequence of eruptive events that marked the end of the Ellittico volcano (13550 - 13050 BC) and the formation of the Valle del Bove, and the subsequent debris and alluvial events on the eastern flanks of the volcano (7250 - 3350 BC). Human presence intensifies between the Late-Final Copper Age and the Early Bronze Age (2800 - 1450 BC), due to improvement in subsistence techniques and to the large presence of soils on lava flows suitable for sheep farming. The most recent phases of the Bronze Age are poorly represented, probably because of the concentration of the population in larger agglomerations (Montevergine and S. Paolillo at Catania, the Historical Hill at Paternò). The explosive eruptions taking place in this period seem to have had less impact on the settlement choices and have not affected the development of the sites over time.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: VO542

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This special issue of Annals of Geophysics entitled: “When Volcanologists Meet Archaeologists and Other Disciplines: Relationships Between Eruptions and Human Communities” originates from a session (S13) of the Rittmann International Conference which took place in Catania on February 13th 2020, having as its main theme the history of volcanology and the impact of volcanic activity on humans. The twelve articles collected in this special issue reflect the aims and contents of the reports presented by some participants at this session of the Rittmann conference

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 6TM. Poli Museali

Beschreibung: The Western Ionian Sea is characterised by an active and diffuse seismicity, directly related to the convergence of the European and African Plates and by gravitational sinking and rollback of the oceanic lithosphere. In this area, the location of earthquakes is characterised by considerable uncertainties due to large azimuthal gaps, resulting in notable location errors. This problem was partially overcome with the use of data recorded by NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory (October 2002 - February 2003; June 2012 - May 2013). We relocated 1130 crustal and sub-crustal earthquakes using land network and NEMO-SN1 data. As most events occurred on Mt. Etna, we focused on 358 earthquakes in the offshore area and near the coasts of Sicily and Calabria. The use of the combined land-marine networks has improved the earthquake locations in terms of azimuthal GAP, as well as in horizontal and vertical errors. The comparison between locations performed with and without NEMO-SN1 data shows that differences in latitude, longitude and depths are more evident in the Western Ionian Sea and in the coast of Sicily, where values of the differences over 5 km correspond to structural heterogeneities. The increased number of seismic stations deployed on land from 2003 to 2012 did not influence the location of events occurring offshore, where NEMO-SN1 continued to be the distinctive tool in the location process. Moreover, the new 73 focal mechanisms computed with P-wave polarities from NEMO-SN1 and land stations are in agreement with the regional structural model, showing a prevalent normal, normal/oblique, and strike-slip kinematics. The similarity of two new focal solutions with the mechanisms of the main shock and aftershock of the 1990 earthquake demonstrates that the seismic structures are still active and potentially dangerous. The P-wave travel time residual analysis confirms the activity along the main structural alignments. A single point of observation in the Ionian Sea can significantly improve the quality of locations, giving an opportunity to focus on the seismogenic structures responsible for the occurrence of medium-to-high magnitude earthquakes.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: Se655

Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The 8 September 1905 Calabria earthquake is the seismic event for which the Italian Seismic Catalogue shows the highest instrumental magnitude of the whole dataset. However, the reported MS = 7.47 was calculated over only two stations, and leaves room for a revision. In this work I provide a new estimate of the surface-wave magnitude of the earthquake calculated over sixteen individual values of magnitude from seven different stations. The new estimate is MS = 7.10 ± 0.21, a value that is consistently lined up with other estimates provided by means of macroseismic or geological evidence. The novel estimate is stable despite alternative epicentral locations and different depths proposed for this event by several investigators. The net variation of almost half a unit magnitude implies a resizing of the seismogenic source of the event in the frame of the seismotectonics of the region, and highlights the strong need for a systematic revision of the instrumental magnitude estimates for several ‘historical’ earthquakes that occurred at the dawning of the instrumental seismology.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE658

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Usually seismicity is intended as a natural phenomenon; yet the recording and interpretation of data are a human undertaking, historically conditioned. This research starts from the hypothesis that the decrease in Italian seismicity observed in the historical catalog [Rovida et al., 2021] for the central years of the twentieth century is due to the social and political conditioning that hindered its registration. This work, which focuses on the 1930s, with a brief excursion into previous years, presents part of the results obtained. In particular, the article deals with three earthquakes of which the data are substantially updated (Calabria, 7.03.1928; Alpi Noriche, 14.05.1930; Valli Giudicarie, 14.04.1931); then it presents an important replica of the strong Maiella earthquake, without macroseismic data in the catalog [Rovida et al., 2021], (Maiella, 23.11.1933); finally it considers a “forgotten” fifth earthquake (Southern Italy, 13.04.1938).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-78

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Le finalità del progetto sono quelle di realizzare un prototipo di ionosonda per sondaggi obliqui basato sul principio del radar ad onda continua modulata in frequenza, implementato tramite dispositivi programmabili innovativi che permettono di realizzare uno strumento più piccolo e trasportabile rispetto alle ionosonde classiche. La ionosonda SDR è un radar bistatico costituito da un trasmettitore, che può servire contemporaneamente diversi ricevitori situati in località differenti, e da uno o più ricevitori che possono sintonizzarsi su differenti trasmettitori che effettuano sondaggi ad orari differenti. I sondaggi obliqui permettono di mappare la ionosfera in varie parti del territorio per la verifica di modelli teorici della ionosfera e per studiare la possibilità di usare le variazioni locali del Contenuto Elettronico Totale (TEC) come segnale di possibili precursori di terremoti.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-32

Beschreibung: 6IT. Osservatori non satellitari

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) was born from the unification of public research institutions in the field of geophysics and volcanology. In the first twenty years from the foundation law of 1999, the INGV has seen a remarkable development, alternating moments of expansion, with significant increases in funding and number of employees, with long periods of stagnation. During these years the number of people hired with fixed-term contracts has grown, also to meet the needs of seismic and volcanic monitoring of the Italian territory, carried out on the basis of agreements with the Department of Civil Protection. After twenty years, it's time to outline a picture of the present situation and the evolutionary process that determined it. With this objective, the following analysis of the evolution of INGV was carried out in the period between its establishment and 2019, with reference to aspects such as the composition of the personnel, its distribution in the Sections, age, gender, role, career, with the aim of providing a tool for evaluating the progress made and planning future developments. The presence of a large number of precarious workers, distributed unevenly in territorial offices, for many years represented the main problem of the INGV, but not the only one. The contraction of the funding and the hiring freeze also slowed the development of the careers of researchers and other employers. The poor gender balance among the personnel, in particular among researchers, and the high average age represents further critical elements. The appropriate rebalancing of heterogeneities, aimed at maximum functionality and effective growth of the institute, should be the challenge for the next years. The future of INGV will depend on the choices that will be made today and the knowledge of the evolution of the institution until today is an essential element for proper programming.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-92

Beschreibung: 3TM. Comunicazione

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-186

Beschreibung: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: 1TM. Formazione

Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: This contribution illustrates the state of the art on the development of the multiparametric network in Sicily in the last three years. This region is wellknown for the strong earthquakes (M〉6.5) which struck in historic time. However, the coverage of the seismic network developed in the last decades was not fully optimized to the need of the seismic surveillance. Since 2017, the group belonging to the National Earthquake Observatory (ONT) which operates in Sicily launched a developing plan of the preexisting seismic network in the framework of the project FISR “Sale Operative Integrate e Reti di Monitoraggio del futuro: l’INGV 2.0 (S.O.I.R.)”. Such update will end by the next years thanks to the project “GRINT Italian Research Infrastructure for Geosciences” in the framework of the “Programma Operativo Nazionale” (PON) of the Italian Ministry for the University and Research. This plan envisages both the upgrade of monitoring systems in the already existing nodes, and the integration of new nodes. The main objective is to build a multiparametric network which integrates the main seismic network, with the monitoring of other geophysical signals through the implementation of other sensors: accelerometers, geodetic GPS, radon detectors, and corner reflectors. We also illustrate the plan for the realization of a redundant network which could support the tasks of the main infrastructure in case of failure of the latter. Finally, we present some experimental urbanscale networks which in the future could support the main infrastructure.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-40

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The present paper describes the process of moving from a research study of most common vulnerable non-structural elements, to deliver solutions, tools and guidelines to improve understanding of and responsiveness to community concerns about seismic risk and non-structural elements. The observed damage to non-structural elements following recent earthquakes in Italy, Portugal and Iceland, were used for designing communication tools under the KnowRISK EU project for multi-stakeholders (students, business and citizens): the Practical Guide, the Students Short Guide, the KnowRISK Portfolio of Solutions, the Move, Protect and Secure video, the augmented reality apps, the maquettes, the students notebooks, videos, board games and hands-on tools. The philosophy behind these deliverables is that some risks, once identified, can be eliminated or reduced by informing people and suggesting preventive or emergency measures. These tools are devoted to improving the seismic performance of non-structural elements and to reduce the associated economic losses, loss of functionality, and potential threats to life safety. The rationale behind the selection of the information that people need to know for converting knowledge to more safety is discussed and a description of the transference of the findings of research to communication solutions is presented. The tools were planned following the engagement-model in risk communication to ensure that needs of communities and selected stakeholders were acknowledged, and that recipients are addressed in a way that appeals to them. Different media and communication channels such as print, television, online, face-to face communication and interviews were used for risk communication.

Beschreibung: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE322

Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The lava platform and the three pyroclastic cones of Vulcanello constitute the northernmostvolcanic structure of the island of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands). The sandy isthmus connecting theplatform to the main island was definitively formed in the first half of the 1500s; before then,Vulcano and Vulcanello were two close but separate islands. For a long time, the interpretation ofthe sources of the II-I century BC, had considered the islet as built up about 2200 years ago. Thisbelief, which proliferated among naturalists from the 17th century, is not confirmed in the ancienttexts or even in the geographical documents of the time, which do not indicate the presence ofVulcanello as a new and stable island near Vulcano. The islet would only be mentioned at the dawnof the second millennium, and named in Arabic “Gabal’ al Burkān”, meaning Mount of Vulcano;shortly thereafter the toponym changed to the Latin “Insulam Vulcanelli” and then, towards the15th century, finally to Vulcanello.Since the creation of a volcanic island certainly occurred in the Aeolian Islands in the classical era,but traces of it were quickly lost, the most plausible hypothesis is that it was formed in the area ofthe current Vulcanello, to be subsequently erased by the sea. The shallow, flat seabed, likelyremaining as a result of sea abrasion, might have represented the morphological element on whichthe circular lava platform we know today was formed sometime between 950 and 1000 AD.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: VO548

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: On November 20, 2019, an exercise was held at the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) as part of the activities planned for preparing for seismic emergencies. The training was "tabletop" with the simulation of an earthquake with a magnitude greater than the threshold required for the activation of the intervention procedures, described in the "Protocol of the Authority for the management of seismic and tsunami emergencies and Establishment of the Crisis Unit”, the flow of actions that follow was verified. The exercise involved the entire INGV even if the Rome headquarters was the most involved, and it was the second of this type after that carried out in 2015 [Pondrelli et al., 2016]. Main motivation of this training was the analysis of the efficiency of the Organization Protocol, a document that for the first time at INGV codifies the actions of the Crisis Unit and of the Institute in general on the occurrence of seismic events and / or seismic sequences and / or tsunamis. The Protocol has been formalized on the basis of the numerous experiences that the Institute has supported over many years, to honour its vocation in the monitoring and seismic surveillance of the national territory [Margheriti et al., 2021].

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-50

Beschreibung: 2SR TERREMOTI - Gestione delle emergenze sismiche e da maremoto

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Il mondo della Ricerca e dell ’Innovazione Tecnologica per sua natura è sempre in evoluzione, ed accompagnato da normative in materia di Sicurezza e Salute non sempre conosciute o applicate. La particolare enfasi data alla formazione nel quadro normativo riguardante la Sicurezza e Salute nei luoghi di lavoro, sia a livello nazionale che comunitario, dimostra e determina l’importanza attribuita a tale processo, non solo come mezzo elettivo per la diffusione della cultura della Sicurezza a tutti i livelli , ma anche, e soprattutto, come misura generale di tutela.

Beschreibung: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-54

Beschreibung: 1TM. Formazione

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Within a fault governing model the characteristic scale length is one of the most relevant physical parameters because it accounts for the so–called fracture energy (density) of the system, its dynamics, the time during which the accumulated stress is released and the seismic waves are excited, the amount of slip developed during an instability event. Friction laboratory experiments reveal that it is not a material property, but that it changes with the sliding velocity. We propose two rather different analytical models to fit laboratory evidence and we incorporate them into a fault model able to simulate repeated earthquakes in the framework of various formulations of rate and state friction. We demonstrate that temporal variations of the scale length do not prevent the system to reach its limit cycle, but they systematically reduce the magnitude of the expected event (both in term of developed slip, and thus seismic moment, and released stress) and also reduce the inter–event time (recurrence interval). Depending on the friction model, the system can penetrate into the stable regime and can either continue the accelerating phase toward to failure or decelerate and abort instability.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE217

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The understanding of the ancient Earth’s Magnetic Field strength, or absolute paleointensity, is fundamental for several disciplines of Earth Sciences. Following the growing interest in this field in the last decades, the number of paleointensity studies has been increasing and the Paleomagnetic Laboratory of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) in Rome, Italy expanded the instrument park with a ASC TD48SC oven for paleomagnetic and paleointensity measurements. This manual represents an updated version of the original manual “Guida all’uso del forno ASC TD48SC per la stima della paleointensità assoluta con il metodo ThellierThellier modificato” [Di Chiara, 2014]. The aim is to provide a practical guide for paleointensity measurements, using the IZZIThellier experiment and the software Thellier_GUI for the processing of the geomagnetic field strength or paleointensity data.

Beschreibung: INGV

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-20

Beschreibung: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: We describe the geochemical characteristics of groundwater samples collected in 23 water wells located on the northern margin of the Hyblean plateau (East Sicily). This area, mostly made of highly permeable carbonate rocks, is rich in low temperature (T 〈 50° C) hydrothermal groundwaters, distributed in an active sismogenetic zone, with several ENE-WSW-directed tectonic structures that drove magma to the surface during Upper Pliocene and Pleistocene. The chemical features suggest complex mixing between rainwater, CO2-rich groundwater, steam-heated groundwater and geothermal brines, as highlighted by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Some parameters, however, indicate widespread pollution of the aquifers from human activities. Stable isotopes analysis confirms the meteoric origin of groundwater and supports the origin of dissolved CO2 mostly from mantle degassing through deep tectonic faults. Geothermometric estimates, mostly based on quartz and Saturation Indexes geothermometers, suggest minimum reservoir temperature between 100 and 120° C.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: HS438

Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: A ground magnetic study was performed on the northern upper flank of Mt. Etna to provide new insights into subsurface volcano-tectonic structures. The high resolution magnetic survey was focused on the main structures of Piano delle Concazze, a large flat area dominated by the North- East crater and bounded by the rim of the Valle del Leone depression and the extremity of the North-East Rift. More than 2,500 measurements were gathered with a sampling step of about 3 m covering an area of about 0.2 km2. The total-intensity anomaly field shows the presence of intense South-North aligned maxima related to shallow geological structures affecting this area. Filtering techniques and 2.5D modeling have been applied for the determination of the magnetic source parameters. In order to distinguish the near surface structure, filters of the vertical derivatives, Butterworth high-pass and the tilt derivative were used. The 3D Euler deconvolution has been applied to estimate the depth and the structural indices of the causative sources. The calculated structural indices, that express the geometrical nature of the source, are in agreement with forward modeling. They show that the area is mainly affected by subvertical normal fault and the estimated depth of magnetic sources ranges between 10 m and 40 m. Our total field magnetic survey shows that characteristic magnetic anomalies are related to fault zones in the Piano delle Concazze that are well consistent with the local tectonics. The subsurface structures that have been detected allowed to delineate the general structural framework of the area. In particular, it was possible to clarify that these structures seem to be not deep rooted and consequently they can hardly act as preferential pathways for magma ascent.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: PE108

Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The traction evolution is a fundamental ingredient to model the dynamics of an earthquake rupture which ultimately controls, during the coseismic phase, the energy release, the stress redistribution and the consequent excitation of seismic waves. In the present paper we explore the use of the friction behavior derived from laboratory shear experiments performed on granular materials at low normal stress. We find that the rheological properties emerging from these laboratory experiments can not be described in terms of preexisting governing models already presented in literature; our results indicate that neither rate–and state–dependent friction laws nor nonlinear slip–dependent models, commonly adopted for modeling earthquake ruptures, are able to capture all the features of the experimental data. Then, by exploiting a novel numerical approach, we directly incorporate the laboratory data into a code to simulate the fully dynamic propagation of a 3–D slip failure. We demonstrate that the rheology of the granular material, imposed as fault boundary condition, is dynamically consistent. Indeed, it is able to reproduce the basic features of a crustal earthquake, spontaneously accelerating up to some terminal rupture speed, both sub– and supershear.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE441

Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: INGV

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-18

Beschreibung: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: In the last decade, bottom-up strategies of risk education have raised importance, making seriousgames to become an alternative or complementary teaching tool for enhancing skills for acollaborative and adaptive response to social-ecological challenges. This study describes issues and challenges of serious games implemented within the framework oftwo European projects, namely UPStrat-MAFA (Urban Disaster Prevention Strategies usingMacroseismic Fields and FAult sources) and KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risKthrough non-structural elements); the goal is to instil in young people a proactive attitude towardsthe mitigation of seismic risk. The games were tested in some dissemination events focussed on fostering seismic riskpreparedness in students and improving good practices. We discuss the performance of our gameseven against more standard approaches to risk education. Our experience shows a rise of students’engagement compared to standard learning activities. The games were effective as students wereable to grasp the most relevant actions to reduce risk

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: SE327

Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: A first combined absolute gravity and GNSS network of 5 stations distributed between Lazio, Umbria and Abruzzo regions, was realized in 2018 in order to lay the basics for a multidisciplinary approach to natural risk assessment in the area of Central Italy, affected by the 2009 and 2016 seismic activity. Up to now, two absolute gravity campaigns were carried out using the transportable Microg LaCoste FG5#238 and the portable A10#39 absolute gravimeters. The locations of gravimetric sites have been chosen indoor to allow optimal condition of measure; therefore, the heights of the indoor sites have been determined by joining the outdoor GNSS with classical topographic surveys. The good results obtained after the campaigns and data processing lay the foundations for a new multidisciplinary approach to study also seismogenetic areas. In this paper, we present the gravity and GNSS station monographs, together with the absolute gravity values and the coordinates resulting from the first field surveys.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-26

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Volcanic activity resumed during early Middle Ages times at Lipari following at least 6000 years of quiescence. This phenomenon occurred in a social context that had continuously developed from prehistoric times to the Roman age and was burdened by a demographic crisis that involved the archipelago between the 6th and 11th century AD. The rare archaeological records relating to the 6th - 11th centuries suggest abrupt changes in the population of the islands. The medieval sources are rich in religious and fantastic references to volcanic events linked to Lipari and Vulcano, testifying the uneasy condition for the human communities. This work concerns the resilience and adaptation of the communities to volcanic activity during the Late Middle Ages in Lipari. Starting from 1083 the Aeolian archipelago was involved in a repopulation program, implemented in 1095 by the Constitutum and organized by the Benedictine Monastery with the annexed S. Bartolomeo Cathedral on the castle. From the 13th century the volcanic phenomena, strictly limited to the northern sector of the island, did not interfere as previously with the anthropic activities. The Monastery will be enlarged in the Norman phase during the first half of the 12th century with the construction of the cloister. New historical documents relating to the 1264, report news of fires and land movements on Lipari. Recent age determinations obtained for the obsidian flow of Rocche Rosse at 1220 ± 30 AD (archaeomagnetic dating) and for an obsidian block of the Lami pyroclastic cone at 1243 ± 190 (fission-track dating) allow to define the age of the last phase of activity of the Monte Pilato-Lami-Rocche Rosse complex, and to associate it the events reported on 1264’s historical documents. This work makes in comparison volcanological, archaeological and historical dates and described an updated summary of one of the lesser known phases of the history of the archipelago. The main consequence of the medieval volcanic activity at Lipari caused a clear division of the territory with the population confined in the southeast quadrant, protected to the north by Serra and Monte Rosa which represented a natural orographic barrier.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: VO549

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Between 2003-2016, the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) was one of the largest contributors to sea level rise, as it lost about 255 Gt of ice per year. This mass loss slowed in 2017 and 2018 to about 100 Gt yr−1. Here we examine further changes in rate of GrIS mass loss, by analyzing data from the GRACE-FO (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment – Follow On) satellite mission, launched in May 2018. Using simulations with regional climate models we show that the mass losses observed in 2017 and 2018 by the GRACE and GRACE-FO missions are lower than in any other two year period between 2003 and 2019, the combined period of the two missions. We find that this reduced ice loss results from two anomalous cold summers in western Greenland, compounded by snow-rich autumn and winter conditions in the east. For 2019, GRACE-FO reveals a return to high melt rates leading to a mass loss of 223 ± 12 Gt month−1 during the month of July alone, and a record annual mass loss of 532 ± 58 Gt yr−1.

Beschreibung: For the phase refraction index of high frequency (HF) waves in the ionospheric medium exists a well-established theory. However, under the Quasi-Longitudinal (QL) conditions, scientific literature presents various formulas that are not equivalent and that, in some cases, give rise to wrong results. In the present study, further consequences of Booker's rule are discussed, illustrating the validity ranges of the above-mentioned approximate formulas; and the different regimes for applying such QL formulas are described, along with the consequences in simulating the ionospheric HF ray-tracing, oblique and vertical sounding, and absorption.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: PA003

Beschreibung: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera

Beschreibung: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico

Beschreibung: 7TM.Sviluppo e Trasferimento Tecnologico

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (anammox) in oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) is a major pathway of oceanic nitrogen loss. Ammonium released from sinking particles has been suggested to fuel this process. During cruises to the Peruvian OMZ in April–June 2017 we found that anammox rates are strongly correlated with the volume of small particles (128–512 µm), even though anammox bacteria were not directly associated with particles. This suggests that the relationship between anammox rates and particles is related to the ammonium released from particles by remineralization. To investigate this, ammonium release from particles was modelled and theoretical encounters of free-living anammox bacteria with ammonium in the particle boundary layer were calculated. These results indicated that small sinking particles could be responsible for ~75% of ammonium release in anoxic waters and that free-living anammox bacteria frequently encounter ammonium in the vicinity of smaller particles. This indicates a so far underestimated role of abundant, slow-sinking small particles in controlling oceanic nutrient budgets, and furthermore implies that observations of the volume of small particles could be used to estimate N-loss across large areas.

Beschreibung: Miscellanea INGV - Progetto “Sale Operative Integrate e Reti di monitoraggio del futuro: l’INGV 2.0”. Report finale

Beschreibung: L’INGV è Centro di Competenza per i fenomeni sismici, vulcanici e i maremoti per il Dipartimento di Protezione Civile Nazionale (DPC). Nell’ambito delle attività previste dall’Accordo Quadro DPCINGV 20122021 (AQ vigente), l’INGV svolge attività di sorveglianza tecnicoscientifica sulla sismicità del territorio nazionale, sui fenomeni vulcanici e sui maremoti, finalizzata ai compiti di protezione civile, in modo ininterrotto (H24 per 365 giorni l’anno). Tale attività viene realizzata con uno specifico assetto organizzativo, che consente la trasmissione in tempo reale verso il DPC di tutte le informazioni riguardanti eventi e rischi sismici, vulcanici e da maremoto di interesse per il Dipartimento stesso. La sorveglianza sismica del territorio nazionale e delle aree limitrofe è in carico all’Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti (ONT), insieme alle comunicazioni relative agli eventi in area mediterranea e nel mondo. La sorveglianza delle aree vulcaniche campane (Campi Flegrei, Ischia, Vesuvio) e siciliane (Etna, Stromboli, Vulcano, altre isole Eolie, Pantelleria) sono rispettivamente in carico all’Osservatorio Vesuviano (OV) e all’Osservatorio Etneo (OE). Dal gennaio 2017 è diventata ufficialmente operativa anche l’attività di monitoraggio e il Servizio di allerta dei maremoti di origine sismica (Centro Allerta Tsunami CAT) con l’introduzione nella Sala INGV di Roma di una nuova unità di personale. In fase sperimentale, fino alla fine del 2016, e per i primi mesi di operatività, il personale per il Servizio di Allerta Tsunami è stato scelto all’interno del gruppo di turnisti che da anni svolgeva il Servizio di Sorveglianza Sismica; successivamente, è stato reclutato e formato nuovo personale in grado di svolgere entrambi i Servizi. A partire dal 2017 e nei due anni successivi sono stati attivati, quindi, i corsi per la formazione di nuovi Turnisti e Funzionari per i servizi di Sorveglianza Sismica e di Allerta Tsunami ed anche per i reperibili di Sala [Quintiliani et al., 2020]. La formazione del personale che partecipa al Servizio di Sorveglianza Sismica è prevista nei Piani di attività annuali relativi all’Allegato A dell’AQ vigente, tematica “Sorveglianza sismica” e quella del personale che partecipa alle attività del CAT nella tematica “Centro Allerta Tsunami (CAT)”. Inoltre, il Progetto “S.O.I.R. monitoraggio futuro” ha tra le sue finalità quella della formazione del personale delle Sale Operative INGV, essendo il WP4 “Formazione” uno dei sei working package del progetto espressamente dedicato a questo.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 150-155

Beschreibung: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Single-type hazard and risk assessment is the usual framework followed by disaster risk reduction (DRR) practitioners. There is therefore a need to present and compare the results arising from different hazard and risk types. Here we describe a simple method for combining risk curves arising from different hazard types in order to gain a first impression of the total risk. We show how the resulting total (and individual) risk estimates can be examined and compared using so-called risk matrices, a format preferred by some DRR practitioners. We apply this approach to Cologne, Germany, which is subject to floods, windstorms and earthquakes. We then use a new series of risk calculations that consider epistemic uncertainty. The Mann-Whitney test is applied to determine if the losses arising from pairs of hazards are comparable for a given return period. This benefits decision makers as it allows a ranking of hazards with respect to expected damage. Such a comparison would assist planners in the allocation of resources towards the most efficient mitigation actions. However, the results are dependent upon the distribution of estimates (i.e., level of uncertainty), which is in turn a function of our state of knowledge.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: S0216

Beschreibung: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This text is an introduction to the problem of low frequency electromagnetic monitoring, with particular emphasis on VLF band. All related issues have been addressed: from historical outlook to numerical analysis, from seismology to geotechnics, electronics, information technology. The approach is informative and didactic. This interdisciplinary approach does not imply a problem of skills to the reader, and my goal has been to complete each specific cultural background. Geophysics is a topic where different training paths converge, usually geological or physical. In this case, addressing also technical aspectcts, it is not really possible to setup a guide for a specific professional figure. For this reason, while some topics will be new, others instead will inevitably seem trivial or superficially addressed. The reality is that every topic, as far as possible, has been treated on the same level. When necessary, an appendix to the text will offer further specific insights from time to time.

Beschreibung: Questo testo vuole essere un’introduzione alle problematiche del monitoraggio elettromagnetico a bassa frequenza, con particolare approfondimento sulla banda VLF. Vengono affrontate tutte le tematiche correlate, dall’analisi storica all’analisi numerica, dalla sismologia alla geotecnica, all’elettronica, all’informatica. L’impostazione è divulgativa e didattica. L’approccio interdisciplinare non porrà al lettore un problema di competenze, anzi l’obiettivo è quello di completare ogni specifico bagaglio culturale. La geofisica è già un argomento in cui convergono percorsi formativi diversi, solitamente di impostazione geologica o fisica. In questo caso, in cui si affronta anche un aspetto tecnico, non è proprio possibile indirizzare una guida a una specifica figura professionale. Per questo motivo, mentre alcuni argomenti risulteranno nuovi, altri inevitabilmente appariranno scontati o forse affrontati superficialmente. La realtà è che ogni tematica, per quanto possibile, è stata affrontata allo stesso livello. All’occorrenza, un’appendice offrirà di volta in volta ulteriori approfondimenti specifici.

Beschreibung: Progetto INGV “Pianeta Dinamico” (codice progetto INGV 1020.010) finanziato dal MIUR ("Fondo finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese", legge 145/2018).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-142

Beschreibung: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: In this paper we present an updated and homogeneous earthquake dataset for Italy compiled by joining the intensities available in the Italian Macroseismic Database DBMI15 and the peak ground motion (PGM) parameters present in the Engineering Strong-Motion (ESM) accelerometric data bank. The database has been compiled through an extensive procedure of evaluation and revision based on two main steps: 1) the selection of the earthquakes in DBMI15 with homogeneous macroseismic intensities in terms of data sources and 2) the extraction of all the localities reporting intensity data which are located within 3 km from the accelerograph stations that recorded the data. The final dataset includes 519 intensity-PGM data pairs from 65 earthquakes and 227 stations in the time span 1972–2016. The reported intensities are expressed either in the Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg (MCS) or the European macroseismic (EMS-98) scales. The events are characterized by magnitudes in the range 4.1–6.8 and depths in the range 0–55 km. Here, we illustrate the data collection and the properties of the database in terms of recording, event and station distributions as well as macroseismic intensity points. Furthermore, we discuss the most relevant features of engineering interest showing several statistics with reference to the most significant metadata (such as moment magnitude, several distance metrics, style of faulting etc). The dataset is expected to be useful for benchmarking existing and for developing new ground motion intensity conversion equations offering a common basis, and sparing the time and effort required for assembling to the interested researchers. The dataset is available at https://zenodo.org/record/4623732#.YNX-AZMzbdc.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: DM102

Beschreibung: 4IT. Banche dati

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The methanogenic degradation of oil hydrocarbons can proceed through syntrophic partnerships of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and methanogenic archaea1,2,3. However, recent culture-independent studies have suggested that the archaeon ‘Candidatus Methanoliparum’ alone can combine the degradation of long-chain alkanes with methanogenesis4,5. Here we cultured Ca. Methanoliparum from a subsurface oil reservoir. Molecular analyses revealed that Ca. Methanoliparum contains and overexpresses genes encoding alkyl-coenzyme M reductases and methyl-coenzyme M reductases, the marker genes for archaeal multicarbon alkane and methane metabolism. Incubation experiments with different substrates and mass spectrometric detection of coenzyme-M-bound intermediates confirm that Ca. Methanoliparum thrives not only on a variety of long-chain alkanes, but also on n-alkylcyclohexanes and n-alkylbenzenes with long n-alkyl (C≥13) moieties. By contrast, short-chain alkanes (such as ethane to octane) or aromatics with short alkyl chains (C≤12) were not consumed. The wide distribution of Ca. Methanoliparum4,5,6 in oil-rich environments indicates that this alkylotrophic methanogen may have a crucial role in the transformation of hydrocarbons into methane.

Beschreibung: We present here the results of a five-years-long earthquake educational project aiming to commemorate the hundredth anniversaries of five large Northern Apennines earthquakes occurred between 1916 and 1920 in the areas of: Rimini (1916, Mw 6.1), Valtiberina (1917, Mw 5.9), Romagna Apennines (1918, Mw 5.9), Mugello (1919, Mw 6.3) and Garfagnana (1920, Mw 6.5) earthquakes. We saw these anniversaries as the occasion for leading the Northern Apennines people to rediscover their past, in a positive way, and to improve their awareness of the earthquake as a natural feature of the regions in which they live. The activities that we planned for schools students encouraged them to go hunting for traces of the earthquakes of one hundred years ago in their home towns and to rediscover the memories and traditions of their communities. Together with their teachers, we also led the teenagers to find creative ways to involve the grownups in the process of discovery and knowledge. The Project had to cope with two emergencies: the great Central Italy earthquake of 2016-2017 and the Covid-19 epidemic. However, these stumbling blocks did not deter teachers and students from taking part in the process actively and even enthusiastically. Their families and communities were actively involved too. This experience taught us some valuable lessons. First of all, we learned to adapt the project, as we had conceived it at the start, to a wide gamma of social and cultural contexts. Not all the involved communities were equally aware of the level of seismic risk they are exposed to. On the affluent Adriatic coast, where tourism is the main source of income, past earthquakes are something best forgotten, by citizens and administrators alike. On the contrary, in the poorer inland mountain areas (Forlivese Apennines, Mugello, Garfagnana and Lunigiana) a more down-to-earth attitude prevails: earthquakes are looked upon as something that can and does happen and people are quick to grasp how important it is to contribute to initiatives whose aim is reducing seismic risk. Thus, we had to adapt our approach to the different contexts, modifying each time the activities we proposed to the schools with the aim of obtain the best possible results from each situation. Presentiamo i risultati di un progetto di educazione al rischio sismico attivato in occasione dei centenari di cinque terremoti storici che hanno colpito l’Appennino settentrionale tra gli anni 1916 e 1920 e precisamente i terremoti di Rimini 1916 (Mw 6.1), Valtiberina 1917 (Mw 5.9), Appennino romagnolo 1918 (Mw 5.9), Mugello 1919 (Mw 6.3) e Garfagnana 1920 (Mw 6.5). Abbiamo pensato di utilizzare questi anniversari come punto di partenza per accompagnare i cittadini a riappropriarsi del loro passato in modo positivo, facendo crescere la loro consapevolezza del terremoto come un carattere del loro ambiente naturale. A tal fine, nelle attività realizzate con le scuole, abbiamo incoraggiato gli studenti a cercare le tracce dei terremoti di un secolo fa nell’ambiente urbanizzato e a indagare le memorie e le tradizioni ancora presenti nelle comunità. Insieme ai loro insegnanti abbiamo spinto i ragazzi a trovare modi creativi per coinvolgere gli adulti in questo processo di scoperta e conoscenza. Il progetto è stato messo alla prova dal forte terremoto dell’Italia centrale (2016­2017) e dall’epidemia di Covid­19, ma nonostante queste difficoltà insegnanti e studenti hanno partecipato con grande interesse a questo percorso e hanno coinvolto nelle attività del progetto le famiglie e le comunità locali. Anche noi abbiamo imparato nuove lezioni. Un aspetto importante che abbiamo appreso è il bisogno di adattare il progetto a contesti sociali e culturali che si sono rivelati molto diversi. Le comunità coinvolte non condividono lo stesso livello di consapevolezza del rischio: sulla costa adriatica, a vocazione turistica, i terremoti sono qualcosa che è meglio dimenticare, sia da parte dei cittadini che dalle amministrazioni. Al contrario, nell’Appennino forlivese, nel Mugello, in Garfagnana e Lunigiana, i terremoti sono una presenza costante e le persone si sono sentite subito coinvolte in un processo attivo di riduzione del rischio e di attenzione quotidiana. Questo ci ha spinto ad adattare ogni volta l’approccio ai diversi contesti, modificando le proposte di attività che abbiamo realizzato nelle scuole.

Beschreibung: Lavoro realizzato nell’ambito della Convenzione fra INGV e Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Allegato A, tematica “M”.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-40

Beschreibung: 5SR TERREMOTI - Convenzioni derivanti dall'Accordo Quadro decennale INGV-DPC

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) represents a primary data source in Solid Earth Sciences. In order to investigate the Earth’s crustal deformation, time series of the estimated daily positions of the stations are routinely analyzed at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) to investigate the deformation of the Earth’s surface caused by tectonic and non-tectonic processes. The GNSS observations of the stations are processed using the three main scientific software: GAMIT/GLOBK, BERNESE, and GIPSY OASIS II. The accuracy and the strength of geodetic solutions often depend on the geometry and spatial density of the network, and the availability and quality of GNSS data. In many circumstances, GNSS networks are deployed for topographic purposes by private or public institutions, and a significant number of GNSS stations in large regions acquire continuous observations. It may happen that such networks do not collect and distribute data according to IGS standards, so it could be difficult to analyze this data using automated data-processing tools. For that reason, this data is often ignored or partially used by the scientific community, despite their potential usefulness in geodynamic studies. We have attempted troubleshooting this problem by establishing a centralized storage facility in order to collect all available GNSS data and standardize both formats and metadata information. Here we describe the processes and functions that manage this unified repository, called MGA (Mediterranean GNSS Archive), which regularly collects GNSS RINEX files from alarge number of CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station) located across a wide region of mainly the European and African plates. RINEX observation data and metadata information are provided to the analysts through an FTP server and dedicated web-services. The complete data set is stored in a PostgreSQL database in order to easily retrieve pieces of information and efficiently manage the archive content. The system implements many high-level services that include scripts to download files from remote archives and to detect new available data, web applications such as API (Application Program Interface) to interact with the system, and background services that interact with the database. During the development of this product, particular attention was paid to what has already been achieved by EPOS TCS WP10, whose objective was: "[...] to develop an open source platform with programmatic and web interfaces to store and disseminate raw data and metadata from GNSS stations operating in Europe''. Many ideas and tools presented here were inspired by that project.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-18

Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Beschreibung: 4IT. Banche dati

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: SISMIKO è uno dei Gruppi Operativi di emergenza sismica dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) con la principale missione di installare, nel più breve tempo possibile, una rete sismica temporanea in tempo reale ad integrazione di quella permanente nell’area colpita da un forte terremoto e/o da una sequenza sismica [Moretti et al., 2012; 2016]. SISMIKO nasce formalmente nel 2015 ed è il frutto della convergenza di reti sismiche mobili gestite da diversi gruppi all’interno delle singole Sezioni e sedi dell’Ente. Ognuna di queste reti risente della propria storia, risponde ad esigenze territoriali diverse ed è caratterizzata da vari gradi di coinvolgimento nella gestione della Rete Sismica Nazionale (RSN) [Michelini et al., 2016; Margheriti et al., 2020]. Questa eterogeneità si riflette anche in differenze nel sistema di acquisizione dati delle stazioni gestite dal GO. Grazie ad una attenta predisposizione e configurazione della propria strumentazione, oggi SISMIKO ha la possibilità e le competenze per integrare in poche ore una rete temporanea trasmessa in tempo reale nel sistema di acquisizione dati sismologici attivo presso la sede INGV di Roma, contribuendo in maniera significativa al servizio di monitoraggio e sorveglianza sismica del territorio colpito dall’emergenza [Margheriti et al., 2020]. Nel corso del 2020, facendo seguito al piano di rinnovo e omogeneizzazione del parco strumentale dedicato GO avviato nel 2019 (co­finanziato nell’ambito della Convenzione tra INGV e il Dipartimento di Protezione Civile vigente), è stato deciso di sviluppare un sistema di acquisizione dati in tempo reale unificato per tutte le stazioni di SISMIKO, indipendente dalle singole sedi di appartenenza. Questa nuova logica ha diversi vantaggi, e in primis quello di rendere possibile il completo interscambio del personale presso le varie sedi INGV nella gestione dell’acquisizione dati, aspetto fondamentale durante una emergenza.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-26

Beschreibung: 2SR TERREMOTI - Gestione delle emergenze sismiche e da maremoto

Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR

Beschreibung: Probabilistic volcanic hazard assessment is a standard methodology based on running a deterministic hazard quantification tool multiple times to explore the full range of uncertainty in the input parameters and boundary conditions, in order to probabilistically quantify the variability of outputs accounting for such uncertainties. Nowadays, different volcanic hazards are quantified by means of this approach. Among these, volcanic gas emission is particularly relevant given the threat posed to human health if concentrations and exposure times exceed certain thresholds. There are different types of gas emissions but two main scenarios can be recognized: hot buoyant gas emissions from fumaroles and the ground and dense gas emissions feeding density currents that can occur, e.g., in limnic eruptions. Simulation tools are available to model the evolution of critical gas concentrations over an area of interest. Moreover, in order to perform probabilistic hazard assessments of volcanic gases, simulations should account for the natural variability associated to aspects such as seasonal and daily wind conditions, localized or diffuse source locations, and gas fluxes. Here we present VIGIL (automatized probabilistic VolcanIc Gas dIspersion modeLling), a new Python tool designed for managing the entire simulation workflow involved in single and probabilistic applications of gas dispersion modelling. VIGIL is able to manage the whole process from meteorological data processing, needed to run gas dispersion in both the dilute and dense gas flow scenarios, to the post processing of models’ outputs. Two application examples are presented to show some of the modelling capabilities offered by VIGIL.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: DM107

Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The statistical properties of seismicity are known to be affected by several factors such as the rheological parameters of rocks. We analysed the earthquake double-couple as a function of the faulting type. Here we show that it impacts the moment tensors of earthquakes: thrust- faulting events are characterized by higher double-couple components with respect to strike- slip- and normal-faulting earthquakes. Our results are coherent with the stress dependence of the scaling exponent of the Gutenberg-Richter law, which is anticorrelated to the double- couple. We suggest that the structural and tectonic control of seismicity may have its origin in the complexity of the seismogenic source marked by the width of the cataclastic damage zone and by the slip of different fault planes during the same seismic event; the sharper and concentrated the slip as along faults, the higher the double-couple. This phenomenon may introduce bias in magnitude estimation, with possible impact on seismic forecasting.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 258

Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: In recent decades, geological modeling has significantly evolved, relying on the growing potential of hardware and software to manage and integrate vast datasets of 2D-3D geophysical underground data. Therefore, digitization and integration with other forms of data can often improve understanding of geological systems, even when using so-called vintage or historical data. Seismic reflection data have been extensively acquired mainly for hydrocarbon exploration since the 60s generating large volumes of data. Typically, these data have been for private commercial use and are relatively unavailable for research. However, with time, large volumes of vintage seismic reflection data in many countries worldwide are now becoming publicly available through time-based de-classification schemes. Such data have a great potential for modern-day geo-research, unleashing opportunities to improve geological understanding through re-interpretation with modern methods. However, a downside of these vintage data is that they are often only available in analog (paper, raster) format. The vectorization of these data then constitutes an essential step for unlocking their research potential. In 2018 INGV established the SISMOLAB-3D infrastructure, which is mainly devoted to analyzing digital subsurface data, such as seismic reflection profiles and well-logs, to build 2D-3D geological models, principally for seismotectonics, seismic hazard assessment, and geo-resources applications. In this contribution, we discuss the robustness of the WIGGLE2SEGY code, firstly published by Sopher in 2018, focusing on examples from different tectonic and geodynamic contexts within Italian territory. We applied the SEG-Y conversion method to onshore and offshore raster seismic profiles related to ceased exploration permits, comparing the results with other published archives of SEG-Y data obtained from the conversion of vintage data. Such an approach results in digital SEG-Y files with unprecedented quality and detail. The systematic application of this method will allow the construction of a comprehensive dataset of digital SEG-Y seismic profiles across Italy, thereby expanding and sharing the INGV SISMOLAB-3D portfolio with the scientific community to foster innovative and advanced scientific analysis.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: DM538

Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse

Beschreibung: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: In Italy, historical research on earthquakes has a long and glorious tradition, which in recent decades has gone through very different phases. In the first half of the 1980s and up to the mid- 90s, two very demanding research ventures were developed: the research program financed by ENEL for the qualification of sites susceptible to nuclear plants in three areas of the country (Piedmont, Lombardy, Puglia), later merged into the “Catalog of Strong Italian Earthquakes” (CFTI) of the ING/INGV, and the “Hazard project” of the GNDT/CNR, aimed at preparing all the basic data necessary for a model of hazard updated. As part of these two ventures, for about a decade over a hundred researchers, mostly “professional” historians, have worked to update their knowledge of Italian historical earthquakes. Researches developed by the “Hazard Project” - complementary to those of the CFTI - aimed only at rapidly re-evaluating the knowledge on about 600 intermediate energy earthquakes. Some of these studies, after a couple of decades, are now largely obsolete. For this reason, a work plan was launched aimed at deepening the knowledge on several dozens of these studies, marked in the current Parametric Catalog of Italian Earthquakes (CPTI15) by the initials AMGNDT95, providing them with an updated and, hopefully, better database. This work presents the results of research carried out on 6 earthquakes included in the 1949– 1971 time span. Such researches have allowed a significant improvement of the epicentral parameters of these earthquakes and, at the same time, an enhancement of seismic histories of numerous localities.

Beschreibung: Lavoro realizzato nell’ambito della Convenzione fra INGV e Dipartimento nazionale della Protezione Civile, Allegato B2.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1-274

Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Beschreibung: JCR Journal