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  • 1
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Echolocation has evolved in different groups of animals, from bats and cetaceans to birds and humans, and enables localization and tracking of objects in a dynamic environment, where light levels may be very low or absent. Nature has shaped echolocation, an active sense that engages audiomotor feedback systems, which operates in diverse environments and situations. Echolocation production and perception vary across species, and signals are often adapted to the environment and task. In the last several decades, researchers have been studying the echolocation behavior of animals, both in the air and underwater, using different methodologies and perspectives. The result of these studies has led to rich knowledge on sound production mechanisms, directionality of the sound beam, signal design, echo reception and perception. Active control over echolocation signal production and the mechanisms for echo processing ultimately provide animals with an echoic scene or image of their surroundings. Sonar signal features directly influence the information available for the echolocating animal to perceive images of its environment. In many echolocating animals, the information processed through echoes elicits a reaction in motor systems, including adjustments in subsequent echolocation signals. We are interested in understanding how echolocating animals deal with different environments (e.g. clutter, light levels), tasks, distance to targets or objects, different prey types or other food sources, presence of conspecifics or certain predators, ambient and anthropogenic noise. In recent years, some researchers have presented new data on the origins of echolocation, which can provide a hint of its evolution. Theoreticians have addressed several issues that bear on echolocation systems, such as frequency or time resolution, target localization and beam-forming mechanisms. In this Research Topic we compiled recent work that elucidates how echolocation – from sound production, through echolocation signals to perception- has been shaped by nature functioning in different environments and situations. We strongly encouraged comparative approaches that would deepen our understanding of the processes comprising this active sense.
    Keywords: QP1-981 ; Q1-390 ; bats ; Biosonar ; Humans ; marine mammals ; sensory biology ; Birds ; Behavior ; Communication ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFG Physiology
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: In the ancient past, cocoa has been appreciated as a high-calorie food to boost energy in soldiers and for its undefined medicinal and mystical properties. During other times, chocolate has been considered as the forbidden “food of God”: a treasure of pleasure for the mind and the soul. The overall perception of the consumer for chocolate was of a “charming” and appealing food with lots of negative aspects related to high sugar content leading to consider chocolate as “junk food” for its “obesigen” calories. Recently, in association with the renewed interest of nutrition science in alternative source of health-promoting foods and ingredients, a large body of research has been conducted to unravel the pro and cons of cocoa in relation to human health. Epidemiological evidences indicate that cocoa consumption helps preventing cardiovascular disease for its high content in bioactive flavonoids. Clinical trials show that chocolate consumption might improve vascular function, decreasing platelet aggregation and display an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The putative protective action of cocoa seems to be multi-factorial and involving different aspects of vascular, antioxidant and endothelial function. However, the mechanism(s) that account for the benefits of cocoa it is still unclear. The aim of this Research Topic is therefore to provide the reader with an objective picture of the state of art on the association between cocoa and health, mainly through the evidences of human trials; overwhelmingly considered the golden standard for nutritional science. The Research Topic will cover the analysis of the manufacturing processes of the chocolate and the antioxidant effects in humans as well as the majority of the putative health effects of chocolate and cocoa, such as anti-inflammatory properties, effect on immunity, platelet aggregation, blood pressure, endothelial function and cognitive behavior. Unraveling the functional properties of cocoa will help to understand if the 'food of God' is a primordial gift for the health of mankind.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; TX341-641 ; Antioxidants ; Obesity ; Flavonoids ; Humans ; Chocolate ; Blood pressure ; Inflammation ; Cognitive function ; Cocoa ; Immunity
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This eBook comprises s series of original research and review articles dealing with the anatomical, genetic, and physiological organization of the auditory system from humans to monkeys and mice.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; audition ; monkeys ; gens ; translational ; Humans ; Rodents ; Memory ; Perception ; Physiology ; functional imaging ; Anatomy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The global population aged over 60 is set to rise dramatically in the coming decades. In many countries, the older population now faces the prospect of spending a quarter of their lives aged over 65, and a significant proportion will have to cope with cognitive decline associated with normal ageing or with dementia disorders. Given that these fundamental demographic changes will pose a significant challenge to health care systems, a detailed understanding of age-related cognitive and neurobiological changes is essential in helping elderly populations maintain cognitive performance. In addition, developing sensitive biomarkers to identify those at risk of developing dementia is crucial for early and effective interventions. To make inferences about the ageing process from the animal model back to the human, rigorous behavioral paradigms must be used to ensure that the same function is being examined across species. Given that similar navigational paradigms can easily be applied to humans and animals, recent years have seen an expansion of studies attempting to bridge the gap between age-related changes in animal and human spatial cognition. These studies begin to suggest that disruptions in spatial computations are among the earliest indicators of impending cognitive decline. In addition, although many animal studies have identified pathological mechanisms with paradigms involving spatial navigation, these mechanisms support many nonspatial cognitive functions as well. As a consequence, a successful characterization of how spatial processing changes in the ageing brain could reveal fundamental effects of cognitive ageing that could inform about general mechanisms underlying decline in perception, mnemonic processing and multisensory integration.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; Neuroscience ; spatial navigation ; Humans ; Aging ; Animal Models ; Dementia ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    White Rose University Press | White Rose University Press
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: In Hidden Depths, Professor Penny Spikins explores how our emotional connections have shaped human ancestry. Focusing on three key transitions in human origins, Professor Spikins explains how the emotional capacities of our early ancestors evolved in response to ecological changes, much like similar changes in other social mammals. For each transition, dedicated chapters examine evolutionary pressures, responses in changes in human emotional capacities and the archaeological evidence for human social behaviours. Starting from our earliest origins, in Part One, Professor Spikins explores how after two million years ago, movement of human ancestors into a new ecological niche drove new types of collaboration, including care for vulnerable members of the group. Emotional adaptations lead to cognitive changes, as new connections based on compassion, generosity, trust and inclusion also changed our relationship to material things. Part Two explores a later key transition in human emotional capacities occurring after 300,000 years ago. At this time changes in social tolerance allowed ancestors of our own species to further reach out beyond their local group and care about distant allies, making human communities resilient to environmental changes. An increasingly close relationship to animals, and even to cherished possessions, appeared at this time, and can be explained through new human vulnerabilities and ways of seeking comfort and belonging. Lastly, Part Three focuses on the contrasts in emotional dispositions arising between ourselves and our close cousins, the Neanderthals. Neanderthals are revealed as equally caring yet emotionally different humans, who might, if things had been different, have been in our place today. This new narrative breaks away from traditional views of human evolution as exceptional or as a linear progression towards a more perfect form. Instead, our evolutionary history is situated within similar processes occurring in other mammals, and explained as one in which emotions, rather than ‘intellect’, were key to our evolutionary journey. Moreover, changes in emotional capacities and dispositions are seen as part of differing pathways each bringing strengths, weaknesses and compromises. These hidden depths provide an explanation for many of the emotional sensitivities and vulnerabilities which continue to influence our world today.
    Keywords: Human demography ; Group size ; Lithic transfers ; Raw material movements ; Bonobos ; Dog burial ; Comfort ; Symbolic objects ; Symbolism ; Mobiliary art ; Attachment fluidity ; Hypersociability ; Human-animal relationships ; Dog domestication ; Attachment object ; Approachability ; Approach behaviour ; Avoidance behaviour ; Androgens ; Physiological responses ; Cognitive Archaeology ; Autism Spectrum Condition ; Handaxe ; Biface ; Neurodiversity ; Palaeolithic stone tools ; Evolution of neurodiversity ; Rock art ; Ice age art ; Material Culture ; Cultural transmission ; Emotional commitment ; Biopsychosocial approach ; Social tolerance ; Attachment ; Genus Homo ; Acheulian ; Cultural evolution ; Skeletal abnormality ; Injury ; Illness ; Interdependence ; Emotional sensitivity ; Moral emotions ; Evolution of Altruism ; Hominins ; Upper Palaeolithic ; Lower Palaeolithic ; Ecological niche ; Selective pressure ; Behavioural ecology ; Wolves ; Affective empathy ; Cognitive empathy ; Theory of mind ; Human Cognition ; Vulnerability ; Evolutionary Psychology ; Developmental psychology ; Helping behaviours ; Social cognition ; Social mammals ; Human Emotion ; Human social collaboration ; Generosity ; Emotional brain ; Social emotions ; Comparative behaviour ; Evolution ; Social carnivores ; Primate behavioural ecology ; Primate social systems ; Human Evolution ; Human ancestors ; Collaboration ; Evolutionary Biology ; Emotional vulnerability ; Social connection ; Decolonisation ; Social networks ; Middle Palaeolithic ; Community resilience ; Convergent evolution ; Chimpanzee ; Origin of modern humans ; Social safeness ; Wolf domestication ; Cherished possessions ; Compensatory attachment ; Loneliness ; Palaeolithic art ; Stress reactivity ; Bonding hormones ; Humans ; Hunter-gatherers ; Intergroup collaboration ; Tolerance ; Emotional connection ; Autism ; Trust ; Early Prehistory ; Palaeopathology ; Origins of healthcare ; Human self-domestication ; Palaeolithic Archaeology ; Social brain ; Care-giving ; Empathy ; Neanderthals ; Compassion ; Social Connection ; Evolution of Emotions ; Human Origins ; Adaptation ; Prehistory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HD Archaeology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAJ Evolution ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPW Political activism::JPWQ Revolutionary groups & movements ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: drugs ; Behavior ; Memory tasks ; pre-clinical ; clinical ; Humans ; Animals ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    De Gruyter | De Gruyter Open Poland
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: This edited volume examines the opportunities to think, do, and/or create jointly afforded by digital storytelling. The contributors discuss digital storytelling in the context of educational programs, teaching anthropology, and ethnographic research involving a variety of populations and subjects that will appeal to researchers and practitioners engaged with qualitative methods and pedagogies that rely on media technology.
    Keywords: Discourse ; Climate Change ; Humans ; Nature ; Oceania ; Resilience ; Environmental Ethics ; Environmental Change ; Worldview ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFC Social impact of disasters ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFH Popular beliefs & controversial knowledge::JFHF Folklore, myths & legends ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSL Ethnic studies::JFSL9 Indigenous peoples ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population & demography ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSX Human biology::PSXM Medical anthropology
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The hydrography of intermediate and deep-water masses in the Northern Ionian Sea (Apulian Plateau) was studied through four quasi-synoptic multidisciplinary surveys carried out in 2004–2006 as an ancillary oceanographic activity in the frame of the APLABES project. This area plays a crucial role for the entire Mediterranean Basin, being influenced by the water outflow of Adriatic origin, which, under severe winter conditions, is a primary source of dense water for the Eastern Mediterranean. At the end of the 1980s such outflow showed a different behavior, and only in the recent years has a gradual re-establishing of the former condition been detected. As such, the Adriatic Sea has regained its role as a main source of the East Mediterranean Deep Water, which was temporarily inhibited during the well-known Eastern Mediterranean Transient which progressively modified the intermediate and deep layers of the Mediterranean Sea. The general structure of water masses was similar through the investigated period, but interesting differences within the bottom layer have been detected. The interaction of the different water types present in the basin is reviewed by means of property–property plots, vertical sections, isopycnal analyses and using an Optimum Multiparameter Analysis (OMP), which is an objective method to measure the mixing of water masses. Due to the lack of any direct information about the dynamics of the water column in the area of the Apulian Plateau during the whole analyzed period, the classical method to infer the baroclinic velocity from the mass field has been applied to hydrographic data. The well-known indeterminacy of this method due to the barotropic component of the velocity field has been resolved using a short time series of current velocities acquired synoptically by a mooring located in the northern part of the studied area. The wavelet transform was adopted for localizing and quantifying the variability of currents simultaneously in both frequency and time domains. The presence of the Adriatic Deep Water close to the bottom was detected on all four surveys, with different signature as underlined by the objectively analysis (with the Optimum Multiparameter Analysis) of the thermohaline field. A core of cold, less-saline and oxygenated water of Adriatic origin coming from the Otranto Channel was identified. This water mass moved in geostrophic balance along the isobaths at 600–1000 m depth at the isopycnal surface of 29.18 kg m−3, not being dense enough to reach the deeper layers of the Ionian Basin, carrying 0.27–0.36 Sv.
    Description: Published
    Description: 441-457
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Currents, ; Ionian Sea; ; Apulian Plateau ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4919 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:43:25 | 4919 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Seasonal changes and flooding have an extraordinarily great influence on the drift of organisms. The free water space plays the main part in the provision of food for some fish (Salmo trutta - trout): drift and content of the stomach are balanced here (Simuliidae): whereas others (Thymallus vulgaris) only selectively chose certain animals living at the bottom (molluscs). The total drift, drift of organisms and drift of organic material and minerals, plays a main role in the rate of production in streams. Besides the biology of the organisms living on the river bed, also the geological and hydrographical situation of the area plays a very important role for the composition of the drift. During the years 1964-1966 three streams in the characteristical geological formations flysch, gneiss and chalk of lower Austria were studied in regard to their drift. The Tulln (above St. Christopen), the Krems (above Senftenberg) and the Schwarza (above Hirschwang) seemed to be ideal for this comparative study because they are easy to reach. After summarising the hydrography and chemistry of examined rivers, the author examines the relationship between water level and total drift and the stratification of the total drift before analysing the drift of living organisms. Also considered are seasonal changes of drift of organisms and drift of exuviae.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Rivers ; Drift ; Current data ; Surveys ; Stream flow ; Aquatic animals ; Hydrographic surveying ; Hydrography ; Austria
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This Thesis contributes to elucidate the life cycle strategies of two copepod species, the medium-size clausocalanid Drepanopus forcipatus Giesbrecht, 1888 and the large calanid Calanus australis Brodsky, 1959, in relation to the environmental conditions in the southern Patagonian shelf (47°-55°S). This research was mainly carried out with samples collected in late summer/early autumn (March/April, 2004) onboard RV "Dr. E. L. Holmberg" (INIDEP, Mar del Plata). An additional sampling performed during early spring (October, 2005) with RV "Puerto Deseado" (CONICET) was also utilized. The present study was based on the following research questions: 1) Which is the available food for copepod populations by late summer? 2) Which is the relative contribution of D. forcipatus and C. australis to the summer mesozooplankton community conformation in the southern Patagonian shelf when it is determined from samples collected by a fine mesh size net? 3) Which feeding and reproductive activity levels do D. forcipatus and C. australis have by late summer? 4) Which are the strongest trophic links of D. forcipatus and C. australis to lower trophic levels by late summer in the region? 5) Which are the adaptive strategies of D. forcipatus and C. australis to cope with seasonal food variability? In the southern Patagonian shelf, the mesozooplankton overall structure and that of its populations have been historically misinterpreted because of sampling with coarse nets. Environmental conditions during late summer in the study area corresponded with a post phytoplankton bloom stage and, consequently, food availability in the size range efficiently ingested by copepods ( 10 ìm) was low. Both species revealed a seasonal pattern in feeding and reproduction, low in summer and high in spring, in coincidence with food availability in situ. D. forcipatus and C. australis may have diminished metabolism as an adaptation to poor food conditions, although apparently had not fully entered yet in a resting stage (dormancy). D. forcipatus may perform an opportunistic and rather flexible strategy when facing low concentrations of optimal food. This copepod would be capable of exploiting the actually available resources, and to sustain reproduction under low food availability. C. australis would be adapted to seasonally variable trophic conditions, would select food by particle size and would be able to reproduce with low or no food, at the expense of a combination of ingestion and assimilation of the lipid reserves stored during development
    Description: Tesis (doctorado). Realizada en el INIDEP (Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero - Mar del Plata, Argentina)
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Copepoda, Clausocalanida, Drepanopus forcipatus, Calanus australis, niveles tróficos, estructura poblacional, hidrografía, composición de la comunidad
    Keywords: Zooplankton ; Trophic levels ; Population structure ; Hydrography ; Community composition
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations , Phd thesis
    Format: 210 p.
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  • 11
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    Instituto Tecnológico Buenos Aires (ITBA)
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la simulación numérica de la circulación de las aguas en el estuario del Río de la Plata (Argentina). El modelo matemático está basado en el modelo teórico de flujo cuasi-bidimensional a superficie libre. La influencia de la marca astronómica se tiene en cuenta a través de las condiciones de borde de la desembocadura. Las corrientes y niveles calculados para distintos instantes del ciclo de mareas, muestran razonable con las observaciones. Estos resultados demuestran la factibilidad de la simulación, abriendo la posibilidad de utilizar esta técnica para encarar estudios más profundos, con vistas a solucionar problemas concretos que experimenta hoy el Río de la Plata.
    Description: Bachelors
    Description: Tesis (licenciatura)
    Keywords: Cartas hidrográficas ; Datos hidrográficos ; Relevamiento hidrográfico ; Hidrografía ; Oceanografía ; Estuarios ; Dinámica de estuarios ; Mareas de estuarios ; Corrientes de marea ; Análisis matemático ; Modelos matemáticos ; Hydrographic charts ; Hydrographic data ; Hydrographic surveying ; Hydrography ; Oceanography ; Estuaries ; Estuarine dynamics ; Estuarine tides ; Tidal currents ; Mathematical analysis ; Mathematical models
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 118pp.
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  • 12
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    Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP): Mar del Plata | Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP): Mar del Plata
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The current knowledge on the argentine continental shelf water masses is summarized in this paper. These water masses are characterized as a function of water types fed by the boundary currents and the modifications due to continental runoff, and water energy exchange with the atmosphere. Based on sea surface salinity distributions and the temperature-salinity characteristics, three masses are described: coastal waters, mid-shelf waters and slope waters. The main freshwater sources found along the coast are identified, as well as high salinity formation areas. The vertical stratification, mainly controlled by temperature, is analyzed along the annual cycle. The stratification cycle is mainly driven by the heat exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean. Finally the oceanic fronts in the Argentine Sea are cited.
    Description: Bibligraphic reference/Referencia bibliográfica: Guerrero, R.A.; Piola, A.R. 1997. Masas de agua en la plataforma continental. En: Boschi, E.E.; ed. Antecedentes históricos de las exploraciones en el mar y las características ambientales. Mar del Plata: Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero INIDEP. (El Mar Argentino y sus Recursos Pesqueros, 1) p.107-118
    Description: Published
    Description: hidrografía, plataforma continental, circulación de agua, estratificación, frentes oceánicos, masas de agua
    Keywords: Water circulation ; Stratification ; Hydrography ; Continental shelves ; Continental shelves ; Water masses ; Hydrography ; Water circulation ; Oceanic fronts ; Stratification
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book Section
    Format: 1881430 bytes
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Nutritional condition studies allow the assessment of physiological state of each larva and thus, the establishment of favourable nursery areas which provide better survival and growth. In the present work, morphometrical, histological and biochemical techniques were employed to assess nutritional condition of anchovy, Engraulis anchoita, larvae captured in the Argentine Sea. Its results were complemented with oceanographic data and information about zooplankton abundances, both prey and predators of anchovy larvae. Anchovy larvae abundance and distribution would be mainly determined by physico-chemical variables. Even though no significant differences were found in larval nutritional condition among the studied areas, larval condition was slightly better in frontal areas characterized by mixed water masses. On the other hand, anchovy larvae condition seems to be favoured during seasons when larval abundances remain low. Probably, ocean conditions are almost always favourable for larval growth and survival during the whole year, but low or intermediate larval densities allow avoiding both intra and inter-specific competition. As only a small number of anchovy larvae were described as in starving condition, it can be assumed that E. anchoita, finds environmental conditions that favour its growth and survival. during all seasons in the studied area.
    Description: Tesis (Doctorado). Realizada en el INIDEP (Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrrollo Pesquero- Mar del Plata, Argentina)
    Description: larvas de peces, requerimientos nutricionales, morfometría, histología, hidrografía, zonas de cria, Engraulis anchoita, anchoíta
    Keywords: Fish larvae ; Nutritional requirements ; Hydrography ; Nursery grounds ; Fish larvae ; Nutritional requirements ; Morphometry ; Histology ; Hydrography ; Nursery grounds
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations
    Format: 282
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: En las últimas décadas ha crecido la conciencia a nivel mundial de que la biodiversidad en el océano está sufriendo importantes alteraciones debido a la actividad humana y al cambio climático global, y de que estas alteraciones en muchos casos son irreversibles. Por tal motivo diversos autores señalan la necesidad de enfatizar los estudios de biodiversidad en todos los ambientes marinos (Angel, 1991; Lasserre, 1991; Gray, 2001). Actualmente se están realizando grandes esfuerzos a nivel internacional para incrementar el conocimiento de la diversidad, distribución y abundancia de la vida marina en general (Proyecto Census of Marine Life; www.coml.org) y del zooplancton en particular (Proyecto Census of Marine Zooplankton; www.cmarz.org). La biodiversidad de un área es mucho más que el número de especies presentes. Representa otras dimensiones como el número de niveles tróficos y de asociaciones, la variedad de ciclos de vida, etc. (Harper y Hawksworth, 1995). En el medio pelágico los cambios en la biodiversidad, sean cuáles sean los factores que los produzcan, pueden tener importantes consecuencias para el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas marinos, propagándose a través de las tramas tróficas, modificando las interacciones entre las especies y por lo tanto afectando a la estructura de la comunidad (Loeb et al., 1997; Ohman & Venrick, 2003). El funcionamiento de la comunidad planctónica y de los flujos biogeoquímicos está determinado por la presencia de “especies claves”, las cuales adquieren importancia por su dominancia, morfología, fisiología e historias de vida (Verity & Smetacek, 1996). Se ha demostrado que la presencia de un limitado número de tales especies parece estar fuertemente relacionada con la dinámica de los niveles tróficos superiores (ej. peces planctívoros). En la plataforma bonaerense entre 34ºS y 41ºS, la anchoíta (Engraulis anchoíta), se concentra en primavera para desovar. Esta especie, se destaca por su abundancia y rol en la trama trófica (Angelescu, 1982; Hansen & Madirolas, 1999). Durante todo su ciclo vital esta especie es zooplanctófaga (Ciechomski, 1967; Angelescu, 1982; Viñas & Ramírez, 1996) y tanto copépodos como cladóceros constituyen presas importantes en distintas fases ontogénicas (Viñas & Ramírez, 1996; Pájaro, 2002; Padovani, 2006 ). Por tal motivo se hace necesario realizar estudios sostenidos en el tiempo que permitan caracterizar el hábitat trófico de la anchoíta durante su período de desove. La comunidad zooplanctónica del área ha sido objeto de varios estudios (Fernández Aráoz et al., 1991; Ramírez & Santos, 1994; Viñas et al., 2002; Marrari et al., 2004) en los que se ha observado que la variabilidad hidrográfica induce cambios en su estructura. Estos trabajos han estado basados en un muestreo exhaustivo muy difícil de sostener en el largo plazo por el gran tiempo que demanda el análisis de las muestras. Por ese motivo se han seleccionado para el muestreo de zooplancton algunas de las transectas acústicas de las campañas de evaluación de anchoita con la intención de cubrir adecuadamente las distintas masas de agua presentes en el sector de estudio. En este trabajo se estudia la biodiversidad (entendida como diversidad taxonómica) del mesozooplancton del área costera bonaerense a partir de una de estas campañas.
    Description: Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (Argentina)
    Description: Tesis (Licenciatura)
    Description: Engraulidae, Engraulis anchoita, anchoíta, zooplancton, condiciones ambientales, hidrografía, abundancia, distribución geográfica, claves de identificación, asociaciones
    Keywords: Geographical distribution ; Zooplankton ; Environmental conditions ; Hydrography ; Zooplankton ; Environmental conditions ; Hydrography ; Abundance ; Assemblages ; Identification keys ; Geographical distribution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations
    Format: 43
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  • 15
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    Mar del Plata: Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Using the CTD data obtained on the R/V Dr.E.L.Holmberg fishery research cruise H-13/94 (November 1994), oceanographic conditions of the coastal area of the Argentine-Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone (AUCFZ) and El Rincón (Buenos Aires Prov., Argentina) are described. Two physical environments were differentiated: the Río de la Plata estuarine systems and El Rincón coastal regime. In both systems thermal and haline fronts that affect the distribution of reproductive concentrations, nursery and spawning areas of coastal species, are identified. Salinity fields of the AUCFZ, as a function of statistical winds, are synoptically analyzed. In El Rincón, the temporal stability observed on temperature and salinity allowed to describe the mean physical conditions for the area. The AUCFZ presents two surface salinity fronts oriented N-S and occupying most of the estuarine area.
    Description: Lasta, C.A., ed. 1998. Resultados de una campaña de evaluación de recursos demersales costeros de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y del litoral Uruguayo. Noviembre, 1994. INIDEP Informe Técnico. 21:141 p.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Coastal waters ; Hydrography ; Estuarine front ; Coastal waters ; CTD observations ; Hydrography ; Salinity profiles ; Temperature profiles ; Coastal oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Non-Refereed , Article
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Se determinaron las tasas de crecimiento de larvas de la anchoíta argentina (Engraulis anchoíta) provenientes de la plataforma bonaerense, contando y midiendo incrementos diarios en sus otolitos sagitta. Las larvas se capturaron en diferentes años y durante diferentes épocas (otoño de 1999; invierno de 2000 y primavera de 2002, 2003 y 2004)a los fines de analizar diferencias interanuales en el crecimiento. Se observó que tanto el crecimiento de las larvas como el del otolito estaban acoplados. Las tasas de crecimiento se calcularon en forma individual (para cada larva) o a partir de modelos largo-edad. Dichos valores no resultaron significativamente distintos entre las primaveras y promediaron 0.44 mm/día. Tampoco hubo diferencias entre las temperaturas del agua entre las primaveras. Sí hubo diferencias significativas en el crecimiento larval entre los años 1999 y 2000 (0.38 y 0.26 mm/día respectivamente)que se atribuyeron a la influencia térmica.
    Description: Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (ARGENTINA)
    Description: Seminario Curso de Oceanografía Biológica (INIDEP, Mar del Plata)
    Description: Engraulidae, Engraulis anchoita, anchoita, larva de peces, edad, crecimiento, hidrografía, variaciones anuales
    Keywords: Growth ; Age ; Hydrography ; Fish larvae ; Age ; Growth ; Hydrography ; Annual variations ; Fish larvae
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations
    Format: 18
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The Península Valdés tidal front was studied in its rol in the control of the spatial distribution, abundance, assemblages, diversity and life histories of the zooplankton community using samples from two oceanographic surveys. Although the front showed in general high zooplankton abundances, highest values, mainly due to the presence of immature stages of copepods, were recorded in the transitional and stratified zones coinciding with highest values of chlorophyll a. The zooplankton groups showed a distinctive spatial distribution across the front. The results showed that this front did not exert any control on zooplankton composition and diversity, but did on the abundance. In the homogeneous zone the harpacticoid copepods were more abundant, followed by barnacle nauplii and decapod larvae. The transition zone was largely dominated copepod nauplii and high abundances of cyclopoid, calanoid and harpacticoid copepods. Other taxa such as appendicularians, cladocerans, cumacea and mysids also showed higher abundances in this zone. In the stratified zone copepodites I-III, calanoid copepods, euphausiids, jellyfish, ctenophores and hyperiid amphipods were more abundant. The hydrographic characteristics of the front would be controlling the zooplankton community. Nictimeral migrations were observed in almost all zooplankton groups mainly in the stratified zone. The high phytoplankton and zooplankton concentrations suggest a predominance of control "bottom up" in this frontal system.
    Description: Tesis (doctorado). Realizada en el INIDEP (Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero - Mar del Plata, Argentina)
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Copepoda, Cladocera, zooplancton, asociaciones ecológicas, frentes oceánicos, abundancia, diversidad de especies, hidrografía, migraciones verticales, ambiente marino, comunidades acuáticas
    Keywords: Copepoda ; Cladocera ; marine environment ; Zooplankton ; Ecological associations ; Oceanic fronts ; Abundance ; Species diversity ; Hydrography ; Vertical migrations
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations , Phd thesis
    Format: 134 p.
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: It is thought that the penetration of Angolan waters through the Angola–Benguela Frontal Zone (ABFZ) into the much cooler Benguela regime may come about by a poleward slope undercurrent as well as by cross-frontal filaments. To test this hypothesis, two zonal transects off the northern Namibian coast were surveyed by CTD casts, current measurements and ichthyoplankton samples during April 1999. Simultaneous sea-surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a concentration, and wind data were obtained from satellite. The multidisciplinary results are described.An intense intrusion of the Angola Current into northern Namibian waters occurred with distinct signals of high temperatures and salinities, low chlorophyll-a concentration, and Angolan fish larvae of both the neritic and oceanic communities. This intrusion was temporarily displaced offshore by strong southeasterly winds, which also caused coastal upwelling and enhanced productivity. The expected slope undercurrent was not found. The Benguela Upwelling Front coincided with a sharp boundary between equatorward flow inshore, and generally southward flow offshore, whilst the offshore component of the Angola– Benguela Frontal Zone was located much farther south than anticipated, and showed only weak temperature gradients. Inshore of the Benguela Upwelling Front temperate Benguela fauna had characteristics of anomalously warm conditions. Tropical fish larvae offshore were clearly related to advection in Angola Current water, but not to recent spawning of their parents in it. Inconsistencies were observed in some cross slope boundaries between oceanic versus neritic fish larvae that can only partly be explained by Ekman drift of the surface layer, indicating that both the hydrographic and faunistic structures resulted from opposing meridional flows over time scales as different as 6 days to 4 weeks, intense mixing in the friction zone between them, and the westward displacement of a mesoscale gyre contributing its own anticyclonic flowfield. A conceptual transport model is presented.
    Description: Includes references
    Description: Published
    Description: Benguela Current
    Description: Inshore
    Description: Northern Namibia
    Description: Angola Current Intrusion
    Description: Benguela Upwelling front
    Description: Zonal transects
    Keywords: Oceanographic data ; Fauna ; Frontal features ; Chlorophylls ; Temperature ; Mesoscale features ; Larvae ; Surveys ; Fish larvae ; Hydrography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Tropical shallow water ecosystems on the East African coast are characterized by semi-enclosed inner basins with muddy-peripheral lagoons and mangrove-fringed small creeks. The inner basins are connected to the ocean by one or several tidal channels that determine the hydrography of the creek waters. Seasonal river discharge may turn them into estuaries, albeit for short periods during monsoon rains. This paper investigates hydrography and currents in relation to the tidal characteristics of Tudor Creek, Kenya. Tudor Creek has a single deep channel, connecting it to the Indian Ocean. Tides and temperatures were observed for a period of 25 days, using tide gauges placed in the upper and middle reaches of the creek, respectively and at the oceanic side of the inlet. Salinity was measured near the surface in the outer part of inlet channel, and a current meter was placed at mid-depth. Harmonic analysis showed dominance of the semi-diurnal tides. Neap and spring tidal ranges were 1.09-1.32 m and 3.14- 3.16 m, respectively. The temperature differences between the creek and the ocean were large enough to create intermittent stratification in the inlet, the strength of which was directly related to the tides. Inlet stratification, in turn, was the likely reason for baroclinic wave drag and an ebb dominant tide. Baroclinic wave drag prolonged the flood tide and created some outstanding features on the tidal curve. Ebb periods were shorter than flood periods (0.3-1.5 h), while maximum ebb velocities were accordingly somewhat larger; 60-70 cms-1, compared to 50-55 cms-1 during flood.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Ebb currents ; Hydrography ; Shallow water tides
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report Section , Not Known
    Format: pp.231-241
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  • 20
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    Alexandria: National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This journal is published by the NIOF, Egypt
    Description: Lake Manzalah; the largest delta Lake in Egypt represents a dynamic system that has been undergoing continuous and pronounced changes since long times. In the last year’s this Lake faced drastic problems that retarded its environmental and fisheries development; the most serious one is the discharge of waste water. It is attempted in the present study to investigate the chemical characters of Lake Manzalah water during 2001-2002. Water temperature ranged from an average of 12.35oC in January and 29.14oC in July. Dissolved Oxygen, pH and total dissolved solids were found in ranges optimum for the living of marine and freshwater fish species. The average concentrations of nutrients lied in the following ranges: 1.24 to 4.89 μmol PO4 -3 l-1 , 5.08 to 28.73 μmol SiO4 -2 l-1 and 1.81 to 17.7 μ_mol NO3-1 l-1 The concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds were found to be relatively higher at the southern regions of the Lake near to the outlets of the drains.
    Description: NIOF
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Water ; Chemistry ; Chemical composition ; Water content ; Environment ; Chemical composition ; Environments ; Water content ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
    Format: 1623488 bytes
    Format: 46916 bytes
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Published
    Description: pêche crevettière; hydrolographie; biologie; statistique;
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Shrimp fisheries ; Hydrography ; Statistics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book
    Format: 1191428 bytes
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    Format: 27
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Hydrograhic (CTD) and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) observations were made on the North Brazil shelf adjacent to the mouth of the Amazon River during R/V Iselin cruise I9113 November 5-25, 1991 as part of A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf SEDiment Study (AMASSEDS). These observations were obtained during a large-scale survey on Leg 3 in support of geological and geochemical sampling, and during a frontal zone survey on Leg 4 consisting of 14 and 26 hourly CTD casts at anchored stations. The maximum sampling depth at each station was within two meters of the bottom. The primary objectives of the AMASSEDS hydrographic meaurement program were (a) to observe and characterize the temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, fluorescence and light transmission fields and their spatial variabilty on the north Brazilian shelf directly influenced by the Amazon River discharge, (b) to resolve the seaward extent and vertical structure of the surface plume of low salinity Amazon River water during different stages of river discharge, (c) to describe the spatial structure of the turbidity and associated suspended sediment distributions across the shelf, (d) to chacterize the properties of the Amazon shelf water beneath the surface plume and their seasonal variabilty, and (e) to describe the landward penetration of the North Brazil Current with respect to water properties and shelf currents. This report represents a summary in graphic and tabular form of the hydrograhic observations made during the fourth AMASSEDS cruise (I9113) on the R/V Iselin.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. OCE 88-12917.
    Keywords: Hydrography ; CTD ; Suspended sediment ; North Brazil Coastal Region ; Amazon River ; AmasSeds (A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf SEDiment Study) ; Equator ; Equatorial ; Columbus Iselin (Ship) Cruise CI9113
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 23
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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 2007
    Description: Present-day expeditionary oceanography is beginning to shift from a focus on short- term ship and submersible deployments to an ocean observatory mode where long- term temporally-focused studies are feasible. As a result, a critical need for in situ chemical sensors is evolving. New sensors take a significant amount of time to develop; thus, the evaluation of techniques in the laboratory for use in the ocean environment is becoming increasingly important. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) possesses many of the characteristics required for such in situ chemical sensing, and is a promising technique for field measurements in extreme environments. Although many LIBS researchers have focused their work on liquid jets or surfaces, little at- tention has been paid to bulk liquid analysis, and especially to the effect of oceanic pressures on LIBS signals. In this work, laboratory experiments validate the LIBS technique in a simulated deep ocean environment to pressures up to 2.76 × 107 Pa. A key focus of this work is the validation that select elements important for understand- ing hydrothermal vent fluid chemistry (Na, Ca, Mn, Mg, K, and Li) are detectable using LIBS. A data processing scheme that accurately deals with the extreme nature of laser-induced plasma formation was developed that allows for statistically accu- rate comparisons of spectra. The use of both single and double pulse LIBS for high pressure bulk aqueous solutions is explored and the system parameters needed for the detection of the key analytes are optimized. Using both single and double pulse LIBS, the limits of detection were found to be higher than expected as a result of the spectrometer used in this experimentation. However, the results of this validation show that LIBS possesses the characteristics to be a viable chemical sensing method for in situ analyte detection in high pressure environments like the deep ocean.
    Description: National Science Foundation for support of this research under grants OCE0352278 and OCE0352242. Additional support was received from WHOI’s Deep Ocean Exploration Institute who awarded this research with two grants. The WHOI Ocean Ventures Fund and the Department of Defense
    Keywords: Chemical detectors ; Hydrography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 24
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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution June 1998
    Description: A freshwater plume often forms when a river or an estuary discharges water onto the continental shelf. Freshwater plumes are ubiquitous features of the coastal ocean and usually leave a striking signature in the coastal hydrography. The present study combines both hydrographic data and idealized numerical simulations to examine how ambient currents and winds influence the transport and mixing of plume waters. The first portion of the thesis considers the alongshore transport of freshwater using idealized numerical simulations. In the absence of any ambient current, the downstream coastal current only carries a fraction of the discharged fresh water; the remaining fraction recirculates in a continually growing "bulge" of fresh water in the vicinity of the river mouth. The fraction of fresh water transported in the coastal current is dependent on the source conditions at the river mouth. The presence of an ambient current augments the transport in the plume so that its freshwater transport matches the freshwater source. For any ambient current in the same direction as the geostrophic coastal current, the plume will evolve to a steady-state width. A key result is that an external forcing agent is required in order for the entire freshwater volume discharged by a river to be transported as a coastal current. The next section of the thesis addresses the wind-induced advection of a river plume, using hydrographic data collected in the western Gulf of Maine. The observations suggest that the plume's cross-shore structure varies markedly as a function of fluctuations in alongshore wind forcing. Consistent with Ekman dynamics, upwelling favorable winds spread the plume offshore, at times widening it to over 50 km in offshore extent, while downwelling favorable winds narrow the plume width to a few Rossby radii. Near-surface current meters show significant correlations between cross-shore currents and alongshore wind stress, consistent with Ekman theory. Estimates of the terms in the alongshore momentum equation calculated from moored current meter arrays also indicate an approximate Ekman balance within the plume. A significant correlation between alongshore currents and alongshore wind stress suggests that interfacial drag may be important. The final section of the thesis is an investigation of the advection and mixing of a surface-trapped river plume in the presence of an upwelling favorable wind stress, using a three-dimensional model in a simple, rectangular domain. Model simulations demonstrate that the plume thins and is advected offshore by the crossshore Ekman transport. The thinned plume is susceptible to significant mixing due to the vertically sheared horizontal currents. The first order plume response is explained by Ekman dynamics and a Richardson number mixing criterion. Under a sustained wind event, the plume evolves to a quasi-steady, uniform thickness. The rate of mixing slowly decreases for longer times as the stratification in the plume weakens, but mixing persists under a sustained upwelling wind until the plume is destroyed. Mixing is most intense at the seaward plume front due to an Ekman straining mechanism in which the advection of cross-shore salinity gradients balances vertical mixing. The mean mixing rate observed in the plume is consistent with the mixing power law suggested by previous studies of I-D mixing, in spite of the two-dimensional dynamics driving the mixing in the plume.
    Description: This research was funded by a National Science Foundation graduate fellowship, and Gulf of Maine Regional Marine Research Program grants UM-S227 and UM-S276.
    Keywords: Oceanic mixing ; Hydrography ; Ocean circulation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The R/V Oceanus, on Cruise 475, carried out the deployment of three moorings for the Coastal and Global Scale Nodes (CGSN) Implementing Organization of the NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative. These three moorings are prototypes of the moorings to be used by CGSN at the Pioneer, Endurance, and Global Arrays. Oceanus departed from Woods Hole, Massachusetts on September 22, 2011 and steamed south to the location of the mooring deployments on the shelf break. Over three days, September 23-25, Oceanus surveyed the bottom at the planned mooring sites, deployed the moorings, and carried out on site verification of the functioning of the moorings and moored hardware. Oceanus returned to Woods Hole on September 26, 2011.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through the Consortium for Ocean Leadership
    Keywords: Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC475 ; Oceanographic buoys ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 26
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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution May 1990
    Description: Numerous studies have shown dinoflagellate blooms to be closely related to density discontinuities and fronts in the ocean. The spatial and temporal patterns of the dinoflagellate population depend on the predominant mode of physical forcing, and its scales of variability. The present study combined field sampling of hydrographic and biological variables to examine the relationship of dinoflagellate population distributions to physical factors along the southwestern cost of the Gulf of Maine. A bloom of Ceratium longipes occurred along this coast during the month of June, 1987. A simple model which coupled along-isopycnal diffusion with the logistic growth equation suggested that the cells had a growth rate of about 0.1 d-1 , and had reached a steady horizontal across-shelf distribution within about 10 d. Fur~her variations in population density appeared to be related to fluctuations of light with periods of -10 d. To our knowledge, this was the first use of this simple diffusion model as a diagnostic tool for quantifying parameters describing the growth and movement of a specific phytoplankton population. Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense have been nearly annual features along the coasts of southern Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts since 1972; however the mechanisms controlling the distribution of cells and concomitant shellfish toxicity are relatively poorly understood. Analysis of field data gathered from April to September, 1987-1989, showed that in two years when toxicity was detected in the southern part of this region, A. tamarense cells were apparently transported into the study area between Portsmouth and Cape Ann, Massachusetts, in a coastally trapped buoyant plume. This plume appears to have been formed off Maine by the outflow from the Androscoggin and Kennebec Rivers. Flow rates of these rivers, hydrographic sections, and satellite images suggest that the plume had a duration of about a month, and extended alongshore for several hundred kilometers. The distribution of cells followed the position of the plume as it was influenced by wind and topography. Thus when winds were downwelling-favourable, cells were moved alongshore to the south, and were held to the coast; when winds were upwelling-favourable, the plume sometimes separated from the coast, advecting the cells offshore. The alongshore advection of toxic cells within a coastally trapped buoyant plume can explain the temporal and spatial patterns of shellfish toxicity along the coast. The general observation of a north-to-south temporal trend of toxicity is consistent with the southward advection of the plume. In 1987 when no plume was present, Alexandrium tamarense cells were scarce, and no toxicity was recorded at the southern stations. A hypothesis was formulated explaining the development and spread of toxic dinoflagellate blooms in this region. This plume-advection hypothesis included: source A. tamarense populations in the north, possibly associated with the Androscoggin and Kennebec estuaries; a relationship between toxicity patterns and river flow volume and timing of flow peaks; and a relationship between wind stresses and the distribution of low salinity water and cells. Predictions of the plume-advection hypothesis were tested with historical records of shellfish toxicity, wind speed and direction, and river flow. The predictions tested included the north-south progression of toxic outbreaks, the occurrence of a peak in river flow prior to the PSP events, the relationship of transit time of PSP toxicity along the coast with river flow volume, and the influence of surface wind stress on the timing and location of shellfish toxicity. All the predictions tested were supported by the historical records. In addition it was found that the plume-advection hypothesis explains many details of the timing and spread of shellfish toxicity, including the sporadic nature of toxic outbreaks south of Massachusetts Bay, and the apparently rare occurrence of toxicity well offshore on Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank.
    Description: This research was supported by ONR contract N00014-87-K-0007 and ONR grant N00014-89-J-111 to Donald M. Anderson, and NOAA Office of Sea Grant contract NA86AA-D-SG090.
    Keywords: Dinoflagellates ; Hydrography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 27
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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 2006
    Description: The impact of the Greenland tip jet on the wintertime mixed-layer of the southwest Irminger Sea is investigated using in-situ moored profiler data and a variety of atmospheric data sets. The mixed-layer was observed to reach 400 m in the spring of 2003, and 300 m in the spring of 2004. Both of these winters were mild and characterized by a low North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. All of the storms that were advected through the region were tracked, and the tip jet events that occurred throughout the two winters were identified. Composite images of the tip jets elucidated the conditions during which tip jets were likely to take place, which led to an objective method of determining tip jet occurrences by taking into account the large-scale pressure gradients. Output from a trajectory model indicates that the air parcels entering a tip jet accelerate and descend as they are deflected around southern Greenland. A heat flux timeseries for the mooring site was constructed that includes the enhancing influence of the tip jet events. This was used to drive a one-dimensional mixed-layer model, which was able to reproduce the observed mixed-layer deepening in both winters. All of the highest heat flux events took place during tip jets, and removal of the tip jets from the heat flux timeseries demonstrated their importance in driving convection east of Greenland. The deeper mixed-layer of the first winter was in large part due to a higher number of robust tip jet events, which in turn was caused by a greater number of storms passing northeast of southern Greenland. This interannual change in storm tracks was attributable to a difference in upper level steering currents. Application of the mixed-layer model to the winter of 1994-l995, during a period characterized by a high NAO index, resulted in convection reaching 1600 m. This predict ion is consistent with concurrent hydrographic data, supporting the notion that deep convection can occur in the Irminger Sea during strong winters.
    Description: Financial support for this work was provided by National Science Foundation grant OCE-0450658.
    Keywords: Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Hydrography
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    Type: Thesis
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  • 28
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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution June 2006
    Description: The continuous supply of heat and fresh water from the boundaries to the interior of the Labrador Sea plays an important role for the dynamics of the region and in particular, for the Labrador Sea Water formation. Thus, it is necessary to understand the factors governing the exchange of properties between the boundary and interior. A significant fraction of heat and fresh water, needed to balance the annual heat loss and to contribute to the seasonal freshening of the Labrador Sea, is thought to be provided by coherent long-lived anticyclonic eddies shed by the Irminger Current. The population, some properties, rates and direction of propagation of these anomalies are known but the evolution and the mechanism of their decay are still far from obvious. In this work I investigated their water mass properties and evolution under the strong wintertime forcing using hydrographic data from 1990-2004 and a 1-dimensional mixed layer model. There were 50 eddies found in the hydrographic data record, 48 of which were identified as anticyclones. Vertical structure of the eddies was investigated, leading to the categorization of all the anticyclones into three classes: 12 - with a fresh surface layer and no mixed layer, 18 - without a fresh layer and at least one mixed layer, and 18 with ambiguous vertical structure. Four eddies of the second group appeared to have cores extending to as deep as 1500 m vertically and an isopycnal displacement of 400-600 m. A number of eddies without a fresh water cap contained Labrador Sea Water from the previous year at mid-depths.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Hydrography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2003. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 108, C12 (2003): 3384, doi:10.1029/2002JC001347.
    Description: The decade of the 1990s was the warmest decade of the last century, while the year 1998 was the warmest year ever observed by modern techniques, with 9 out of 12 months of the year being the warmest months. Satellite ice cover and surface temperature data, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (wind), and ocean hydrographic data are examined to gain insights into this warming phenomenon. Areas of ice-free water in both western and eastern regions of the Arctic are found to have followed a cyclical pattern with approximately decadal period but with a lag of about 3 years between the eastern and western regions. The pattern was interrupted by unusually large anomalies in 1993 and 1998 in the western region and in 1995 in the eastern region. The area of open water in 1998 was the largest ever observed in the western region and occurred concurrently with large surface temperature anomalies in the area and adjacent regions. This also occurred at a time when the atmospheric circulation changed from predominantly cyclonic in 1996 to anticyclonic in 1997 and 1998. Detailed hydrographic measurements over the same general area in April 1996 and April 1997 indicate a warming and significant freshening in the top layer of the ocean, suggesting increases in ice melt and/or river runoff. Continuous ocean temperature and salinity data from ocean buoys at depths of 8, 45, and 75 m confirm these results and show large interannual changes during the 1996–1998 period. Surface temperature data show a general warming in the region that is highly correlated with observed decline in summer sea ice, while hydrographic data suggest that in 1997 and 1998, the upper part of the ocean was unusually fresh and warm compared to available data between 1956 and 1996.
    Description: Deployments of the IOEB were supported by the Japanese Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC).
    Keywords: Arctic Sea ice ; Climate change ; Surface temperature ; Wind ; Buoy ; Hydrography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 30
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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution March 1989
    Description: The general theme of this thesis is the study of systematic mathematical techniques for determining the ocean circulation from classical hydrographic data. Two aspects of this theme are analyzed. The first is finding an efficient representation of hydrographic structure so as to make it most useful and informative. The second is application of inverse methods to the data to determine ocean circulation. Both subjects are examined in the North Atlantic Ocean. The efficient representation is examined in terms of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) among the variations in vertical hydrographic profiles. The data used are of a new set of high quality hydrography, all obtained in the early 1980s. Common EOFs are examined among temperature, salinity, oxygen, phosphate, silicate, and nitrate. The EOFs identify a fundamental simplicity in the spatial distributions of t hese properties. Although the volume of numbers involved in the raw data is large, the significant degrees of freedom are only six in space and two among the six properties; temperature and salinity are represented by one mode, while the nutrients by another. The modal structure reflects some underlying simplicity in ocean physics. EOFs form a quantitative basis from which models of the ocean's hydrographic structure can be constructed for various degrees of complexities. As for the second aspect, two applications of inverse methods are explored on small regional scales. The first problem addressed concerns the circulation inside a 12° square located in the eastern basin over the axis of the Mediterranean Water tongue. The study is based on an ocean model constructed by mapping the modes identified in the first half of the thesis over the entire North Atlantic Ocean. A combination of box model inverse and β-spiral method is used to determine the geostrophic reference level velocities. The circulation consists of an anticyclonic circulation near the surface, which is part of the eastern half of the wind-driven subtropical gyre. The flow at depth is weak, and is a cyclonic circulation around the core of the Mediterranean Water tongue. In the second inverse problem, we examine a decaying warm-core ring. Observations of a warm-core ring are used to formulate a model for diagnosing the physics of ring change over a two month period. About 30 hydrographic casts and acoustic doppler current measurements are used to generate estimates of an equivalent radially symmetric ring with radial contrasts of stratification, temperature, salinity, azimuthal velocity, angular momentum, and potential vorticity. A series of related models are inverted for the ring circulation and mixing coefficients. The circulation is insensitive to the model details, is well-resolved, and is a radial outflow and upwelling. Eddy coefficients are only partially resolved; determining the mixing with any degree of confidence appears to require a much more elaborate data set than the one available.
    Description: This research was funded in part by the Office of Naval Research (Secretary of the Navy Chair) and the National Science Foundation under grant OCE 85-21685.
    Keywords: Ocean circulation ; Hydrography ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC133 ; Endeavor (Ship: 1976-) Cruise EN129 ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN104 ; Atlantis II (Ship : 1963-) Cruise AII109 ; Hudson (Ship) Cruise 82
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The primary objective of this publication is to share with a wider audience the valuable information and extensive dialogue that took place amongst over 140 individuals who attended the second in a series of planned workshops on the science and management of coastal landforms in Massachusetts. This workshop took place at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on January 24, 2001. The individuals who attended this workshop are actively engaged in planning, managing, regulating, engineering, educating, and studying coastal landforms and their beneficial functions. This workshop titled, Can Humans & Coastal Landforms Co-exist?’, was a natural follow-up to a previous workshop, Coastal Landform Management in Massachusetts, held at WHOI October 9-10, 1997 (proceedings published as WHOI Technical Report #WHOI-98-16). The workshop had a very practical, applied focus, providing state-of-the-art scientific understanding of coastal landform function, case history management and regulation of human activities proposed on coastal landforms, a multi-faceted mock conservation commission hearing presented by practicing technical consultants and attorneys that involved all attendees acting as regulators in breakout sessions, and, at the conclusion of the workshop, an open discussion on all issues related to the science and management of coastal landforms, including future research needs.
    Description: Funding for these proceedings was provided by WHOI Sea Grant and the NOAA National Sea Grant College Program Office, Department of Commerce, under NOAA Grant No. M10-2, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Project No. NA86R60075.
    Keywords: Coastal ; Landforms ; Humans
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Hydrographic (CTD) and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) observations were made on the North Brazil shelf adjacent to the mouth of the Amazon River during R/V Iselin cruise I9004 May 23-June 13, 1990 as part of A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf SEDiment Study (AMASSEDS). These observations were obtained during a small-scale survey on Leg 1 in support of mooring deployment operations, during a large-scale survey on Leg 3 in support of geological and geochemical sampling, during a frontal zone survey on Leg 4 consisting of 12 and 24 hourly CTD casts at anchored stations, and during a bottom tripod recovery on Leg 5. The maximum sampling depth at each station was within two meters of the bottom. The primary objectives of the AMASSEDS hydrographic measurement program were (a) to observe and characterize the temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, fluorescence and light transmission fields and their spatial variabilty on the North Brazilian shelf directly influenced by the Amazon River discharge, (b) to resolve the seaward extend and vertical structure of the surface plume of low salinity Amazon River water during different stages of river discharge, (c) to describe the spatial structure of the turbidity and associate suspended sediment distributions across the shelf, (d) to characterize the properties of the Amazon shelf water beneath the surface plume and their seasonal variabilty, and (e) to describe the landward penetration of the North Brazil Current with respect to water properties and shelf currents. This report represents a summary in graphic and tabular form of the hydrographic observations made during the third AMASSEDS cruise (I9004) on the R/V Iselin.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. OCE 88-12917.
    Keywords: Hydrography ; CTD ; Suspended sediment ; AmasSeds (A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf SEDiment Study) ; North Brazil Coastal Region ; Columbus Iselin (Ship) Cruise CI9004
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2006. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Continental Shelf Research 26 (2006): 885-901, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2006.01.017.
    Description: The effects of the 1997-98 and 2002-04 El Ni˜no on the upper waters in the con- tinental shelf and slope regions off northwestern Baja California are explored with data from eight cruises taken in late spring from 1998 to 2004 and the summers of 1997 and 1998. Geostrophic velocities were calculated referenced to a specific vol- ume anomaly surface separating the southward flowing California Current waters from the waters advected to the north by the California Undercurrent. The result- ing fields show equatorward flow near the surface except in the summer of 1997, when a poleward jet was found in the upper 40 dbars. This shallow jet advected anomalously warm and salty waters characteristic of the 1997-98 El Ni˜no, with its core found within 20-30 kms from the coast. By spring of 1998, the waters brought into the region by the jet had mixed across the pycnoline with the salty California Undercurrent waters below, resulting in high salinity levels on the density surfaces corresponding to the otherwise fresh California Current waters (25-26¾t). By con- trast, the 2002-04 El Ni˜no stands out for the very fresh and cold waters found on the same density surfaces in late spring of 2003 and 2004, marking a pronounced presence of subarctic waters. The fresh conditions found on the latter years repre- sent a nearshore expresion of the anomalous intrusion of subarctic waters observed 50-150 km from the coast of Southern California and Punta Eugenia, reported from July 2002 until April 2003. Our results suggest that the presence of this intrusion has continued to influence the region at least until May 2004.
    Description: This work was supported by the US NSF (OCE-9986627 and OCE-0083976).
    Keywords: El Nino phenomena ; Coastal currents ; Coastal upwelling ; Hydrography ; California Current System ; Mexico ; Northwestern Baja California ; Geographic bounding coordinates: (33◦00’N, 117◦45’W) – (31◦40’N, 116◦30’W)
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Nantucket Shoals Flux Experiment (NSFE79) was conducted across the continental shelf and upper slope south of Nantucket from March, 1979 to April , 1980 to measure the flow of shelf water from the Georges Bank/Gulf of Maine region into the Middle Atlantic Bight. Conceived as a cooperative field experiment involving the Northeast Fisheries Center (NMFS), U.S. Geological Survey (Woods Hole), University of New Hampshire, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the experiment contained two principal components, a moored array of current meter and bottom instrumentation deployed at six locations across the shelf and upper slope spanning a depth range from 46 m to 810 m, and a series of 27 hydrographic surveys made along or near the moored array line during the experiment. A basic description of the NSFE79 hydrographic data has been given in Part 1 by Wright (1983). A description of the moored array components and the basic moored array data sets is presented here in Part 2.
    Description: The NEFC participation was supported by the NMFS Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction (MARt-1AP) Program. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) supported the USGS field and analysis component under t~emoranda of Understanding M550-MU6-79, M551-MU8- 24, M551-MU9-4, and M551-MU0-18. The WHO! and UNH field programs were supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 78-19513 and OCE 78-26229.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Hydrography ; Ocean currents ; Moored arrays
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122 (2017): 306–321, doi:10.1002/2016JC012007.
    Description: Using 111 shipboard hydrographic sections across Denmark Strait occupied between 1990 and 2012, we characterize the mean conditions at the sill, quantify the water mass constituents, and describe the dominant features of the Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW). The mean vertical sections of temperature, salinity, and density reveal the presence of circulation components found upstream of the sill, in particular the shelfbreak East Greenland Current (EGC) and the separated EGC. These correspond to hydrographic fronts consistent with surface-intensified southward flow. Deeper in the water column the isopycnals slope oppositely, indicative of bottom-intensified flow of DSOW. An end-member analysis indicates that the deepest part of Denmark Strait is dominated by Arctic-Origin Water with only small amounts of Atlantic-Origin Water. On the western side of the strait, the overflow water is a mixture of both constituents, with a contribution from Polar Surface Water. Weakly stratified “boluses” of dense water are present in 41% of the occupations, revealing that this is a common configuration of DSOW. The bolus water is primarily Arctic-Origin Water and constitutes the densest portion of the overflow. The boluses have become warmer and saltier over the 22 year record, which can be explained by changes in end-member properties and their relative contributions to bolus composition.
    Description: US National Science Foundation (RP and DM) Grant Number: OCE-0959381; ;Norwegian Research Council Grant Number: 231647 (KV)
    Description: 2017-07-20
    Keywords: Bolus ; Denmark Strait Overflow Water ; North Icelandic Jet ; Hydrography ; East Greenland Current ; North Icelandic Irminger Current
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Hydrographic (CTD) and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) observations were made on the North Brazil shelf adjacent to the mouth of the Amazon River during R/V Iselin cruise I9002 February 10-March 29, 1990 as part of A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf SEDiment Study (AMASSEDS). These observations were obtained during a small-scale survey on Leg 1 in support of mooring deployment operations, during a lage-scale survey on Leg 3 in support of geological and geochemical sampling, during a frontal zone survey on Leg 4 consisting of 12 and 24 hourly CTD casts at anchored stations, and during a bottom tripod recovery on Leg 5. The maximum sampling depth at each station was within two meters of the bottom. The primary objectives of the AMASSEDS hydrographic measurement program were (a) to observe and characterize the temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, fluorescence and light transmission fields and their spatial variability on the North Brazilian shelf directly influence by the Amazon River discharge, (b) to resolve the seaward extent and vertical structure of the surface plume of low salinity Amazon River water during different stages of river discharge, (c) to describe the spatial structure of the turbidity and associate suspended sediment distributions across the shelf, (d) to characterize the properties of the Amazon shelf water beneath the surface plume and their seasonal variability, and (e) to describe the landward penetration of the North Brazil Current with respect to water properties and shelf currents. This report represents a summary in graphic and tabular form of the hydrographic observations made during the seond AMASSEDS cruise (I9002) on the R/V Iselin.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. OCE 88-12917.
    Keywords: Hydrography ; CTD ; Suspended sediment ; AmasSeds (A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf SEDiment Study) ; North Brazil Coastal Region ; Columbus Iselin (Ship) Cruise CI9002
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  • 37
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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2010
    Description: Aspects of the circulation and convection in the Irminger Sea are investigated using a variety of in-situ, satellite, and atmospheric reanalysis products. Westerly Greenland tip jet events are intense, small-scale wind phenomena located east of Cape Farewell, and are important to circulation and convection in the Irminger Sea. A climatology of such events was used to investigate their evolution and mechanism of generation. The air parcels constituting the tip jet are shown to have a continental origin, and to exhibit a characteristic deflection and acceleration around southern Greenland. The events are almost invariably accompanied both by a notable coherence of the lower-level tip jet with an overlying upper-level jet stream, and by a surface cyclone located in the lee (east) of Greenland. It is argued that the tip jet arises from the interplay of the synopticscale flow evolution and the perturbing effects of Greenland’s topography upon the flow. The IrmingerGyre is a narrow, cyclonic recirculation confined to the southwest Irminger Sea. While the gyre’s existence has been previously documented, relatively little is known about its specific features or variability. The mean strength of the gyre’s circulation between 1991 and 2007 was 6.8 ± 1.8 Sv. It intensified at a rate of 4.3 Sv per decade over the observed period despite declining atmospheric forcing. Examination of the temporal evolution of the LSW layer thickness across the Irminger Basin suggests that local convection formed LSW during the early 1990s within the Irminger Gyre. In contrast, LSW appeared outside of the gyre in the eastern part of the Irminger Sea with a time lag of 2-3 years, consistent with transit from a remote source in the Labrador Sea. In the winter of 2007-08 deep convection returned to both the Labrador and Irminger seas following years of shallow overturning. The transition to a convective state took place abruptly, without going through a preconditioning phase, which is contrary to general expectations. Changes in the hemispheric air temperature, tracks of storms, flux of freshwater to the Labrador Sea, and distribution of pack ice all conspired to enhance the air-sea heat flux, resulting in the deep overturning.
    Description: Financial support for this work was provided by National Science Foundation grant OCE-0450658.
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Ocean circulation
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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution June 2010
    Description: The Labrador Sea, as one of a few places of deep water formation, plays an important role in the Meridional Overturning Circulation. While the interior of the Labrador Sea, where the deepest convection takes place, is known to experience variability on time scales ranging from days to decades, little is known about the variability of the other components of the Labrador Sea circulation - the boundary current system and the eddies that connect it with the interior. Using various types of in situ data combined with the surface flux and satellite altimetry data products, I studied the variability of both the boundary current system and the eddies on different time scales as well as their influence on the post-convective restratification of the Labrador Sea interior. The analysis presented in the thesis supports the result of the previous theoretical studies that argue that lateral fluxes, driven by the boundary current/interior gradients, play an important role in the post-convective restratification of the Labrador Sea. I found that both components of the boundary current, the surface West Greenland Current and the subsurface Irminger Current, have a strong seasonal cycle. In the spring both the West Greenland and Irminger Currents are colder and fresher than in the fall. However, the West Greenland Current is faster and thicker in the spring while the Irminger Current is the fastest and thickest in the fall. My analysis suggests that the observed seasonal changes in the velocity are primarily due to the baroclinic component of the current while the barotropic component remains nearly unchanged. The Subpolar Gyre, and the Labrador Sea in particular, have experienced a decline in the circulation accompanied by the warming of the water column over the last decades. I found that a similar trend is seen in the West Greenland Current system which slowed down from 1992 to 2004, primarily due to a decrease in the barotropic flow. At the same time, the subsurface Irminger Current has become warmer, saltier, and lighter, something that is also reflected in the properties of the eddies. Two years exhibited pronounced anomalies: in 1997 and 2003 the velocity, temperature and salinity of the Irminger Current abruptly increase with respect to the overall trend. Finally, I discuss the impacts of the boundary current changes on the lateral fluxes that are responsible for the restratification of the Labrador Sea and the properties of the interior.
    Description: The financial support for my research came from the Academic Programs Office and from the NSF grants OCE-0424492 and OCE-0137023.
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Ocean currents
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  • 39
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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution August 1984
    Description: The modern depositional environment of the northern epicontinental Barents Sea varies from proximal to distal glaciomarine. The regional surface sediment distribution is controlled by erosion of shallow banks of the Pleistocene glaciated surface, with the fine material deposited in the deep basins. Near-bottom nepheloid layers are often observed indicating that fine grained sediments are being transported under present conditions. Minor additional sediment is supplied by iceberg rafting englacial material and sea-ice containing aeolian, resuspended, and beach sediments. Glacial flour is supplied by several large stable meltwater outflow locations along the ice front. Because the water is fresh and nearly the same temperature as the ambient coastal water, it is bouyant. Although the traction load deposits as the meltwater plume rises to the sea surface, sand (as well as finer material) may be suspended. This material deposits from suspension at some distance from the discharge location (dependent on both the sediment settling velocity and the velocity of the ambient coastal water, resulting in well-sorted deposits near the outflow location). Most of the sediment in suspension is observed to deposit within a 5km radius of the outflow location, and suspended matter samples obtained 18km offshore were at background levels. However, meltwater plumes can often be observed in the surface water (in satellite photographs) at distances of 30km downstream, indicating transport of glacial sediments along the ice front. Near the Nordaustlandet glacier front surface sediments are disturbed by glaciers advances and retreats which mechanically rework the sediment surface. The southwestern portion of the glacier front, Brasvellbreen, surged 18km between 1936 and 1938. An end moraine was deposited at the maximum extent of the surge. The ice then stagnated and disintegrated through calving. At present on the eastern portion of the Brasvellbreen ice front is active with frequent small (less than 50m) glacier advances and retreats. Evidence for this is shown by the minor ridge and swale moraines in this eastern area.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research supported my thesis research.
    Keywords: Sediments ; Hydrography ; Lance (Ship) Cruise
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011): C04011, doi:10.1029/2010JC006863.
    Description: Observations show that the Kuroshio in the East China Sea (ECS-Kuroshio) responds to the large-scale wind stress curl field at two time scales. It is argued that these two responses are related to barotropic and baroclinic modes that reach the ECS via different waveguides. Variability in the ECS-Kuroshio is assessed by comparing satellite altimetry, historical hydrography, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index with the latter used as a proxy for the large-scale wind stress curl forcing. Sea level difference across the ECS-Kuroshio is positively correlated with PDO at zero lag and negatively correlated at 7 year lag. In contrast, pycnocline steepness and PDO are uncorrelated at zero lag and negatively correlated at 7 year lag. These signals in the ECS-Kuroshio, considered together with wind stress curl anomalies in the open ocean, are consistent with a barotropic response to the wind at zero lag. The barotropic response is likely forced in the central North Pacific by wind stress curl anomalies of opposite sign, one of which is centered at ECS latitudes (∼27°N) while the other sits further north. This suggests that, in general, the absolute transport at a given latitude is not simply that predicted by the Sverdrup balance along the latitude. This is a consequence of waveguides that can steer the barotropic mode across latitude lines. In contrast, the signals that lag PDO by 7 years are consistent with a baroclinic mode, which represents the ocean's time-integrated response to the wind stress curl along a single latitude band between 24°N and 27°N.
    Description: M.A. was supported by the Postdoctoral Scholar Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, with funding provided by the Ocean and Climate Change Institute. Further support was provided to M.A., Y.‐O.K., and J.Y. by NSF under grant OCE‐1028739.
    Keywords: Kuroshio ; Hydrography ; Altimetry ; Rossby waves ; Interannual variability ; PDO
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (2018): 723, doi:10.3390/ijerph15040723.
    Description: There has been a massive increase in recent years of the use of lead (Pb) isotopes in attempts to better understand sources and pathways of Pb in the environment and in man or experimental animals. Unfortunately, there have been many cases where the quality of the isotopic data, especially that obtained by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS), are questionable, resulting in questionable identification of potential sources, which, in turn, impacts study interpretation and conclusions. We present several cases where the isotopic data have compromised interpretation because of the use of only the major isotopes 208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb, or their graphing in other combinations. We also present some examples comparing high precision data from thermal ionization (TIMS) or multi-collector plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) to illustrate the deficiency in the Q-ICP-MS data. In addition, we present cases where Pb isotopic ratios measured on Q-ICP-MS are virtually impossible for terrestrial samples. We also evaluate the Pb isotopic data for rat studies, which had concluded that Pb isotopic fractionation occurs between different organs and suggest that this notion of biological fractionation of Pb as an explanation for isotopic differences is not valid. Overall, the brief review of these case studies shows that Q-ICP-MS as commonly practiced is not a suitable technique for precise and accurate Pb isotopic analysis in the environment and health fields
    Keywords: Lead isotopes ; ICP-MS ; TIMS ; MC-ICP-MS ; Environment ; Humans ; Rats ; Fractionation
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  • 42
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    Secretariat, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center | Bangkok, Thailand
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/26391 | 23782 | 2019-04-08 06:29:58 | 26391 | Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Secretariat
    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: During April and May 1999, An MV SEAFDEC cruise was carried out in Vietnamese waters for the SEAFDEC Interdepartmental Collaborative Research Program on Marine Fishery Resources. Data on temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration of water in the area were collected using the Integrated CTD instrument. The survey period was in April to May which is the transition period between the Northeast monsoon to the Southwest monsoon, the feature from the study seem to mix under the influence of both monsoon seasons. The Northern part of the survey was still under the influence of the Northeast Monsoon as shown by the lower temperatures and higher salinity water of water along the coast from Da Nang to Nha Trang than those off shore. In the southern part of the area, the Southwest monsoon started to prevail as shown by the occurrence of weak upwelling off the Nha Trang coast, the shallow mix layer and the covering of mixed layer of the outer Gulf of Thailand station by the Thailand Gulf mixed layer water. The runoff from the Red and the Mekong River also plays an important role in the characteristics of the water in the study area, as shown from the distribution of low salinity and low oxygen off coast near the river. There was an intrusion of subsurface water (10-15 m) from off the Mekong River station to the subsurface water of station no.56 and 57 in the outer Gulf of Thailand. Temperatures between 29.5-30°C and salinity of about 33.2-33.5 PSU characterize the water. Six water masses, Continental shelf water, Open sea water, Maximum salinity water, Seasonal thermocline water, Permanent thermocline water and Deep water, were found during the survey period.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Water masses ; Scientific research ; Salinity ; Hydrography ; Temperature ; Thermocline ; Dissolved oxygen ; Viet Nam ; South China Sea
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    Institut National de Recherche Halieutique | Casablanca, Morocco
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/26042 | 21144 | 2018-11-07 17:22:17 | 26042 | Institut National de Recherche Halieutique, Morocco
    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: This oceanographic synthesis focuses on the main results of the INRH's oceanographic surveys along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coast of Morocco and the follow-up resulting from the treatment of satellite products for the year 2014. The objective of this study is to establish a system of operational oceanographic observations and, ultimately, numerical simulations capable of continuously monitoring trends and hydroclimatic variations at the level of the two Atlantic and Mediterranean seaboards. This document is divided into three parts: The physical oceanography component, biological oceanography component and remote sensing space component.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Oceanographic surveys ; Water masses ; Salinity ; Hydrography ; Environmental surveys ; Oceanographic data ; Environmental monitoring ; Marine environment ; Surface properties ; Water analysis
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    Type: monograph
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    Moss Landing Marine Laboratories
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/1237 | 8 | 2010-12-14 16:09:59 | 1237 | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories
    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: Office of Sea Grant Programs
    Description: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    Description: Department of Commerce
    Description: Document has 210 pages.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Monterey Bay ; Hydrography ; Sewage
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Moss Landing Marine Laboratories | Moss Landing, CA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/1332 | 8 | 2011-09-29 20:43:48 | 1332 | Moss Landing Marine Laboratories
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: PDF contains 94 pages.
    Description: Office of Sea Grant Programs, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Environment ; Monterey Bay ; Hydrography
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  • 46
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    In:  rainer.oeberst@vti.bund.de | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/3791 | 1240 | 2012-11-10 12:56:26 | 3791 | Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The Institute for Baltic Fisheries, Rostock, performed three research cruises with different aims in autumn (September - November) 1996. The area of investigation ranged from the southern Kattegat, the Belts, the Arkona Sea to the Bornholm Basin. With a CTD memory probe hydrographical data were sampled after many trawl stations from the surface to the bottom. These data document a saltwater inflow in the deeper water of the Bornholm Basin at the beginning of November.
    Description: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries began publishing the Informationen aus der Fischereiforschung = Information on Fishery research in 2010.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Environment ; Baltic Sea ; Hydrography
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  • 47
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    In:  gerd.wegner@vti.bund.de | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/3788 | 1240 | 2011-11-23 18:26:08 | 3788 | Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: In the first quarter of 1997 R.V. “Walther Herwig III” took part in the internationally (ICES) coordinated International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) in the North Sea. A total of 365 half-hour tows using a standardized GOV-net were made by seven research vessels in order to determine the strength of incoming yearclasses of cod, haddock, whiting, Norway pout, herring, sprat, and mackerel. Overall results, though preliminary show a considerable increase of the index figures for cod, Norway pout, herring, and mackerel whereas the indices for haddock, sprat, and whiting indicate lower recruitment figures. Water temperatures and salinity values were unhomogeneously below and above of the longterm mean.
    Description: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries began publishing the Informationen aus der Fischereiforschung = Information on Fishery research in 2010.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; recruitment ; stock development ; Hydrography ; abiotic data ; Kabeljau ; Schellfisch ; Wittling ; Stintdorsch ; Hering ; Sprott
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: This paper introduces VERTEX, a multi-disciplinary research program dealing with various aspects of particle transport in the upper, high-energy layers (0-2000 m) of the ocean. Background information is presented on hydrography, biological composition of trapped particulates, and major component fluxes observed on a cruise off central California (VERTEX I). Organic C fluxes measured with two trap systems are compared with several other estimates taken from the literature. The intent of this overview paper is to provide a common setting in an economical manner, and avoid undue repetition of background and ancillary information in subsequent publications. (PDF is 43 pages).
    Keywords: Oceanography ; California ; Hydrography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 49
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/17751 | 9595 | 2015-09-13 09:59:09 | 17751 | Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Hydrographic data collected from east coast of India during 1994 monsoon periodrevealed that these waters are highly characterized by upwelling especially in the coastalwaters with more intensity in the southern part of the region. However, the near surfacesalinity stratification consequent to high fresh water inflow into the bay was absent inthe present study. Oil sardines are directly influenced by hydrographic parameters suchas salinity and temperature and stratification of these parameters are the major reasonsfor non-availability/migration of oil sardine from this region in the earlier years.Considering the recent topographical change in the east coast coupled with hydrologicalstability an attempt has been made in this paper to give reasonable justification to thereported bumper catches of oil sardines from 1994 on wards in the east coast of India.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Hydrography ; Upwelling ; Stratification ; Sardine fishery
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report describes a newly developed automated Winkler titration system for dissolved oxygen in seawater which is presently in use at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. This amperometric, calculated, endpoint system was compared with two different automated and one manual Winkler method during a recent cruise. The four different methods agreed to within about 0.04 ml/l. The system described here measures the titrant needed to reach the endpoint with a resolution better than 0.001 ml. The standard deviation of replicate samples is 0.005 ml/l and the accuracy is about 0.02 ml/l. A technique to automatically acquire conductivity ration measurements and calculate salinity using a Guildline Autosal Salinometer is also described.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. OCE88-22542.
    Keywords: Dissolved oxygen analysis ; Automated salinity analysis ; Hydrography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 51
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report describes the design of tire cord reinforced rubber hoses, which have found an application as mooring hoses for oceanographic and offshore aquaculture buoy systems. These hoses stand out due to their ruggedness and ability to significantly stretch under load. The ruggedness is achieved through a steam curing = vulcanization process of the completed hose, generating a similar toughness of the hoses like automobile tires. Elastic stretch ranges can be designed from 30 to 130 percent through variation of the arrangement of the load carrying tire cord layers in the hose body. The hoses can also be furnished with electrical conductors and possibly optical light-guides as part of the hose wall. This technical report describes the design, fabrication, and mechanical properties of the mooring hoses to allow engineers to custom develop hoses with tailored mechanical properties.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Offce of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-96-1-0346.
    Keywords: Oceanographic buoys ; Deep-sea moorings
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The following report describes a computer solution to help predict the heave and roll response of free floating bodies of cylindrical shape when excited by random seas with known spectra. The basic concepts of harmonic analysis and statistics used in the method are first briefly reviewed. The report then presents a detailed derivation of the linear heave and roll response amplitude operators, that is the expressions of the vertical and angular displacements produced by a simple harmonic wave of one foot amplitude. The second part of the report reviews the computation procedure and the program's logic. It gives a detailed set of instructions for the program users, reviews the program's capabilities and limitations, and presents three case studies. The heave and roll response programs are written for use with XEROX SIGMA 7 computers. Program listings are given in the appendix.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-75-C-l064; NR 294-004 and from the NOAA Data Buoy Office.
    Keywords: Oceanographic buoys ; Harmonic analysis ; Spar buoys ; Buoy dynamics
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Timeseries (HOT) Site (WHOTS), 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the HOT program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The first three WHOTS moorings (WHOTS-1 through 3) were deployed in August 2004, July 2005 and June 2006, respectively. This report documents recovery of the WHOTS-3 mooring and deployment of the fourth mooring (WHOTS-4). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with R. Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system was installed on the WHOT-3 buoy in a cooperative effort with Chris Sabine at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was done on the University of Hawaii research vessel Kilo Moana, Cruise KM-07-08, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 24 June and 1 July 2007. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-4 mooring on 25 June at approximately 22°40.2′N, 157°57.0′W in 4756 m of water. This was followed by meteorological intercomparisons and CTDs at the WHOTS-4 and WHOTS-3 sites. The WHOTS-3 mooring was recovered on June 28th followed by CTD operations at the HOT site and shipboard meteorological observations at several sites to the south of the mooring site. This report describes these cruise operations, as well as some of the in-port operations and pre-cruise buoy preparations.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA17RJ1223 for the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR).
    Keywords: Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Oceanographic buoys ; Marine meteorology ; Kilo Moana (Ship) Cruise KM0708
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report summarizes direct observations of Eighteen Degree Water (EDW) subduction and dispersal within the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean. Forty acoustically-tracked bobbing, profiling floats (“bobbers”) were deployed to study the formation and dispersal of EDW in the western North Atlantic. The unique bobber dataset described herein provides insight into the evolution of EDW by means of direct, eddy-resolving measurement of EDW Lagrangian dispersal pathways and stratification. Bobbers are modified Autonomous Profiling Explorer (APEX) profiling floats which actively servo their buoyancy control mechanism to follow a particular isothermal surface. The CLIVAR Mode Water Dynamics Experiment (CLIMODE) bobbers tracked the 18.5°C temperature surface for 3 days, then bobbed quickly between the 17°C and 19°C isotherms. This cycle was repeated for one month, after which each bobber profiled to 1000 m before ascending to the surface to transmit data. The resulting dataset (37/40 tracked bobbers; more than half still profiling as of January 2010) yields well-resolved trajectories, unprecedented velocity statistics in the core of the subducting and spreading EDW, and detailed information about the Lagrangian evolution of EDW thickness and vertical structure. This report provides an overview of the experimental procedure employed and summarizes the initial processing of the bobber dataset.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-0424492.
    Keywords: Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC419 ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC434 ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC442 ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN188-01 ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN188-02 ; Atlantis (Ship : 1997-) Cruise AT13 ; Ocean currents ; Oceanographic buoys
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The design of an oceanographic platform can be defined as the rational specification of the platform dimensions and geometry. This specification is usually the result of an iterative process which compares the platform performance with the objectives to be reached and the logistic constraints to be met. This report describes such an exercise. The scientific objectives - measurements of heat flux at the ocean surface - are first outlined. The limits of heave and roll motion compatible with the desired measurement accuracy are then established. Given the stochastic nature of platform response, these limits are stipulated in terms of expected means. A review is then made, in some detail, of the analytical approach followed and of the computer programs used to compute the statistical expectations of buoy heave and roll response to random sea excitation. The next section of the report describes the comprehensive parametric study performed on some twenty different buoy configurations. The purpose of this study was first to investigate the dynamic response of a plausible base line design and of modified versions of the base line. A comparison of the dynamic response of these configurations could then"be made, and the good features that this comparison would reveal could be used to design the buoy prototype. Following this approach a final configuration was specified which would meet the rather severe motion requirements (0. 2 feet RMS in heave and 5. 0 degrees RMS in roll in sea state 3). The final section describes the techniques recommended to deploy and recover the 60 feet long buoy prototype.
    Description: Prepared for the Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory under Subcontract 600651.
    Keywords: Oceanographic buoys ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: CTD observations on the R/V Wecoma cruise W8811 were made off the northern California coast November 13-24, 1988 as part of the .S.helf Mlxed Layer Experiment (SMILE). The survey consisted of repeated mappings of the central transect (C) through the SMILE moored array, and two synoptic sampling surveys-a large-scale grid of four cross-shelf transects extending to both sides ofPoint Arena and Point Reyes, and a small-scale grid of five cross-shelf transects located near the central SMILE mooring site. The small-scale hydrographic survey had a much higher spatial resolution of CTD stations than the large-scale survey. The primary objectives of the hydrographic measurement program were to observe and characterize the temperature, salinity, density, and light transmission fields and their temporal and spatial variability in the surface boundary layer along the continental shelf and slope near the SMILE moored array, and to acquire an estimate of the cross-shelf and along-shelf scales over which the mixed-layer depth varies. All of the cross-shelf transects extended beyond the shelf break and the maximum sampling depth at each station was near-bottom or 600 m. This report presents a summary in graphic and tabular form of the hydrographic observations made during cruise W8811 on the RN Wecoma.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through grant Number OCE 87-16937
    Keywords: Shelf Mixed Layer Experiment (SMILE) ; Hydrography ; Wecoma (Ship) Cruise W8811
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Timeseries (HOT) Site (WHOTS), 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the HOT program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the WHOTS-6 mooring and deployment of the seventh mooring (WHOTS-7). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with R. Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system was installed on the WHOTS-7 buoy in a cooperative effort with Chris Sabine at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was done on the University of Hawaii research vessel Kilo Moana, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 27 July and 4 August 2010. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-7 mooring on 28 July. This was followed by meteorological intercomparisons and CTDs. Recovery of WHOTS-6 took place on 2 Aug 2010. This report describes these cruise operations, as well as some of the in-port operations and pre-cruise buoy preparations.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA09OAR4320129
    Keywords: Kilo Moana (Ship) Cruise KM1014 ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Oceanographic buoys ; Marine meteorology
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Site (WHOTS), 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the Hawaii Ocean Timeseries (HOT) program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the eighth WHOTS mooring (WHOTS-8) and deployment of the ninth mooring (WHOTS-9). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with R. Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system was installed on the buoys in cooperation with Chris Sabine at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. A set of radiometers were installed in cooperation with Sam Laney at WHOI. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was done on the NOAA ship Hi’ialakai by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 12 and 19 June 2012. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-9 mooring on 13 June. This was followed by meteorological intercomparisons and CTDs. Recovery of the WHOTS-8 mooring took place on 16 June. This report describes these cruise operations, as well as some of the in-port operations and pre-cruise buoy preparations.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA09OAR4320129 and the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR).
    Keywords: Hi'ialakai (Ship) Cruise WHOTS-9 ; Oceanographic buoys ; Oceanography
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: On the Ocean Bottom Seismometer Augmentation in the North Pacific Experiment (OBSANP, June-July, 2013, R/V Melville), a VLA and twelve OBSs were deployed to listen to an active acoustic source, a J15-3. This report describes the hardware and software used to control and record the acoustic transmissions from the source. Some significant features of the system are: 1) The system transmits general user-defined source functions, such as M-sequences (.SIO files). 2) In addition to controlling the source waveform, the system also records six real-time channels in binary files with user-selectable lengths: the monitor hydrophone mounted near the source, the power amplifier voltage and current, the depth of the source, Vref signal driving the power amplifiers and an IRIG-B time reference. Files are output in .AUV format with a precision GPSbased time stamp in the file name. 3) The transmission start time along with ADC and DAC sample rates are disciplined to GPS time. 4) A convenient, Labview based, user interface provides real-time source control and monitoring. 5) The software provides parsing and logging of gyro and GPS NMEA sentences. The system, which was based on an earlier system from Scripps MPL, worked well on OBSANP and is available for future projects.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-10-1-0987 and N00014-10-1-0510.
    Keywords: Melville (Ship) Cruise OBSANP ; Hydrography
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  • 60
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Hydrographic and CTD data collected during R.V. Endeavor cruise 129 are presented. These data include temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen observed at standard levels by a Neil Brown Instrument Systems' CTD-02 profiler and salinity, dissolved oxygen, silica, phosphate and nitrate values at the observed depths of the collected water samples. Ninety- two stations were occupied on two short sections within the Caribbean and one long meridional section at (nominally) 64° West from the British Virgin Islands to the 200 m depth contour south of Newfoundland. Also presented are a series of sectional profiles of the six observed parameters as a function of depth.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Number OCE 84-14243.
    Keywords: Endeavor (Ship: 1976-) Cruise EN129 ; Hydrography
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Patch Experiment (PATCHEX) was a multi-ship experiment that took place in the area near 34 N, 127 W, between 8 and 27 October, 1986. The ships used in the experiment and their chief scientific objectives were the following: R/V THOMPSON, AMP (Advanced Microstructure Profiler) and MSP (micro-structure profiler) drops; USNS DESTEIGUER, ADCP (Acoustic Doppler current Profiler), seasoar and RiNo (Richardson Number) f loat operations; R/V POINT SUR, ADCP and towed fish; and FLIP, Acoustic Doppler and CTD profiling. This report describes the RiNo operations carried out on the USNS DESTEIGUER. Topics discussed include the RiNo float, the sensors used, how it was tracked, some of the preliminary results, and a log of the relevant parts of USNS DESTEIGUER Cruise #84.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through contract Number N00014-85-C-0001.
    Keywords: Patch Experiment ; Hydrography ; Oceanographic instruments ; Desteiguer (Ship) Cruise 84
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The final cruise of the NSF sponsored Warm Core Rings Program studied a Warm Core Ring (WCR) in the Fall of 1982 as it formed from a large northward meander of the Gulf Stream. This ring, known as 82-H or the eighth ring identified in 1982, formed over the New England Seamounts near 39.5°N, 65°W. Surveys using Expendable Bathythermographs, Conductivity-Temperature-DepthOxygen stations and Doppler Current Profiling provide a look at the genesis of a WCR. These measurements reveal that WCR 82-H separated from the Gulf Stream sometime between October 2-5. This ring was a typical WCR with a diameter of about 200 km and speeds in the high velocity core of 175 em/sec. Satellite imagery of 82-H following the cruise showed that it drifted WSW in the Slope Water region at almost 9 km/day, had at least one interaction with the Gulf Stream and was last observed on February 8, 1983 at 39°N, 72°W.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Number OCE 80- 16983 and by the National Aeronautical and Space Administration under Grant Number NAGW-272.
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Endeavor (Ship: 1976-) Cruise EN90
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  • 63
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    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: CTD profiles RV Connecticut June 2022
    Description: Seven stations on the shelf and slope south of Montauk, NY on 14-15 June 2022 were sampled. Basic hydrographic properties, including temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH were measured and rosette samples were taken for chlorophyll, nutrients, and microplankton. Water was filtered for metagenomics and metatranscriptomics and picked individual microplankters for sequencing. Three to ten depths were sampled at each station. Our shallowest station was on the shelf at 38m and the deepest was at the slope edge at 2400m. Due to limitations of the CTD our deepest sampled depth was 1150m. At the two shallowest stations, we also deployed a Wetstar fluorometer for phytoplankton fluorescence. The CTD data were processed with SeaBird's Seasoft program and converted to spreadsheet format. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/879380
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1924570, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1924527
    Keywords: Hydrography ; New England shelf ; Slope ; Ciliate ; Metabarcoding
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: ETSP CTD processed
    Description: Processed CTD data from cruises R/V Atlantis (AT15-61) in Jan-Feb 2010 and R/V Melville (MV1104) in Mar-Apr 2011 in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/827861
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-0961098
    Keywords: CTD ; ETSP ; Hydrography ; Oxygen minimum zone
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  • 65
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    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: MO - biogeochemical and microbial field surveys
    Description: Biogeochemical and microbial field surveys from the BATS site, Bermuda from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises from 2009-2013. This dataset includes water samples collected from 2009-2013 at the Bermuda Hydrostation that were analyzed for DOC, POC, bacterial abundance, leucine, and thymidine incorporation. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/543314
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-0802004
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Bacteria ; Organic matter ; Sargasso Sea
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  • 66
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    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: CTD Hydrography
    Description: Hydrographic data collected by CTD during RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer cruise in the Ross Sea, Southern Ocean from 2017-2018 For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/783911
    Description: NSF Office of Polar Programs (formerly NSF PLR) (NSF OPP) OPP-1644073
    Keywords: Southern Ocean ; Hydrography ; CTD
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report describes a newly developed automated Winkler titration system for dissolved oxygen in seawater which is presently in use at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. This amperometric, calculated endpoint system was compared with two different automated and one manual Winkler method during a recent cruise. The four different methods agreed to within about 0.04 ml/l. The system described here measures the titrant needed to reach the endpoint with a resolution better than 0.001 ml. The standard deviation of replicate samples is 0.005 ml/l and the accuracy is about 0.02 ml/l. A technique to automatically acquire conductivity ratio measurements and calculate salinity using a Guildline Autosal Salinometer is also describe.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. OCE88-22542.
    Keywords: Dissolved oxygen analysis ; Automated salinity analysis ; Hydrography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Timeseries (HOT) Site (WHOTS), 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the HOT program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The first four WHOTS moorings (WHOTS-1 through 4) were deployed in August 2004, July 2005, June 2006, and June 2007, respectively. This report documents recovery of the WHOTS-4 mooring and deployment of the fifth mooring (WHOTS-5). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with R. Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system was installed on the WHOTS-5 buoy in a cooperative effort with Chris Sabine at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was done on the University of Hawaii research vessel Kilo Moana, Cruise KM-08-08, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 3 and 11 June 2008. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-5 mooring on 5 June at approximately 22°46.1'N, 157°54.1'W in 4702 m of water. This was followed by meteorological intercomparisons and CTDs at the WHOTS-4 site. A period of calmer weather was taken advantage of to recover WHOTS-4 on 6 June 2008. The Kilo Moana then returned to the WHOTS-5 mooring for CTD operations and meteorological intercomparisons. This report describes these cruise operations, as well as some of the in-port operations and pre-cruise buoy preparations.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA17RJ1223 for the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR).
    Keywords: Kilo Moana (Ship) Cruise KM0808 ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Oceanographic buoys ; Marine meteorology
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Two years of temperature, salinity, current, and nutrient data were collected on four subsurface moorings as part of the 2 year field component of the CLIMODE experiment. The moorings were located in North Atlantic’s subtropical gyre, south-east of the Gulf Stream. Two moorings, the most heavily instrumented, were close to the Gulf Stream, in the region where cold air outbreaks force large air-sea fluxes and where Eighteen Degree Water outcrops. Two other moorings were located farther south and carried more limited instrumentation. The moorings were initially deployed in November of 2005, turned around in November of 2006 and finally recovered in November of 2007. During the first year, the moorings close to the Gulf Stream suffered considerable blow down, and some of the instruments failed. During the second year, the blow down was greatly reduced and most instruments collected a full year worth of data.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Division of Ocean Sciences of the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-0424536.
    Keywords: Hydrography ; CLIvar MOde Water Dynamic Experiment (CLIMODE) ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC419 ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC434 ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC442 ; Atlantis (Ship : 1996-) Cruise AT13
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: CTD and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) observations were made in the Great South Channel (GSC) off the New England coast during R/V Endeavor cruise EN196 May 18 to June 12, 1989 as part of the South Channel Ocean Productivity EXperiment (SCOPEX). These observations were obtained using several sampling plans - a series of small-scale surveys in support of biological sampling and a large-scale survey of five cross-channel transects extending from Nantucket Shoals and the coast of Cape Cod to Georges Bank. The maximum sampling depth at each station was within a few meters of the bottom. The primary objectives of the hydrographic measurement program were to a) observe and characterize the temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, fluorescence and light transmission fields and their spatial variability in the Great South Channel off the New England coast, (b) resolve the low salinity surface plume-like structure usually observed east of Cape Cod in late spring, (c) define the front or boundary between the vertically well-mixed water over Nantucket Shoals, the GSC, Georges Bank, and the stratified water in the deeper southwestern Gulf of Maine, and (d) characterize water properties in regions of enhanced biological productivity. This report presents a summary in graphic and tabular form of the hydrographic observations made during cruise EN196 on the R/V Endeavor.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant Number 87-13988
    Keywords: South Channel Ocean Productivity Experiment ; Hydrography ; Endeavor (Ship: 1976-) Cruise EN196
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The instrument described was designed to provide sufficient data to relocate a floating object at sea. It provides a line of bearing to the object from the tracking ship. Cost and power consumption were the major driving concerns. There is a minimum of microwave circuitry. The package is reproducible for under $2000.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant 0CE-82-15708 and for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-82-C-0019.
    Keywords: Oceanographic instruments ; Oceanographic buoys ; Tracking radar
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Timeseries (HOT) Site (WHOTS), 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a coordinated part of the HOT program and contribute to the goals of observing heat, fresh water, and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75N 158W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air-sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The first WHOTS mooring (WHOTS-1) was deployed in August 2004. WHOTS-1 was recovered and WHOTS-2 deployed in July 2005. This report documents recovery of the WHOTS-2 mooring and deployment of the third mooring (WHOTS-3) at the same site. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air-Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite, the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air-sea fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum. WHOTS-2 was equipped with one Iridium data transmitter, and WHOTS-3 had two Iridium data transmitters. In cooperation with R. Lukas of the University of Hawaii, the upper 155 m of the morrings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity, and velocity. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was done on the Scripps Institution of Oceanography ship Revelle, Cruise AMAT-07, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Roger Lukas’group at the University of Hawaii. The cruise took place between 22 and 29 June 2006. Operations on site were initiated with an intercomparison of shipboard meteorological observations with the WHOTS-2 buoy. Dr. Frank Bradley, CSIRO, Australia, assisted with these comparisons. This was followed by recovery of the WHOTS-2 mooring on 24 June. A number of recovered instruments were calibrated by attaching them to the rosette frame of the CTD. Shallow CTD profiles were taken every two hours for 12 hours on the 25th of June. A fish trap was deployed on June 25th by John Yeh, a University of Hawaii graduate student. The WHOTS-3 mooring was deployed on 26 June at approximately 22°46'N, 157°54'W in 4703 m of water. A ship-buoy intercomparison period and series of shallow CTDs followed along with a second deployment of the fishtrap. A NOAA Teacher-At-Sea, Diana Griffiths, and a NOAA Hollings Scholar, Terry Smith, participated in the cruise. This report describes the mooring operations, some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations and CTD casts taken during the cruise, the fish trap deployments, and the experiences of the Teacher-at-Sea and Hollings Scholar.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under grant No. NA17RJ1223 for the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR).
    Keywords: Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Oceanographic buoys ; Marine meteorology ; Roger Revelle (Ship) Cruise AMAT-07
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This document describes data, sensors, and other useful information pertaining to the moorings that were deployed from the R/V Knorr from July 24th to August 4th, 2006 in support of the SW06 experiment. The SW06 experiment was a large, multi-disciplinary effort performed 100 miles east of the New Jersey coast. A total of 62 acoustic and oceanographic moorings were deployed and recovered. The moorings were deployed in a “T” geometry to create an along-shelf path along the 80 meter isobath and an across-shelf path starting at 600 meters depth and going shoreward to a depth of 60 meters. A cluster of moorings was placed at the intersection of the two paths to create a dense sensor-populated area to measure a 3-dimensional physical oceanography. Environmental moorings were deployed along both along-shelf and across-shelf paths to measure the physical oceanography along those paths. Moorings with acoustic sources were placed at the outer ends of the “T” to propagate various signals along these paths. Five single hydrophone receivers were positioned on the across shelf path and a vertical and horizontal hydrophone array was positioned at the intersection of the “T” to get receptions from all the acoustics assets that were used during SW06.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-04-10146
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic buoys ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN183 ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN184 ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN185 ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN186 ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC427 ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC428 ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC429 ; Endeavor (Ship: 1976-) Cruise EN424 ; Endeavor (Ship: 1976-) Cruise EN425 ; Hugh R. Sharp (Ship) Cruise 060622CM
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Deployed and fixed to a suitable multi-year ice floe, the Ice-Tethered Profiler (ITP) can sustain near-real time measurements of upper ocean temperature and salinity for up to three years. Incorporating a specifically designed winch system and deployment apparatus that is both light weight and easily assembled or disassembled on a ship or at a deployment site, the ITP can be deployed in less than four hours by either transporting the gear and field personnel to the deployment site via aircraft, or by lowering the gear over the side of a ship and hauling on the ice. Using daily satellite imagery (if available), visual reconnaissance flights, and ice surveying, the choice of an appropriate ice floe is a necessity to select a site that will sustain the system for a prolonged period of time (depending upon the instrument sampling rate). If available, the helicopter is the preferable method for surveying different sites and for deployment operations. Working from a ship typically limits the distance and selection of ice floes. Pre-deployment procedures include powering and configuring the ITP instruments and preparing the apparatus for transport to the deployment site. Specific deployment methods include the assembly and disassembly of the ITP winch, proper placement of the total ITP deployment apparatus, ‘Yale Grip’ braiding and slipping techniques, and testing the Iridium and Inductive communication links. The operations described here provide a safe and efficient manner to easily deploy the WHOI ITP.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-0324233 and by the Office of Polar Programs under award numbers ARC-0519899 and ARC-0631951.
    Keywords: Oceanographic buoys ; Oceanic mixing
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Site (WHOTS), 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the Hawaiian Ocean Timeseries (HOT) program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The first WHOTS mooring (WHOTS-1) was deployed in August 2004. Turnaround cruises for successive moorings (WHOTS-2 through WHOTS-5) have typically been in either June or July. This report documents recovery of the WHOTS-5 mooring and deployment of the sixth mooring (WHOTS-6). The moorings utilize Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and are outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the mooring is outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with R. Lukas of the University of Hawaii (UH). A pCO2 system is installed on the buoy in a cooperative effort with Chris Sabine at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. Dr. Frank Bradley, CSIRO, Australia, assisted with meteorological sensor comparisons. A NOAA “Teacher at Sea” and a NOAA “Teacher in the Lab” participated in the cruise. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was done on the University of Hawaii research vessel Kilo Moana, Cruise KM-09-16, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in cooperation with UH and NOAA’s Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division (ESRL/PSD). The cruise took place between 9 and 17 July 2009. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-6 mooring on 10 July at approximately 22°40.0'N, 157°57.0'W in 4758 m of water. This was followed by meteorological intercomparisons and CTDs at the WHOTS-6 and WHOTS-5 sites. The WHOTS-5 mooring was recovered on 15 July 2009. The Kilo Moana then moved to the HOT central site (22°45.0'N, 158°00.0'W) for CTD casts. This report describes the cruise operations in more detail, as well as some of the in-port operations and pre-cruise buoy preparations.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA17RJ1223 for the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR).
    Keywords: Kilo Moana (Ship) Cruise KM0916 ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Oceanographic buoys ; Marine meteorology
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Note: author "Ludovic Bariteau" is incorrectly listed as "Bariteau Ludovic" on the Cover and Title Page.
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Timeseries (HOT) Site (WHOTS), 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the HOT program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the seventh WHOTS mooring (WHOTS-7) and deployment of the eighth mooring (WHOTS-8). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with R. Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system was installed on the WHOTS-8 buoy in a cooperative effort with Chris Sabine at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. A set of radiometers were installed in cooperation with Sam Laney at WHOI. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was done on the NOAA ship Hi’ialakai by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 5 July and 13 July 2011. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-8 mooring on 6 July. This was followed by meteorological intercomparisons and CTDs. Recovery of WHOTS-7 took place on 11 July 2011. This report describes these cruise operations, as well as some of the in-port operations and pre-cruise buoy preparations.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA090AR4320129 and the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR).
    Keywords: Hi'ialakai (Ship) Cruise WHOTS-7 ; Oceanographic buoys ; Oceanography
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 69-36, series later renamed WHOI-
    Description: This report reviews the analysis and the evaluation of surface buoy systems performed in the Engineering Department of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1968. The buoy systems considered are single point moored, taut and compound consisting of wire and synthetic ropes, The first part of the report describes the forcing functions and the system response as measured in situ during and after launching, The second part presents the results of the mooring line components testing and evaluation programs performed at sea or in laboratories. The third part briefly outlines the present development in telemetry transmission of scientific and engineering information, It is believed that this systematic engineering effort is an important factor in the continuous improvement of the reliability and performance of the deep sea buoy systems used in scientific measurements programs.
    Description: Submitted to the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241, NR 083-004
    Keywords: Alvin (Submarine) ; Deep-sea moorings ; Oceanographic buoys
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report presents velocity data from the Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) deployments 1 through 5, from March 30, 2001, to February 28, 2006. The NTAS project has maintained a series of moorings near 14°50'N, 51°00'W in the northwest tropical Atlantic for air-sea flux measurement. The moorings include a surface buoy outfitted with Air- Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems for determination of bulk air-sea fluxes and oceanographic sensors along the upper 120 m of the mooring line. This report describes and presents the velocity data recovered from current meters and Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) during the first five years of the NTAS project.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA09OAR4320129
    Keywords: Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC365-5 ; Ronald H. Brown (Ship) Cruise RB02-02 ; Oceanographic buoys ; Oceanography
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: In February and March of 1978 a major cruise was undertaken on the R/V KNORR off the Peruvian coast near 15°S in order to investigate the organic biogeochemical processes associated with upwelling areas. The purpose of this report is to collate the large amount of hydrographic, nutrient, and plankton data generated from various investigators on this cruise and use the report as a standard for the cruise participants. Data for temperature, salinity, oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate, silicate, chlorophyll a, productivity indices, and carbon fixation rates are given.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 77-26084, for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262 ER 083-004 and for the NOAA Office of Sea Grant under Grants 04-7-158-44034 and 04-8-MO1-79 to the University of New Hampshire/University of Maine Cooperative Institutional Sea Grant Proqram.
    Keywords: Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN73-2 ; Hydrography ; Oceanography
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: CTD and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) observations were made on the North Brazil shelf adjacent to the mouth of the Amazon River during R/V Iselin cruise I8909 August 3-14, 1989 as part of A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf SEDiment Study (AMASSEDS). These observations were obtained during a large-scale survey in support of geological and geochemical sampling, an anchored time series station consisting of 26 hourly CTD casts, and one transect which was repeated off the mouth of the Amazon River. The maximum sampling depth at each station was within two meters of the bottom. The primary objectives of the AMASSEDS hydrographic measurement program were to (a) observe and characterize the temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, fluorescence and light transmission fields and their spatial variability on the north Brazilian shelf directly influenced by the Amazon River discharge, (b) resolve the seaward extent and vertical structure of the surface plume of low salinity Amazon River water during different stages of river discharge, (c) describe the spatial structure of the turbidity and associated suspended sediment distributions across the shelf, (d) characterize the properties of the Amazon shelf water beneath the surface plume and their seasonal variability, and (e) describe the landward penetration of the North Brazil Current (NBC) with respect to water properties and shelf currents. This report represents a summary in graphic and tabular form of the hydrographic observations made during the first AMASSEDS cruise (I8909) on the R/V Iselin.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant Number OCE 88-12917
    Keywords: Amazon Shelf Sediment Study ; Hydrography ; Marine sediments ; Columbus Iselin (Ship) Cruise CI8909
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  • 81
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Data from four floppy disks found in the zip file
    Description: A selection of hydrographic station data in the Atlantic between 8°S and 70°N is packed on four 5 1/4" floppy disks. Sample utility programs for reading and plotting the data are also on the disks. We present this computer atlas in preliminary form for use by students and professionals, in the belief that easy access to this valuable historical data will be educational and stimulating.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Number N00014-84-C-0134, and the National Science Foundation through grant Number OCE86-13810.
    Keywords: Hydrography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 82
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Buoy Technology, Transactions 2nd International Buoy Technology Symposium/Exposition, Washington, D.C., September 18-20, 1967, pp.409-418, 1967.
    Description: Since January 1965,a program has been underway at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, to measure currents at a limited number of fixed sites on a year round basis. Initially, one site was instrumented with both surface and subsurface moorings. The program has now been expanded to 4 major sites, extending along 70°W, from 39°20 ' N to the Hatteras Abyssal Plain at 30°N . In nearly three years of operation, a total of 65 moorings have been placed at the working sites, for periods up to six months. Recoveries from these sites have provided many velocity records of excellent quality. The repetitive exposure of moorings of essentially similar design under relatively standardized conditions has served to define clearly the design and operational problems that are inherent in such a program. A brief account is given of some of the problems encountered in routine buoy setting operations, and some of the results obtained from the measurements.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241~ NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Ocean currents ; Oceanographic buoys
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The work sponsored by ARPA at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is having an impact on efforts by those not directly involved in the projects both within and without the Institution. The navigation system being developed for submersible/mother ship has been recognized as a very useful system by members of the Geology/Geophysics Department and the Department of Physical Oceanography. Each department is now developing their own system based on the work already completed by the Ocean Engineering Department under the ARPA contact. Through the ARPA contract ComPhibLant (specifically ComPhibRonTen) was shown some of the advantages of doing something new about small boat and heavy object handling at sea and this program is expected to have some direct effect upon methods they will use in the future. Although the project concerned with developing biological equipment for deep sea work has not continued as part of the ARPA program, the seed was succssfully sown and several items are being developed at the Institution under separate funding. All the projects continued at a fair pace but not without some problems. The Deep Sea Rock Drill had some minor setbacks during operations with ALVIN, and the Air-Sea System (Long Range Ech-Ranging) project was hampered by a faulty engine aboard the air craft. Summaries of progress are given immediately below and more detail is available in the individual reports further on.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-71-C00284; NR 293-008.
    Keywords: Oceanographic submersibles ; Oceanographic buoys ; Submarine geology ; Underwater acoustics ; Sonar
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  • 84
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has been using deepsea moored buoys for acquiring serial observations of ocean currents, temperature .and other data for over twelve years. A brief description of the deep-sea mooring program is given. The mooring statistics and performance are described. Mooring failures of 1970 and 1971 have been categorized and statistics on the modes and causes of failures are presented. The reliabilities of different types of moorings are computed and compared. The role of radio telemetry for the real-time measurement of mooring line tension and its use in checking the mooring status are discussed. Examples of potential design data like tension and currents recorded by moorings that failed are provided. Finally, recommendations for research and development needed to improve mooring reliability are given.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of NavaZ Research under Contract N00014-66-C024lj NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Oceanographic buoys ; Deep-sea moorings
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 84 (1979): 7727-7741
    Description: A cyclonic Gulf Stream ring, Allen, was followed over its life from September 1976 to April 1977 in the region north of Bermuda. Conductivity, temperature, and depth; expendable bathythermograph; and velocity profile measurements were made in Allen, and over the last 5 months of its life, satellite buoys were used to track continuously its movement. The measurements indicate that in December 1976 Allen split into two rings, a large one, Allen, and a small one, Arthur. Arthur moved rapidly eastward and coalesced with the Gulf Stream near the New England seamounts. Allen moved in a large clockwise loop; at the end of February 1977 it became attached to the Gulf Stream and reformed into a modified ring, smaller in size and faster in rotation . At the end of April 1977 the modified ring coalesced with the Gulf Stream and disappeared as it was advected downstream in the stream. The principal results of this study are that (I) the New England Seamount chain was a major influence in the genesis of Allen and on the trajectories of nearby rings; (2) while a free eddy, months after its formation, Allen evolved into a bi modal or peanut-shaped structure; (3) the bimodal structure ultimately bifurcated, spawning a new isolated eddy, denoted as Arthur, and a modified remnant, Allen; (4) the velocity field of Allen involved the whole water column, with bottom velocities of 10-15 em s- 1; (5) the barotropic velocity at the center of Allen (6 cm s-1 to NNW) was about equal to its translation velocity (4 cm s-1 to NW); (6) especially energetic inertial motions were seen at the center of Allen, and these may play a role in enhancing the stirring of water properties; (7) Allen survived several close encounters or entrainments with the Gulf Stream, proving that such encounters can be nonfatal to a ring; (8) the encounters appear to result in injections (exchanges) of water (momentum, heat, etc.) into the rings at an estimate rate of 106 m3 s-1 per ring; and (9) the behavior of Allen and Arthur was in contrast to the results of some other studies which have shown that rings generally drift slowly and passively southwestward.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N000 14-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 76-82059, DES 74-02783, and OCE 76-24605.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Oceanographic buoys
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: General information about mooring locations, durations and data gathered by the Moored Array Project (also known as Buoy Group) between late 1963 and 1978 is listed. Also included is a comprehensive list of scientific and technical publications written by the Buoy Group staff.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 77-19403 .
    Keywords: Oceanographic buoys ; Ocean currents ; Ocean circulation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: From the introduction: The Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment was a long-term multi-institution effort to investigate meso-scale motions in the western North Atlantic Ocean. The Moored Array Project (Buoy Group) of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution participated with a series of moorings to measure both currents and temperatures. The main field experiment for MODE was scheduled for March to July, 1973.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-?4-C0262; NR 083-004 and NSF GX-29054.
    Keywords: Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) ; Oceanographic buoys ; Deep-sea moorings
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: A low-windage, current-following spar buoy system containing an automatic Loran-C navigation receiver and a single sideband transmitter with associated control circuitry is described. The Loran-C unit acquires and tracks Loran-C signals and, at intervals controlled by an onboard timer, produces a digital message which modulates the transmitter. The transmitter sends this message via a radio telemetry link to a base or ship receiving station where it is decoded. The decoder displays the message contents in the form of Loran-C time differences representing two lines of position, and thus a geographic fix. The system enables the position of the buoy to be tracked as it drifts with the current and thus serves as an instrument in measuring surface and near-surface current transport. A physical description, details of electrical and mechanical design, and test results, are documented in this report. Feasibility of the system was proven, and a pre-prototype system built and tested.
    Description: Prepared for the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, Sea Grant Office, under Grants 04-8-M01-149 and NA 79AA-D-00102.
    Keywords: Oceanographic buoys ; Loran
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of designing, building, and deploying a large, stable, multileg, deep ocean cable array with a service life of at least five years, and to assess the cost of such an array. The study first defines the essential desirable features of the array. It then briefly describes a number of candidate configurations which can meet these requirements, pointing out their advantages and disadvantages. The study then undertakes an array comparative stability analysis. The Fortran computer program DESADE was used to perform this comprehensive study. Current induced displacements and stress levels of simple and complex arrays were computed using this program. The results thus obtained greatly helped quantify their relative merit . Based on this analysis and on the array requirements previously defined a candidate array is selected for preliminary design. This design essentially consists of the rational selection of type, size, and materials for the buoys, cables, and anchors of the prototype array . Safety factors compatible with the five years life expectancy arc confirmed by additional computer runs, using operational and survival current conditions. The successful deployment and practical servicing of a deep sea implanted array require careful planning and detailed preparation. The next phase of this study is to outline a deployment scenario, and to indicate the different methods for servicing the array. Power sources and methods of data retrieval are considered. Use of manned and unmanned submersibles is contemplated . The last phase of the study is an estimate of the cost of the prototype array components. The report concludes that such an array is feasible, that it can be implanted with a high expectation of reliability and that it can be a safe and stable structure from which to conduct divers novel and useful scientific experiments.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N000 14-79-C-0894.
    Keywords: Deep-sea moorings ; Oceanographic buoys ; Cables
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: During July and August of 1980 our research group measured nearsurface water velocities near the eastern coast of Lake Huron by tracking drogues using acoustic travel time and compass sighting techniques. The velocity fields appeared to consist of two components. These have been termed: a sub-current, which varied slowly with depth (compared to the deepest drogue depth of 5.2 m) and, in most cases, was apparently in geostrophic balance with the cross shore pressure gradient; and, a surface layer-current (defined by the relative velocity from deeper to shallower drogues) which decayed rapidly with depth and was directed nearly parallel with the wind and waves. There was no discernable relationship between wind speed and relative velocity. There was, however, a direct dependence of relative velocity with estimated surface roughness, suggesting that Stokes drift may have been primarily responsible for the shear. The magnitudes of the observed relative velocities were approximately equal to Stokes drift magnitudes calculated from representative wave energy spectra. Also reported are measurements of current and temperature structure made prior to and following a coastal upwelling.
    Description: Prepared for the Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-79EV10005 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Contract 03-5-022-26.
    Keywords: Ocean currents ; Oceanographic buoys ; Acoustic drogue measurements ; Nearsurface water measurement
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: From 1975 to 1978, thirty-one satellite-tracked free-drifting surface buoys were launched in the Gulf Stream system. Most of these buoys were launched in cyclonic rings, as part of an interdisciplinary Gulf Stream ring experiment, Other buoys were launched in anticyclonic rings and the Gulf Stream itself; one buoy was launched in a cyclonic Kuroshio ring. The basic data set consists of buoy trajectories and sea surface temperature and velocity measurements along trajectories. The main results consist of a series of 19 buoy trajectories in rings from which the movement of rings is inferred and a series of 20 buoy trajectories in the Gulf Stream. Rings frequently coalesced with the Gulf Stream, and some reformed as modified rings. The trajectories of buoys in the Stream reveal that at times surface currents are strongly influenced by topographic features such as seamounts and ridges. Most buoys in the Stream continued to move eastward until they reached the vicinity of the Grand Banks (50°W) where they rapidly fanned out, some moving northward, others eastward across the mid-Atlantic Ridge, still others southward and westward .
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 75-008765 and OCE 77-08045.
    Keywords: Oceanographic buoys ; Ocean circulation ; Gulf Stream
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) under the Office of the International Decade of Oceanography, National Science Foundation, included plans for the deployment of long-range SOFAR floats in a two degree square area approximately 400 miles Southwest of Bermuda. The floats are located by AFETR, MILS system hydrophones at Bermuda, Eleuthera and Puerto Rico. An additional station at Grand Turk Island, British West Indies, was requested to provide an expanded and more reliable location. In addition a spare installation was to be provided which could be installed within relatively short notice at Eleuthera or Puerto Rico if required. The design, logistical considerations and installation of the Grand Turk Island station are documented in this report.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant GX-32571.
    Keywords: Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) ; Oceanographic buoys ; Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic research stations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Three surveys were made during June, 1980 on the R/V Oceanographer to measure the regional hydrographic structure in the East China Sea near the mouth of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River. The objective of the hydrographic program was to document the spatial and temporal structure of the Chang Jiang plume over the continental shelf and characterize the river's influence on the shelf water masses. A summary of the hydrographic observations made during Cruise RP-05-0C-80 on the R/V Oceanographer is presented in graphic form.
    Description: Prepared for the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration under Cooperative Agreement NA81AA-H-00008 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE-80-14941.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Hydrography ; Oceanographer (Ship) Cruise
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing climate-quality records of surface meteorology, air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with past cruises that have come between October and May. This cruise was conducted on the Chilean research vessel Cabo de Hornos. During the 2016 cruise on the Cabo de Hornos to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were the recovery of the previous (Stratus 14) WHOI surface mooring, deployment of the new Stratus 15 WHOI surface mooring, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation installed on the ship, CTD casts near the moorings. Surface drifters and ARGO floats were also launched along the track.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Oceanographic instruments ; Cabo de Hornos (Ship) Cruise Stratus 15
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Historical hydrographic transects of the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf-break front are compiled by month and described in this report. Interannual variability of the meteorological forcing and slope water mass properties are presented as an aid in interpreting the variability of the frontal structure. Descriptions of the significant features of the front, shelf and slope water masses precede the compiled transects. The sections are limited to the upper 350 m of the water column and a cross-shore extent of 280m.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-79EV10005
    Keywords: Continental shelf ; Hydrography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on inter-annual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15N, 51W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The NTAS Ocean Reference Station (ORS NTAS) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division. This report documents recovery of the NTAS-15 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-16 mooring. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. The mooring turnaround was done by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), onboard R/V Endeavor (cruise EN590). The cruise took place between January 21 and February 8 2017. The NTAS-16 mooring was deployed on January 30, and the NTAS-15 mooring was recovered on January 31. A 24-hour intercomparison period was conducted on January 29 in front of the NTAS 15 buoy, and again on February 1 in front of the NTAS 16 buoy. During the inter-comparisons, data from instrumentation on the buoys, telemetered through Argos satellite system, and the ship’s meteorological and oceanographic measurements were monitored while the ship was stationed 0.2 nm downwind of the buoys. This report describes these operations, as well as other work done on the cruise and some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations. Other operations during EN590 consisted in the recovery and deployment of the Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE) Pressure Inverted Echo Sounders (PIES) at two MOVE arrays (MOVE 1 in the east, and MOVE 3 in the west near Guadeloupe). Acoustic downloads of data from (PIES) and subsurface mooring (MOVE1, 3 and 4) were also conducted. MOVE is designed to monitor the integrated deep meridional flow in the tropical North Atlantic.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158.
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Oceanographic instruments ; Meteorology ; Endeavor (Ship: 1976-) Cruise EN590
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: ENDEAVOR cruise number 97 (8-19 April, 1983) was the ninth scheduled cruise to the Long Term Upper Ocean Study (LOTUS) area centered at 34°N, 70°W. During the cruise three LOTUS moorings (a near-surface and two subsurface moorings) deployed eleven months earlier were recovered and replaced by a nearly identical set of moorings. The new array will remain in the water during the final year of LOTUS field work. The LOTUS surface mooring, scheduled to be recovered during ENDEAVOR 97, had been partially recovered one month earlier after the mooring parted and drifted off station. The lower portion of the surface mooring which went to the bottom when the mooring failed was successfully recovered during ENDEAVOR 97. A new surface mooring replacing the one that parted and a C. S. Draper Labs profiling current meter mooring were also set during the cruise. Non-mooring work included deploying three satellite tracked drifter buoys and completing five CTD stations in the LOTUS area. Several inter-comparisons between shipborne meteorological sensors and similar sensors on the LOTUS surface buoy and the drifter buoys were made. An XBT section was also completed along 70°W between 40°N and 34°N. Part I of this report is a summary of the major cruise activities and part II presents the hydrographic data (CTD and XBT) collected during the cruise.
    Description: This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. 000014-76-C-0197, NR 083-400.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Hydrography ; Endeavor (Ship: 1976-) Cruise EN97
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: OCEANUS cruise number 129 (28 October-4 November, 1982) was the eighth in a series of cruises to the Long Term Upper Ocean Study (LOTUS) area centered at 34°N, 70°W. In the LOTUS area seven SOFAR floats were launched, two moorings were recovered (a LOTUS surface mooring and a C. S. Draper Labs profiling current meter mooring), and a surface mooring which replaced the one recovered was set. Seven CTD stations were also completed in the LOTUS area. Outside the LOTUS area a subsurface mooring was set in the Gulf Stream in cooperation with H. Bryden's (WHOI) Gulf Stream Observations project, and a WHOI engineering mooring at Site D was recovered, examined and redeployed. In addition several XBT sections were made, one along 70°W between 40°N and 34°N, a second surveyed a cold core ring discovered during the trip to the LOTUS area and a third was made in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream Observations mooring. Part I of this report is a summary of the major cruise activities and part II presents the hydrographic data (CTD and XBT) collected during the cruise.
    Description: This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-76-C-0197, NR083-400.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Hydrography ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC129
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: In March 1971, seven members of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution were engaged in a multidisciplinary study of Lake Kivu. This expedition represents part of a long-range program concerned with the structural and hydrographical settings of the East African Rift Lakes and their relationships to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden Rifts. The program started in May 1963 with a geophysical study on Lake Malawi (von Herzen and Vacquier, 1967). Several expeditions of our Institution into the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden area in 1964, 1965 and 1966 (Degens and Ross, 1969) provided detailed geological information on the "northern" extension of the East African Rift. And finally our study of last year on Lake Tanganyika c1osed a major gap in the program; it allowed us to out1ine a model on the evolution of a rift which starts with (i) bulging of the earth's crust, (ii) block-faulting, (iii) volcanism and hydrothermal activity, and which has its final stage in (iv) sea floor spreading (Degens et al. 1971). In the case of Lake Tanganyika, only the second stage of this evolution series has been reached, i.e. block-faulting. In contrast, the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden had already evolved to active sea floor spreading, almost 25 million years ago. Somewhere along the line between Lake Tanganyika and the Gulf of Aden must lie the "missing link" of this evolution series. Lake Kivu, almost 100 miles to the north of Lake Tanganyika is situated at the highest point of the Rift Valley and is surrounded by active volcanoes and geothermal springs. As recently as 1944, lava flows reached the lake shore. This lake was therefore, a natural choice to test our hypothesis on the origin and development of rifts. Furthermore, the occurrence of large quantities of dissolved gases, e.g., CO2 and methane, represented an interesting geochemical phenomenon worthwhile to investigate.
    Description: Supported by the National Science Foundation with Grants GA 19262, GB 20956, and GU 3927; grants from the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society PRF#1943A2; and by private research funds of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Geophysics ; Hydrography ; Sedimentology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: In March and April of 1981 a major cruise was undertaken on the R/V Atlantis II off the Peruvian coast near 15°S in order to investigate the sea-air exchange of selected heavy metals and natural and anthropogenic organic compounds. The purpose of this report is to collate the hydrographic, nutrient, and plankton data generated from various investigators on this cruise end to provide a standard of reference for the cruise participants. Data for temperature, salinity, oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, axnmonium, phosphate, silicate, chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon, and particulate organic nitrogen are given. In addition, air and sea temperatures, and wind speed and direction data, collected using the SAIL system, are included.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 77-12914, OCE 80-17877 and OCE 81-11947.
    Keywords: Atlantis II (Ship : 1963-) Cruise AII108-3 ; Oceanography ; Hydrography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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