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  • Articles  (5,401)
  • Oxford University Press  (5,401)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (4,258)
  • Geography  (1,143)
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  • Articles  (5,401)
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  • 101
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    Higher-level responsiveness? Socio-technical integration within US and UK nanotechnology research priority setting (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Enhancing the responsiveness of science and innovation programs to societal values is a critical element of responsible innovation. Distinct from laboratory-level research into socio-technical integration, this paper focuses on integration and responsiveness at the level of research priority setting. Taking the case of nanotechnology, it evaluates decision-making in the USA and the UK in the wake of novel policy initiatives for societal research and engagement. It asks to what extent decision-makers explicitly reflected upon societal considerations during priority setting and allocation. Interviews with key decision-makers and staff reveal limited integration of societal actors and considerations during research prioritization. In response to a pervasive history of institutional practices that preclude socio-technical integration, and in contrast to concerns that such considerations may slow down R&D, we propose that building responsiveness into research prioritization can support productivity, contribute to more socially robust outcomes, and possibly even enhance national competitiveness.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 102
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    The evolution of science concentrations: The case of Newcastle Science City (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Within the economic geography literature, research has been undertaken to gain an understanding of how science concentrations have developed. However, most of the research has been based on the listing of chronological events or is rather descriptive. More recently, attempts have been made to apply an evolutionary economic geography framework to understand the development of science concentrations as it enables a better understanding of these developments by providing a view on how processes of change operate over time. In the light of this, this paper utilizes an evolutionary economic geography framework to analyze one type of science concentration: a science city. The case of Newcastle Science City is analyzed for the period 2004–11. The findings highlight that organizational restructuring and the establishment of new organizations, stimulating new connections between individuals and regional organizations and avoiding early lock-ins, facilitates the development of science concentrations.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 103
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    Institutional economics for a discipline at sea Capitalism and Democracy: A Fragile Alliance by Theo van deKlundert (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 104
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    The impact of foreign-born scientists and engineers on American nanoscience research (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: This paper assesses the contribution of foreign-born scientists and engineers to nanoscience innovation. While studies have assessed immigrants’ general contributions to American science and engineering, less is known about their presence within emergent, cutting-edge, and multidisciplinary fields. Multiple sources are utilized to determine the nativity of researchers within nanotechnology, a platform technology with important implications for economic growth, industrial competitiveness, and numerous fields of scientific research. Specifically, it examines the authors of the most highly-cited articles published in the period 1999–2009. Based on comparisons with the prevalence of foreign-born in the scientific and engineering community and general population, the study’s findings reveal that researchers were disproportionally foreign-born, a trend that has grown over time. Additionally, although over-represented among high-impact researchers, there were no significant differences between the institutional locations (academia versus industry) and research activities (productivity and patterns of collaboration) of foreign and native scientists and engineers.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 105
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    A next wave of Technology Assessment? Barriers and opportunities for establishing TA in seven European countries (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: This paper explores socio-political opportunities for and barriers to introducing technology assessment (TA) as a support for science and technology (S&T) policy-making in seven European countries, most of which lack any significant TA activities or institutions. The comparative analysis is based on interviews and workshops with relevant S&T actors in the countries explored as well as an analysis of documents. The study clearly shows that any attempt to promote and establish TA has to take account of the situations in the countries explored, which differ in many respects from the situation in the 1980s and 1990s when a first wave of TA institutionalisation took place at national parliaments in Europe. Elements of ‘civic epistemologies’ such as a lively public debate on S&T policies are missing in some of the countries explored and S&T policy-making is busy modernising the R&D system in order to keep up with global competition.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 106
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    Commodity chains, creative destruction and global inequality: a class analysis (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: The majority of global commodity chain analysis is concerned with producer firm upgrading, because it is held to engender local-level development. This represents a myopic comprehension of the interaction of firms under capitalism. This article argues, in contrast, that lead firm chain governance and supplier firm upgrading attempts constitute strategies and practices that reproduce global poverty and inequality. Schumpeter’s concept of creative destruction represents a starting point in undertaking this endeavour. However, his formulation of capitalist competition ignores class and global economic relations. A Marxian conception of creative destruction, in contrast, rests upon an understanding of globally constituted class relations, which provides a novel perspective in comprehending and investigating processes that re-produce global poverty and inequality. The article substantiates these claims by examining cases of buyer-driven global commodity chains, and lead firm strategies of increasing labour exploitation throughout these chains.
    Keywords: B14 - Socialist ; Marxist, F50 - General, J01 - Labor Economics: General, J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 107
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    The determinants of regional specialisation in business services: agglomeration economies, vertical linkages and innovation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: The article accounts for the determinants of sectoral specialisation in business services (BS) across the EU-27 regions as determined by: (i) agglomeration economies (ii) the region-specific structure of intermediate linkages (iii) technological innovation and knowledge intensity and (iv) the presence of these factors in neighbouring regions. The empirical analysis draws upon the REGIO panel database over the period 1999–2003. By estimating a Spatial Durbin Model, we find significant spatial effects in explaining regional specialisation in BS. Our findings show that, besides urbanisation economies, the spatial structure of intermediate sectoral linkages and innovation, in particular Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), are important determinants of specialisation in BS. The article contributes to the debate on the global versus local determinants of regional specialisation in BS by restating the importance of the regional sectoral structure besides that of urbanisation. We draw policy implications by rejecting the ‘footloose hypothesis’ for BS.
    Keywords: L80 - General, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 108
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    Migration and inter-industry mobility of UK graduates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: New university graduates are highly geographically mobile, but, as the literature has shown, often struggle in the labour market, working in non-graduate level jobs or in a field different from the one for which they are qualified. In this context, inter-industry moves can act as complements or substitutes for geographical moves, with graduates reacting to job mismatches by either changing location, industry, or both. Self-selection is also likely; industry movers may differ from non-movers in ways that also affect their career outcomes. We analyse the relationship between migration and inter-industry moves using longitudinal microdata for 7060 recent UK graduates.
    Keywords: I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions, J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity, J28 - Safety ; Job Satisfaction ; Related Public Policy, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 109
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    Local entrepreneurship clusters in cities (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: We show that entrepreneurs are co-located within cities. One plausible source of such spatial clustering is local social interactions, where individuals’ decisions to become entrepreneurs are influenced by entrepreneurial neighbors. Using geo-coded matched employer–employee data for Sweden, we find that sharing residential neighborhood with established entrepreneurs has a statistically significant and robust influence on the probability that an individual leaves employment for entrepreneurship. An otherwise average neighborhood with a 5% point higher entrepreneurial intensity, all else equal, produces between six and seven additional entrepreneurs per square kilometer, each year. Our estimates suggest a local feedback-effect in which the presence of established entrepreneurs in a neighborhood influences the emergence of new local entrepreneurs. Our analysis supports the conjecture that social interaction effects constitute a mechanism by which local entrepreneurship clusters in cities develop and persist over time.
    Keywords: J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity, L26 - Entrepreneurship, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 110
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    A gravity equation for commuting with an application to estimating regional border effects in Belgium (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: This article derives a gravity equation for commuting and uses it to identify the effect of regional borders on commuting. We build on the seminal trade paper by Anderson and Van Wincoop (2003, Gravity with gravitas: a solution to the border puzzle. The American Economic Review , 93: 170–192) and highlight some interesting similarities between our model and Wilson’s doubly constrained gravity equation [Wilson, A. (2010) Entropy in urban and regional modelling: retrospect and prospect. Geographical analysis , 42: 364–394], a workhorse model from spatial interaction theory. The model is estimated by applying a negative binomial regression method on Belgian inter-municipal commuting data. We show that regional borders exert a sizeable residual deterrent effect on commuting, a finding with obvious implications for regional labour market integration. This border effect differs significantly between regions and depends on the direction in which the border is crossed.
    Keywords: F10 - General, J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 111
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    Scientific disclosure and commercialization mode selection for university technology transfer (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Description: Much previous research has explored university–industry technology transfer, but few researchers have examined the more comprehensive technology transfer process from faculty to firm. This paper focuses on faculty’s decisions on invention disclosure and selection of the mode of commercialization, and it aims to fill this gap through developing game models involving faculty, university, and firm. The results reveal a series of specific conditions for each commercialization mode, indicating that faculty’s share of licensing revenue and non-economic benefit have a positive impact on invention disclosure and the amount of effort expended by faculty, while increasing licensing price, decreasing the invention disclosure rate, and not necessarily increasing the investment by the firm. The empirical evidence supports our theory and renders a practical interpretation in the context of the 35 Chinese universities with the most patent applications. Finally, this paper provides new insights for faculty, university, and firm, as well as implications for policy-makers.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 112
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    Scientists response to societal impact policies: A policy paradox (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Description: Many countries have amended legislation and introduced policies to stimulate universities to transfer their knowledge to society. The effects of these policies on scientists are relatively unexplored. We employ principal–agent theory to increase our understanding of the relationship between impact policies and scientific practice. Our methodology includes the analysis of policy documents and of data gathered in focus groups. We conclude that there is a gap between policy on the one hand and how scientists perceive it on the other. Policy documents put forward a broad notion of impact, but scientists perceive them as focusing too narrowly on commercial impacts. Scientists are further puzzled by how societal impact is evaluated and organised, and their perceptions frame their behaviour. Our policy recommendations focus on improving the interaction between intermediaries, such as universities and research councils, and scientists so as to include the latter’s perspective in policy-making.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 113
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    High support for nanotechnology in China: A case study in Dalian (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Description: Public perception of nanotechnology is important as it helps scientists and policy makers understand how the public decides whether or not to support the development of these technologies. To examine the public’s perception and attitude toward nanotechnology in China, we conducted a case study in Dalian through a survey in 2013 ( N = 741). Support for the technology was indicated by 96.6% of the sample. This sample also had the highest self-reported awareness of nanotechnology worldwide, with 88.4% of the sample reporting having heard of nanotechnology, although they possessed little knowledge about the technology. Support was associated more with beliefs (e.g. expectations for nanotechnology, trust, benefit/risk ratio) than with knowledge. Mass media news reports and advertisements were the top means of communication about nanotechnology. It is very possible that the rate of support for nanotechnology may change in future, as with support for genetically modified food.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 114
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    Policy-driven, narrative-based evidence gathering: UK priorities for decarbonisation through biomass (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Description: Evidence-based policy-making has been a much-debated concept. This paper builds on various insights for a novel perspective: policy-driven, narrative-based evidence gathering. In a case study of UK priority setting for bioenergy innovation, documents and interviews were analysed to identify links between diagnoses of the problem, societal visions, policy narratives and evidence gathering. This process is illuminated by the theoretical concept of sociotechnical imaginaries—technoscientific projects which the state should promote for a feasible, desirable future. Results suggest that evidence has been selectively generated and gathered within a specific future vision, whereby bioenergy largely provides an input-substitute within the incumbent centralised infrastructure. Such evidence is attributed to an external expertise, thus helping to legitimise the policy framework. Evidence has helped to substantiate policy commitments to expand bioenergy. The dominant narrative has been reinforced by the government’s multi-stakeholder consultation favouring the incumbent industry and by incentive structures for industry co-investment.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 115
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    Attaining a productive structure for technology: The Bayh-Dole effect on university-industry-government relations in developing economy (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Description: This paper attempts to provide a systematic assessment of the ‘Bayh–Dole’ effect on the university–industry–government structures of Malaysia, a developing economy, from a quantitative dimension, in order to provide policy-makers with the central aspects of structural change. This paper takes account of those studies which question the significance of university patenting from the perspective of quality and utility. We observe widespread endogenization of university patenting and co-patenting processes in indigenous technology development cycles after the passage of Bayh–Dole-type legislation. The basic research supports and subsequent provisions of Bayh–Dole-type legislation provide us with the implications of strategic policy in attaining a productive network structure for technological innovations. We consider the importance of Bayh–Dole-type legislation in routinizing university research with regard to potential commercial values or applications. Thus, we break new ground in considering what the passage of such legislation actually achieves in a developing economy.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 116
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    Upgrading to lead firm position via international acquisition: learning from the global biomass power plant industry (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: This article examines the case of a Chinese firm that has upgraded to lead firm position in the global biomass power plant industry mainly through acquisitions of technological frontier firms in Denmark. Sustaining the lead firm position was, however, challenged by difficulties in developing innovative capability. Drawing on the literature on (i) firm-level technological capability and (ii) knowledge transfer in international acquisitions, we explain the reasons for insufficient innovative capability building. Based on these empirical findings, we suggest maintaining the existing upgrading framework but applying it analytically in a more flexible manner that avoids linearity, hierarchy and segmentation while stressing the co-existence of and inter-relationships between the different types of upgrading.
    Keywords: F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, L60 - General, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, R58 - Regional Development Policy
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 117
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    International trade and firm-level markups when location and quality matter (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: In this article, we estimate firm-level markups and test some micro-level predictions of a model of international trade with heterogeneous firms and endogenous markups. Our theoretical framework is an extended version of the Melitz and Ottaviano ( 2008 , Review of Economic Studies 75, 295–316) (MO) model that features both quality and spatial differentiation across firms. In line with our model, we find that firm markups are positively related to firm productivity and negatively related to the toughness of local competition. Considering the relationship between firm markups and exports, we find evidence that markups are higher for exporters, what appears to indicate that the quality-enhancing channel overbalances the price-depressing channel of global competition.
    Keywords: F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 118
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    Inertia and change in multinational enterprise subsidiary capabilities: an evolutionary economic geography framework (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: In this article we argue for a process-centred use of the dynamic capabilities-based view of evolution in multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiary capabilities. In particular, we consider changes in the scale, scope and specialisation of resources and capabilities at subsidiaries over time by drawing on Dodgshon’s (1998) study of change in empires and societal systems. Following Dodgshon, we classify changes at MNE subsidiaries into processes of (i) expansion or contraction, (ii) reduction, (iii) involution, (iv) aggregation upwards and outwards, (v) accretion and (vi) replacement/substitution, illustrating this framework with reference to the extant literature. We suggest that the potential of this framework lies, in part, in its embrace of both change and inertia within MNEs and at their subsidiaries. It is important to consider both change and inertia if we are to understand the implications of MNE subsidiary evolution national and subnational economic development policy.
    Keywords: B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 119
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    Historic amenities, income and sorting of households (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: We aim to estimate the impact of historic amenities on house prices and sorting of households. Historic district boundaries enable us to measure the external view effect of historic amenities, defined as the effect of a historic amenity on the price of other buildings through an improved view from the other buildings. We use a semiparametric regression-discontinuity approach to control for unobserved location characteristics and focus on houses constructed after 1970. It is shown that the (external) view effect of historic amenities is 3.5% of the house price. Rich households have a higher willingness to pay for a view on historic amenities and therefore sort themselves in historic districts, which contributes to an explanation for the substantial spatial income differences within cities.
    Keywords: R14 - Land Use Patterns, R21 - Housing Demand, R31 - Housing Supply and Markets, R38 - Government Policies ; Regulatory Policies
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 120
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    Intervening in globalization: the spatial possibilities and institutional barriers to labours collective agency (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: Trade unions are facing a series of challenges around place-based forms of work in industries such as construction, transport and public services. New spatial strategies by employers involving corporate reorganization, increased outsourcing and the use of migrant labour, allied to a deepening of neoliberal governance processes are accelerating a race to the bottom in wages and conditions. Drawing upon the experience of two recent labour disputes in the UK—at Heathrow Airport and Lindsey Oil Refinery—we explore the potential for workers to intervene in such globalizing processes. We highlight both the ability of grassroots workers to mobilize their own spatial networks but also their limitations in an increasingly hostile neoliberal landscape.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 121
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    Defining clusters of related industries (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: Clusters are geographic concentrations of industries related by knowledge, skills, inputs, demand and/or other linkages. There is an increasing need for cluster-based data to support research, facilitate comparisons of clusters across regions and support policymakers in defining regional strategies. This article develops a novel clustering algorithm that systematically generates and assesses sets of cluster definitions (i.e., groups of closely related industries). We implement the algorithm using 2009 data for U.S. industries (six-digit NAICS), and propose a new set of benchmark cluster definitions that incorporates measures of inter-industry linkages based on co-location patterns, input–output links, and similarities in labor occupations. We also illustrate the algorithm’s ability to compare alternative sets of cluster definitions by evaluating our new set against existing sets in the literature. We find that our proposed set outperforms other methods in capturing a wide range of inter-industry linkages, including the grouping of industries within the same three-digit NAICS.
    Keywords: C38-Classification Methods ; Cluster Analysis ; Factor Models
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 122
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    Location of International Business Activities: Integrating Ideas from Research in International Business, Strategic Management and Economic Geography (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 123
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    Global energy dilemmas: energy security and climate change (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 124
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    Fukushima and Beyond: Nuclear Power in a Low-Carbon World by Christopher Hubbard (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 125
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    Exploring efficiency differentials between Italian and Polish universities, 2001-11 (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Description: In this study, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to evaluate the relative efficiency of a sample of 54 Italian and 30 Polish state universities over the period 2001–11. The investigation was conducted in two steps. Unbiased DEA efficiency scores were first estimated and then regressed on external variables to quantitatively assess the direction and size of the impact of potential determinants. The analysis reveals a strong heterogeneity in the efficiency scores for each country, which is more pronounced than the difference in average efficiency scores between them. There is evidence that efficiency is determined by the structure of a university’s revenues and academic staff: competitive versus non-competitive resources, and the number of professors. The study also explores the variation in the efficiency and productivity over time. While changes in pure efficiency were similar between the two countries, the efficiency frontier improved more in Italy than in Poland.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 126
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    'Prospecting responsible technology paths: Management options for an appropriate societal embedding of medical neuroimaging (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
    Description: Responsible innovation implies an aligment of what developers and societal actors perceive to be the problems and purposes of new technologies. With this, the challenge is to prospectively identify those potential concerns and (systemic) barriers that might hamper the development and embedding of innovation. We address this challenge by contextualising different visions of medical neuroimaging, which we identified via interviews and focus groups. We show that different visions result in different desirable technology paths, each with specific concerns and barriers. Concerns include medicalisation and the burden of knowing a predisposition. Barriers comprise: scientific unknowns, technical impossibilities, disciplinary boundaries, and the focus on disease categories and cure in research and health practice. Proposed strategies to overcome the barriers include: different research incentives, training of scientists and health professionals, and developing person-centred health centres. We conclude with implications for the responsible management of medical neuroimaging, in which shared visions and mutual learning are key elements.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    The determinants of academic career advancement: Evidence from Italy (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
    Description: This paper investigates the determinants of professors’ career advancement in Italian universities. From the analyses, it emerges that the fundamental determinant of an academic candidate’s success is not scientific merit, but rather the number of years that the candidate has belonged to the same university as the president of the selection committee. Where applicants have participated in research work with the president, their probability of success also increases significantly. The factors of the years of service and occurrence of joint research with other members of the commission also have an effect, however, that carries less weight. Nepotism, although it exists, seems less important. The scientific quality of the members of the commission has a negligible effect on the expected outcome of the competition, and even less so the geographical location of the university holding the competition.
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    The third mission of universities: An investigation of the espoused values (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
    Description: An invisible revolution, known as the third mission, is claimed to be occurring within universities. Accordingly, the canonical missions associated with research and teaching have been integrated with the one aimed at territorial development. But do all universities conceive the third mission in the same way? This paper tries to elucidate which organizational orientations emerge by classifying the espoused values embedded within the statutes of 75 Italian universities. Using a qualitative content analysis, we highlighted four orientation patterns: first, need for coherence , focused on balancing public functions and third-mission activities; second, exploitation , focused on patent disclosure; third, openness , readiness to participate in external change and to satisfy external needs; and finally, old school , focused on entrepreneurial activities as a source of funding. This classification shows a more complex phenomenon for the institutionalization of the third mission with respect to a simple binary public–private opposition.
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    Analysing and simulating the effects of open innovation policies: Application of the results to Cambodia (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
    Description: Nowadays, the use of purposive inflows and outflows of knowledge to accelerate internal innovation and to expand the markets for external use of innovation has become essential in business strategies and national policies. In addition, the importance of knowledge and technology diffusion requires better understanding of knowledge networks and national innovation systems (NISs). We want to answer the following research question: what kinds of effects will occur in NISs if different levels of open innovation policies are introduced into NISs? According to our literature review, perfect open innovation policies should have three aspects: knowledge and technology production, distribution and consumption. We built a causal loop diagram and a system dynamics model to simulate the effects of open innovation policies on NISs and apply the results to the case of Cambodia to develop Cambodia’s national science and technology master plan.
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    Formation and expansion of a new organizational field in experimental science (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
    Description: This paper examines the formation and expansion of a new organizational field in experimental science: synchrotron radiation laboratories. These labs were once peripheral servants of some specialisms of solid-state physics, but over the 40 years studied they have grown into a worldwide generic resource for tens of thousands of users in a broad spectrum of disciplines. The paper uses insights primarily from historical institutionalism, but also neo-institutional theory, to analyze the formation and expansion of the organizational field of synchrotron radiation laboratories, and thus contributes to the analysis of the rather dramatic growth of this tool for experimental science from a small-scale lab curiosity to a generic research technology. But the key contribution of the paper is to provide insights into multi-level and multi-dimensional change in science systems by analyzing the emergence and expansion of a new organizational field in experimental science, which has implications not least for science policy.
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    Differential effects of intellectual property rights on innovation and economic performance: A cross-industry investigation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
    Description: Despite many previous studies, the causal relationship among intellectual property rights (IPR) protection, innovation and economic growth remains ambiguous. Focusing on the differential effects of stronger IPR on industries, we suggest four causal paths from IPR through R&D to economic performance. Using firm-level panel data in semiconductor, pharmaceutical and shipbuilding industries in Korea, we find that effective causal paths vary not only by industry but by firm size. Stronger IPR are beneficial to R&D-intensive industries where large domestic firms have strong R&D and IPR capabilities, but have no impact on globalized industries. On the other hand, stronger IPR are detrimental to industries and to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) characterized by limited resources. Thus, to boost innovation and economic growth, IPR policies need to be customized to industries as well as SMEs. Universally strong IPR policies are likely to discourage innovation and growth, causing some industries to suffer.
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    Governance for Urban Sustainability and Resilience (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
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    Logistics Clusters: Delivering Value and Driving Growth (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
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    Advancing theories of firm growth by scrutinizing assumptions (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
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    On the relationship between gender disparities in scholarly communication and country-level development indicators (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
    Description: Gender disparities in science remain, despite decades of policies aimed at achieving gender parity. Yet, little is known about the macro-level factors affecting such disparities. This paper examines the degree to which country-level human development indicators (HDI) and gender inequality indicators (GII) gathered by the United Nations Development Report can reveal systemic gender inequalities in scholarship. Countries ‘low’ in HDI and GII had the lowest contribution of female participation in science and highest degree of international collaboration. Research from highly developed countries was more cited, although gender disparities remained. For HDI, gross national income was a strong predictor of scientific output and impact (and, to a lesser degree, collaboration). The rate of women in the labor force was the strongest predictive variable in GII, explaining differences in output, collaboration, and impact. However, predictive variables differed by HDI/GII quartile, suggesting that monolithic policies may not be appropriate for addressing gender disparities in science.
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    International mobility: Findings from a survey of researchers in the EU (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
    Description: International mobility of researchers is increasingly constructed both as a science policy problem to be solved and as a goal to be pursued. Yet evidence on the experience of mobility and the factors associated with propensity to mobility remains patchy. We analyse comprehensive survey data on the mobility experience of university and non-university research institute researchers in the EU. Our results both confirm and challenge assertions about mobility made in the literature and in policy debates. We find that 57% of university respondents and 65% of institute respondents have experienced international mobility at least once in their research careers. We find that research visits are the most commonly experienced form of international mobility but that job migration (cross-country changes of employer) is also surprisingly common. International student mobility, and also industrial placement experience, seems to be a good predictor of subsequent mobility during the research career.
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    Perspective: Science and technology policy - What is at stake and why should scientists participate? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
    Description: US legislators prepare and make decisions on bills that involve science and technology (S&T) policy components, but they or their staff may not have sufficient expertise to do this. Therefore, it becomes critical that scientists and engineers from academia and industry spend time in Washington, DC to constructively engage in policy decisions. R&D investment helps drive economic growth. However, US R&D investment has been on the decline, whereas investment continues to increase in some emerging and developed economies. Scientists and engineers need to be champions for R&D investment to keep the USA competitive in the global market. This perspective paper discusses: what is S&T policy, who makes laws, the federal R&D budget and the importance of sustained R&D funding, how the USA compares with the rest of the world in R&D investment and numbers of science graduates. Finally, the author discusses his experiences as an S&T fellow in Washington, DC.
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    Chinese university governance: Tensions and reforms (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
    Description: Chinese universities have undergone a massive transformation in recent decades. In addition to a dramatic increase in the number of universities and students, universities have shifted from primarily providing education to emphasizing research. Omnipresent political control is to be replaced by stronger academic self-organization. The result so far is a growing stratification of Chinese universities, with a few select research universities receiving the bulk of government research funding and a large number of universities with very little public funding for research which focus primarily on education. The rapidly changing landscape, with growing numbers but also increasing stratification and with conflicting relations between political control and self-organization, has given rise to tensions within universities and within the higher education system. In this paper, we identify these tensions and discuss their implications for China’s quest to establish world-class universities and to achieve the transition to an innovation-oriented nation.
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    Public housing magnets: public housing supply and immigrants location choices (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: This article investigates how a reform allowing immigrants with children in France access to public housing during the 1970s influenced their initial location choices across local labour markets. We find that cities with higher public housing supplies have a large ‘magnetic effect’ on the location choice of new immigrants with children. The estimated effect is substantial and quantitatively similar to the effect of the size of the ethnic group in the urban area. In cities with higher public housing supply, these immigrants tend to benefit from better housing conditions, but non-European immigrants are also more likely to be unemployed.
    Keywords: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races ; Non-labor Discrimination, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population, R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis ; Public Investment and Capital Stock
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Do rich households live farther away from their workplaces? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: One of the classic predictions of urban economic theory is that high-income and low-income households choose different residential locations and therefore, conditional on workplace location, have different commuting patterns. The effect of household income on commuting distance may be positive, because of an increased demand for housing as house prices are lower further from workplace locations, or negative, because of an increase in the value of travel time. In addition, the sign of this effect may depend on the location of residential amenities relative to workplaces. Empirical tests of this effect are not standard, due to reverse causation and lack of good control variables. To address reverse causation, this effect is derived using changes in household income and distance through residential moves keeping workplace location constant. Our results contradict previous results in the literature. We show that for Denmark, conditional on the workplace location, the income elasticity of distance is negative and in the order of –0.18. This elasticity is larger for single-earner than for dual-earner households. Conditional on that the household moves residence between municipalities, the elasticity is suggested to be around –0.60.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The role of biotechnology in combating climate change: A question of politics? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Description: Biotechnology is a platform technology that may significantly contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Yet biotechnology is hardly ever referred to as a ‘clean technology’. This paper investigates why biotechnology tends to be ignored in this context. A global stakeholder survey on biotechnology and climate change was conducted with 55 representatives of 44 institutions. The results of a perception pattern analysis show that the majority of stakeholder representatives had a neutral or positive attitude towards the use of biotechnology and regarded its potential to address climate change problems as significant. The survey results further reveal a significant relationship between a representative’s institutional and disciplinary background and his or her attitude. To a considerable extent, a person’s background appears to determine whether biotechnology is framed as a risk or an opportunity for sustainable development.
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    The surrogate model of cluster creation: The case of Mubadala in Abu Dhabi (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Description: The extant literature on cluster development focuses largely on ‘clusters’ where businesses are co-located along a supply chain to facilitate territorial concentration of a certain economic activity. This paper presents an inverse model of ‘cluster development’ strategy pioneered by the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. This model is coined as the ‘surrogate mother’ whereby the seeds for a new industry are initially planned in more ‘fertile’ offshore locations, with the intention of transferring knowledge and ‘spill-back’ home at a later phase. The paper introduces the case of Abu Dhabi as an experiment in cluster development and provides an early examination of experience to date in the light of the cluster life-cycle framework. We find that while this model remains an experiment-in-progress, it serves as a good source of learning for other resource-abundant economies seeking industrial renewal and/or greater economic diversification.
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    Global technology leadership: The case of China (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Description: Over the last century and a half, global technological leadership has shifted from Great Britain to the USA. In this paper we argue that China is positioning itself to assume global leadership in technology within the coming few decades. We identify three sources of competitive advantage for China’s ascent in the global technology stakes: its massive domestic market, its centralized power and willingness to employ state-sponsored industrial policy and government support, and the process of globalization that continues to transform markets worldwide. After acknowledging skeptical views of China’s capacity to achieve global technology leadership, we survey the present state of affairs and assess its prospects for growth based on statistical evidence and multiple examples. We argue that the three sources of competitive advantage we explicate offer China a path to imminent global technological leadership.
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    Biotechnology versus agroecology: Entrenchments and surprise at a 2030 forecast scenario workshop (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Description: A scenario workshop methodology was used to obtain various assessments of the prospects of multi-stress resistant plants. As biotechnological breakthroughs they are supposed to counter climate change and food shortages. In Europe, however, green biotechnology is highly controversial and positions have become rather entrenched. In our results, the scenario method showed itself to be highly suited to easing the grip of cognitive entrenchments and hierarchical communication structures. At least within the arena of the workshop, technologies as well as participants are on equal footing and can be grouped into various arrangements. This exposes participants to novel perspectives and engages them in deliberations on alternative science policy options, thus taking existing problems and needs into account rather than adapting society to the solutions and requirements of the envisioned technologies.
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    Environmental Entrepreneurship: Markets Meet the Environment in Unexpected Places (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
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    MOOCs: Raising important questions about the future of higher education and the impact of new models for learning (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
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    Introduction to special section: Governing privacy and data protection issues of emerging technologies (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: In this special section of this issue of Science and Public Policy , authors are reflecting the fundamental challenges that the rapid progress in science and technology poses for human rights and privacy in particular. They aim to find new answers to the question how a (global) governance of science and technology could address these challenges. Earlier versions of the papers were presented at the International Conference on Privacy and Emerging Sciences and Technologies, held 27-28 November 2012 in Berlin and at the First European Conference on Technology Assessment that took place in Prague on 13-15 March 2013.
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    (Not so) smart cities?: The drivers, impact and risks of surveillance-enabled smart environments (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: The possibility of so-called ‘smart' technologies to improve city life has filled both pages of concern and PR leaflets. While the corporations driving these developments have emphasized how smart technologies can improve efficiency, critics have warned against the risks associated with the proliferation of smart surveillance. However, a critical discourse about the potential, limits and risks of the proliferation of smart technologies has not yet emerged, and in most instances public officials and decision-makers are ill-equipped to judge both the value and the externalities of the technologies being sold under the label ‘smart cities'. This paper presents a summary of smart solutions and definitions, and draws on the surveillance literature to address issues and risks related to the global drive to outsmart competing cities in a context of global governance. Using a multi-faceted and multi-disciplinary approach, it aims to provide a starting point for a public debate that involves policy-makers, developers and academics.
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    Social network sites, privacy and the blurring boundary between public and private spaces (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: With social network sites (SNS) becoming a pervasive phenomenon, already existing conflicts with privacy are further intensified. As shown in this paper, online and (once) offline contexts increasingly conflate, thereby posing new challenges to the protection of the private sphere. SNS quickly evolve their features and challenge privacy preferences, often without user consent; ‘social graphs’ make social relations highly transparent; social plugins interconnect user traces from within and outside the SNS. As the large amounts of personal information available in SNS are processed with context-rich information, the individual’s informational self-determination is heavily strained. These data attract potential and real observers for behavioural advertising and also for profiling by security authorities. We argue that the emerging usage of SNS (social plugins, increasing role of biometrics and mobile computing) multiplies privacy challenges as all types of privacy become affected. This raises additional demand for public policy to foster privacy-by-design combined with awareness-raising mechanisms to improve informational self-determination.
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    The commodification of privacy on the Internet (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: This paper critically explores, from a political economy perspective on public policy, the commodification of privacy on the Internet as a practical-economic and a discursive process. On the one hand, dominant online business models conflict structurally with users’ need for privacy and the users themselves work on their own powerlessness in this regard. On the other hand, there is a privacy discourse that is possessive individualistic in nature but broadly informs the public policy process. It is argued that this discourse is not suitable to prevent economic-practical commodification of personal data and its problems. Criteria and strategies for improvement are identified, and concrete legal, self-regulatory, and technical implications for public privacy policy are derived. This paper uses material from a qualitative interview study and the example of social networking sites to exemplify its theoretical claims.
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    Low Carbon Communities: Imaginative Approaches to Combating Climate Change Locally edited by Michael Peters, Shane Fudge and Tim Jackson (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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    Environmental science and public policy in Executive government: Insights from Australia and Canada (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: This paper presents the results of an exploratory study into the science–policy experiences of former Environment Ministers (senior politicians) and Department Secretaries/Deputy Ministers (senior public servants) to better understand the role of science-based knowledge in the Executive decision-making processes of Westminster-based governments. Our participants identified a number of factors affecting the value of science-based evidence to strategic public policy processes. They described a lack of access to appropriately contextualized knowledge and a lack of accountability to demonstrate how science was considered in Cabinet decision-making. Many participants felt senior academics had an obligation to be more involved in public policy debates, to advocate policy positions based on their research and to ask questions that could assist governments on environmental issues. Concomitant was the desire for fundamental institutional changes, including greater use of deliberative public participation tools in environmental science and policy and more networked approaches to science.
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    Responsible research and innovation: The role of privacy in an emerging framework (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: The concept of responsible research and innovation (RRI) is increasingly used to describe novel ways of governing research and the relationship between key research stakeholders including researchers, industry, policy-makers and civil society. It is thus of key importance for science, research and innovation policy. This paper defines RRI as a higher-level responsibility or meta-responsibility that aims to shape, maintain, develop, coordinate and align existing and novel research and innovation-related processes, actors and responsibilities with a view to ensuring desirable and acceptable research outcomes. It shows the role privacy has in the developing framework of RRI. The paper discusses dimensions of RRI as well as weaknesses of the current approach towards RRI and provides future directions for research and practice that will allow RRI to live up to its promise and ensure that past and present work on privacy and data protection find an appropriate place within this framework.
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    New modes of thought required for the Age of Ecology * Plato's Revenge: Politics in the Age of Ecology by William Ophuls (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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    Disclosure of university research to third parties: A non-market perspective on an Italian university (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: Nations, universities, and regional governments promote the dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge. They focus on knowledge-based innovations and the university’s economic function in terms of technology transfer, intellectual property, university–industry–government relations etc. Faculties other than engineering or applied sciences, however, may not be able to recognize opportunities in this ‘linear model’ of technology transfer. We elaborate a non-market perspective on the third mission in terms of disclosure of the knowledge and areas of expertise available for disclosure to other audiences at a provincial university. The use of information and communications technologies can enhance communication between actors on the supply and demand sides. Using an idea developed in the context of the Dutch science shops, university staff were questioned about keywords and areas of expertise with the specific purpose of disclosing this information to audiences other than academic colleagues. The results were brought online in a hyperlink index structure.
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    Planning with Complexity: An Introduction to Collaborative Rationality for Public Policy by Judith E. Innes and David E. Booher (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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    Networked: The New Social Operating System by Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    GM Food on Trial: Testing European Democracy by Les Levidow and Susan Carr (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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    Creating Competitiveness: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Policies for Growth edited by David B. Audretch and Mary Linenstein Walshok (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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    Seeds, Science, and Struggle: The Global Politics of Transgenic Crops by Abby Kinchy (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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    Innovation, Dual Use, and Security: Managing the Risks of Emerging Biological and Chemical Weapons edited by Jonathan B. Tucker (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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    Towards a social impact assessment of security technologies: A bottom-up approach (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: This paper presents a bottom-up approach to systematising the informal assessment dimensions of security technologies. Drawing on the empirical analysis of different security technology projects within mass transport systems, it shows how decision-making on the development and implementation of security technologies is influenced by the divergent perspectives of the actors and conflicting criteria within those areas. An attempt to sort assessment perspectives is presented. It is argued that the purpose of a structured approach to societal impact assessment (SIA) is particularly to stress conflict and divergent perspectives. Thus, a SIA has to create a space for discussion and negotiation that ensures a continuous enhancement of inter-subjectivity without the compulsion to find consensus at all stages of the R&D process. The overall objective of a SIA of security technologies is to enhance the accountability of decision-making.
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    Beyond the hype: Exploring interfaces of the knowledge economy * Foundations of the Knowledge Economy: Innovation, Learning and Clusters edited by Knut Ingar Westeren (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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    The financial crisis and Greek R&D policy from a Schumpeterian perspective (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: The current financial crisis has important consequences for small national research systems of the European periphery, where in some cases it leads to reform and significant downsizing of public R&D efforts. This paper develops a normative theoretical framework for guiding decisions concerning reform of R&D systems in periods of financial crises. The aim is to provide guidance for the reform of Greek R&D system and lessons for other national R&D systems faced with financial crises. Contrary to what is generally regarded as ‘perceived wisdom’, this paper argues that periods of crisis are not suitable for major reforms of R&D systems, even though they may seem to provide political opportunities for reform. Crises exacerbate the costs of R&D reforms and restrict the potential for benefits. Crises, as the discussion of the case of Greece shows, can undermine the trust between the government and the research community, generating important barriers to reform.
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    The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa by Calestous Juma (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
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    Space debris: Conjunction opportunities and opportunities for international cooperation (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: Space debris comprises all non-functional human-made objects in Earth orbit or re-entering the atmosphere. Potentially hazardous orbital debris is proliferating. If current trends continue, orbital debris will become a significant factor in constraining space activity. Space, however, is one of the most strategically important theatres of the 21st century. It is thus imperative, given humanity’s reliance on space, that the issue of space debris be addressed. This paper provides an overview of the existing space debris environment, sources of debris and international efforts to monitor it. It analyses space debris mitigation guidelines and the proposed International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities. It considers an international treaty to govern space debris as well as the establishment of an international review board to assist in regulating and reducing the amount of debris. It also assesses the challenges of remediation and other policy actions to increase international cooperation to preserve the space environment.
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    Integrating privacy and ethical impact assessments (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: New and emerging technologies often raise both ethical and privacy issues. The analysis and assessment of such issues is the task of privacy impact assessments and ethical impact assessments. Although there are various privacy impact assessment methodologies and ethical impact assessment methodologies, the two have not been integrated. Nevertheless, some researchers have been thinking about the utility and feasibility of integrating privacy and ethical impact assessment methodologies.
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    Better Doctors, Better Patients, Better Decisions: Envisioning Health Care 2020 edited by Gerd Girgerenzer and J. A. Muir Gray (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Geography, trade and regional development: the role of wage costs, exchange rates and currency/capital movements (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Existing theories of geographical specialization and trade can be classified into four groups: supply-side; demand-side; endogenous growth and institutional models. In the recent past, economic geographers have paid little attention to earlier regional economic analysis and concentrated for the most part on detailed examination of production structures, the chains linking upstream and downstream activities into production and value networks, clusters, institutions and more recently, economic evolution. As a result, existing economic geography is ill-equipped to deal with the impact of some aspects of the evolution of costs, exchange rates, trade and capital flows on regional development and pays relatively little attention to economic calculation. Geographical economics includes an underlying theory of trade and micro-foundations, yet its supply-side approach neglects the role of monetary and demand-side (except in gravity models of trade) factors. The aim of this article is to argue for an extension of existing theoretical frameworks to embrace these issues in the light of recent trends in global economic geography and successive financial and debt crises that have stricken the developed world.
    Keywords: F10 - General, F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade, F13 - Trade Policy ; International Trade Organizations, F21 - International Investment ; Long-Term Capital Movements, F31 - Foreign Exchange, F32 - Current Account Adjustment ; Short-Term Capital Movements, O10 - General, R10 - General, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The political economy of global production networks: regional industrial change and differential upgrading in the East European clothing industry (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Recent years have been testing times for the Eastern European clothing sector. Following two decades of deepening integration into European production networks, the sector has been struggling with the removal of trade quotas, increasing competitive pressures and the global economic crisis. This article takes a long-term view of the trajectories of change in the East European clothing industry drawing on the experience of the Slovak Republic. It examines the regional economic transformations that have resulted, how regional concentrations of clothing production sustained employment during the 1990s, and how tightening competitive pressures have unravelled these regional production systems leading to a differentiated landscape of firm-level upgrading strategies. The article argues that understandings of firm and regional upgrading and downgrading need to be attentive to the role of labour in the tightening landscape of ‘relative competitiveness’ and the political economy of regional integration policies, foreign ownership and the global economic crisis.
    Keywords: L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure ; Industrial Pri, L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather, P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Strategic decoupling, recoupling and global production networks: India's pharmaceutical industry (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Contemporary debates on economic globalization have emphasized the development opportunities for the Global South through local firms becoming integrated into the global commodity chains (GCCs), value chains (GVCs) and production networks (GPNs) governed by leading multinational corporations. With increasing attention to the negative sides of integration, an emergent issue is the role of disengagement from, and operation outside of, the GPNs of lead firms. Through the case of the Indian pharmaceutical industry, where a selective and short-term strategic decoupling and subsequent recoupling has played a crucial role in the development of what is now the largest such industry in the Global South, this article explores how decoupling from GPNs may lead to positive development outcomes. The experience of India and the pharmaceutical industry shows that a sequence of decoupling and recoupling can be an alternative to strategic coupling as a route to economic development.
    Keywords: O14 - Industrialization ; Manufacturing and Service Industries ; Choice of Technology, O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors ; Shadow Economy ; Institutional Arrangements, O20 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Innovation drivers, value chains and the geography of multinational corporations in Europe (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: This paper investigates the geography of multinational corporations’ investments in the EU regions. The ‘traditional’ sources of location advantages (i.e. agglomeration economies, market access and labour market conditions) are considered together with innovation and socio-institutional drivers of investments, captured by means of regional ‘social filter’ conditions. This makes it possible to empirically assess the different role played by such advantages in the location decision of investments at different stages of the value chain and disentangle the differential role of national vs. regional factors. The empirical analysis covers the EU-25 regions and suggests that regional socio-economic conditions are crucially important for the location decisions of investments in the most sophisticated knowledge-intensive stages of the value chain.
    Keywords: F21 - International Investment ; Long-Term Capital Movements, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R58 - Regional Development Policy
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Trade boom and wage inequality: evidence from Ugandan districts (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: The process of economic integration over the past two decades has been accompanied by expanding skilled wage premia—a key measure of wage inequality—in most countries. This was also the case for Ugandan wage employees during the 1990s, a period of abrupt trade opening, market reforms and improved relations with neighbouring Kenya. As in other unskilled labour abundant countries, this is a surprising result in light of the standard Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) framework. By using a novel district-level analysis, I find that in fact increased trade reduced wage inequality in line with the H–O predictions. During the 1990s districts more exposed to the trade boom experienced a rise in wage premia 2.8 percentage points lower relative to less-exposed districts. On the other hand, the intensification of domestic trade across districts and the increase in average education were associated with increased wage premia during the period of analysis.
    Keywords: F10 - General, F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade, F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O15 - Human Resources ; Human Development ; Income Distribution ; Migration
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    Firm heterogeneity and regional business cycles differentials (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: We analyze the effect of firm heterogeneity on regional business cycle differentials. Using monthly firm-level data for Italy and estimating discrete-response models, we document sizeable and countercyclical differences in amplitude between the Northern and the Southern business cycles. We explore the role of sectoral mix and several firm-specific factors in explaining regional business cycle gaps. Results suggest that regional differences in sectoral composition are not responsible for these discrepancies, whereas firm-level heterogeneity explains 50% of the North–South gap. These results are robust to controlling for (i) firm fixed effects, (ii) spatial fixed effects and (iii) simultaneity bias.
    Keywords: D21 - Firm Behavior, E32 - Business Fluctuations ; Cycles, R10 - General
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    An in-depth study of direct and indirect impacts from the research of a physics professor (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Some policymakers believe that academic R&D generates insufficient economic benefits. However, they often exclude the long-term and multi-dimensional impacts that are mediated through the activities of companies, students or policymakers. This case study, which is mainly interview-based, traces and characterises such impacts applying the technological innovation systems approach to the case of a physics professor. Multi-dimensional impacts are revealed in the areas of catalysis, biomaterials and research policy. Impacts on the development, social capital and search processes are continuous and cumulative, while impacts on resource mobilisation and legitimation follow upon these. Entrepreneurial experimentation and market formation are impacted in later stages, sometimes with decade-long time lags. The impact is often subtle, deeply intertwined with the action of others, and it unfolds in sequences of impact. Implications are drawn for research policy, emphasising the importance of accounting for indirect impacts in order to understand the full effect of academic R&D.
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    Predictors of attitudes toward carbon capture and storage using data on world views and CCS-specific attitudes (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Despite the potential environmental and economic benefits of carbon capture and storage (CCS), many factors limit its prospects for implementation, including economic feasibility, geologic and legal constraints, risk uncertainties, and public acceptance. This study focuses on the challenge of public acceptance and support by analyzing survey data on publis attitudes toward CCS implementation in the coal-intensive state of Indiana. It was determined that specific information that defined individuals’ general world views can be used to predict support or opposition for CCS implementation. However, additional analysis found that specific attitudes about potential CCS risks and benefits are also significantly correlated with support or opposition to CCS implementation. These variables include: the respondents’ impressions of the potential dangers associated with CCS; attitudes about the potential for CCS implementation to bring jobs to the local economy; and the amount of fear of a CCS facility near their home or community.
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    EU innovation policy: One size doesn't fit all * Challenges for European Innovation Policy: Cohesion and Excellence from a Schumpeterian Perspective edited by Slavo Radosevic and Anna Kaderabkova (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
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    Research agendas involving patients: Factors that facilitate or impede translation of patients' perspectives in programming and implementation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Patients are increasingly involved in agenda setting in health research policy, but little is known about whether or not patients’ topics are translated into a funding programme and taken up by researchers. A qualitative evaluation of nine multi-stakeholder agenda-setting projects in the Netherlands was conducted. Document study and 54 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders were undertaken. Three strategies for the translation of research agendas into research programmes were identified: first, one-on-one translation; second, agendas were used to adapt general policies; and third, no translation. A number of factors, facilitating or impeding this translation, were identified, relating to the context or the process of programming and implementation. Context appeared to be crucial: positive attitudes towards patient involvement, good relations between stakeholders and supportive characteristics of organizations. Patient involvement was rarely sustained during programming and implementation. These insights contribute to more effective procedures for programming and implementing research agendas.
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    Choreographing the end of the beginning of human stem cell research: An ethically intricate affair * Good Science: The Ethical Choreography of Stem Cell Science by Charis Thompson (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
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    Varieties of research coordination: A comparative analysis of two strategic research consortia (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Strategic research consortia as policy instruments for research coordination have been on the rise for more than a decade. Despite their rising popularity as coordination structures, there has been little comparative analysis of the actual coordination approaches such consortia develop. In order to enhance our understanding of consortia as coordination structures, this paper makes a systematic and in-depth comparison of the coordination approaches of two Dutch consortia. The analysis shows that research consortia coordinate their activities in very different ways. A consortium’s coordination approach turns out to be strongly influenced by its internal characteristics. The observed influence of internal consortium characteristics implies that the eventual coordination approach of consortia will not always match the rationale behind a policy measure to support these consortia. We recommend policy-makers to foster strategic research consortia with a heterogeneous composition that have organised sufficient flexibility for reacting to unforeseen developments.
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    Political representations of nano in Swedish government documents (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: This paper addresses the political dimensions of nanotechnology and related nanophenomena, by conducting a systematic and detailed analysis of the linguistic practices in Swedish government documents. A total of 180 documents (1985–2011) referring to nano are analysed with regard to the types of phenomena referred to in terms of nano and what is said about these nanophenomena. More precisely, the lexical and grammatical context of nano in sentences is explored. Based on these linguistic patterns, general themes are identified, for example, knowledge, support, innovation, benefits, competence and competition, application, risk, and regulation. Based on the findings, the conclusion is drawn that government discourse on nano is political in three senses: it is articulated by politicians; it formulates matters of collective concern; and it expresses and promotes specific social interests, rather than others, namely, government support of an allegedly uniform nanofield.
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    The politics of ideas: The complex interplay of health inequalities research and policy (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Public health research is overtly orientated towards influencing policy and yet, despite official commitments to ‘evidence-based policy’, most analyses conclude that the impact of public health research has been limited. Based on an analysis of post-1997 UK policy statements and interviews with 112 key actors, this paper argues that the failure of ‘evidence-based’ policy to emerge relates to the fact it is ideas, not evidence, which travel between research and policy, and that these malleable entities are translated as they move between actors. By unpacking six factors that appear to have shaped the ‘interplay of ideas’ about health inequalities, this paper draws attention to the ways in which policy influences research (as well as vice versa). The paper argues that two distinct ‘idea-types’ are evident within the data, each of which helps explain the difficulties in achieving ‘evidence-based’ policy responses to health inequalities: ‘institutionalised ideas’ and ‘chameleonic ideas’.
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    Co-marketing alliances in the Brazilian biofuel sector: An analysis based on strategic alliances (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Brazil is among the world’s largest producers of biofuels. This situation stimulates agreements and strategic alliances for cooperation between countries where biofuel feedstocks are scarce and those where they are abundant. Thus, this study aims to analyze the strategic alliances for cooperation between countries for biofuel production. This research study was conducted using information from the website of the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and national and international journals, on strategic alliances for cooperation between Brazil and other countries for biofuel production since 2006. It is known that those involved in the strengthening of strategic alliances for cooperation, can work together through the formation of co-marketing alliances, can contribute to the global development of the biofuel industry. They can also extend this development to other agribusiness chains. Finally, co-marketing alliances lead to actions that benefit all countries and participants in the biofuel production chain, as well as society as a whole.
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    Identifying international research cooperation capabilities in information and communication technologies (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: This paper presents a methodological approach to the identification of potential priority areas to support the creation of policies for research cooperation. The analysis of national research capabilities is an important prerequisite in the development of research policies, in particular for developing strategies for international collaboration. In the past, the identification of a country’s research capabilities was often based on only a few indicators. Here a methodology is presented that takes a broad view of a country’s research and technology base and applies it to Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. The methodology for the identification of research capabilities is based on a multi-dimensional approach that takes into account existing information and communication technologies research and technology development groups based on their size and quality, the interests of the researchers based on interviews and national industry characteristics to identify the economic collaboration potential in thematic areas.
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    Institutional frameworks and terms of reference: The public discussion on clinical xenotransplantation in Australia (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: This paper explores how institutional frameworks compromised the potential for public engagement on clinical xenotransplantation in Australia. Through critical discourse analysis, these limitations are exposed through two factors: the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Act, which limits public consultation to being responsive; and the terms of reference provided to the Xenotransplantation Working Party, which constrained their consultative practices. These findings contribute towards understandings of public participatory practices by examining how frameworks that exist prior to public involvement, including institutional acts and terms of reference, can marginalize the publics and continue to give authority to those voices that already hold privilege. As a result, there is a need to alter how public consultation is framed in the NHMRC Act, which will provide an opportunity to reframe and improve consultative practices and potentially facilitate meaningful discursive public debate and engagement on scientific matters in Australia.
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    Spatial distribution of scientific activities: An exploratory analysis of Brazil, 2000-10 (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: The literature analyzing the spatial distribution of scientific and technological production in Brazil identifies differences in the regional distribution of scientific and technological resources. In this paper, we contribute to this discussion, by analyzing the dynamics of the production of new scientific knowledge in the states that contributed the most to national scientific production in the period 2000–10: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, also known as the ‘scientific quartet’. Our hypothesis is that even with federal policies aimed at the expansion and decentralization of the production of new scientific knowledge, this production is still strongly anchored in the ‘scientific quartet’. We further identify a concentration of scientific production in three major areas of knowledge: agricultural, biological and health sciences.
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    Governance, Regulation and Innovation: Theory and Evidence from Firms and Nations edited by Mehmet Ugur (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    The many ways of academic researchers: How is science made useful? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: In assessing the performance of academic research, there is a growing interest in combining excellence with impact criteria. A frequently encountered belief is that impact should be understood in terms of new firms and patents. Others argue that academic R&D generates impacts that greatly exceed such commercialization efforts by academic researchers. The tension between these two beliefs reveals a risk that the criteria for assessing the impact of academic R&D, including criteria for allocating performance-based funding, may neglect vital aspects of how science is made useful. With insights gained from a comprehensive analysis of a well-reputed academic body, Chalmers Energy Initiative, we address this risk with the aim of contributing to the eventual design of an evidence-based science policy with appropriate evaluation routines.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 189
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    Creating problems in the governance of science: Bioethics and human/animal chimeras (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: The governance of science is driven by the need to maintain public trust in conditions where scientific advance may challenge important societal values. As the traditional reliance on scientific expertise as a source of governance legitimacy has proved less efficacious, so new forms of governance have emerged, in particular public engagement and, most lately, bioethics. This paper explores the extent to which public bioethics is evolving its modus operandi in order to enhance its political utility and hence extend its governance territory. Using the case of human/animal chimeras, it shows how bioethics has begun to create governance problems to which it has the ethical and policy answers. In so doing, bioethics is evolving a new role where it actively promotes its own agenda through its construction of a specialist mediating function in the governance of science to complement its existing role of the passive interpretation of the agenda of others.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 190
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    Tacit knowledge and the biological weapons regime (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Bioterrorism has become increasingly salient in security discourse in part because of perceived changes in the capacity and geography of life science research. Yet its salience is founded upon a framing of changes in science and security that does not always take into consideration the somewhat slippery concept of ‘tacit knowledge’, something poorly understood, disparately conceptualised and often marginalised in discussions on state and non-state biological weapons programmes. This paper looks at how changes in science and technology—particularly the evolution of information and communications technology—has contributed to the partial erosion of aspects of tacit knowledge and the implications for the biological weapons regime. This paper concludes by arguing that the marginalisation of tacit knowledge weakens our understanding of the difficulties encountered in biological weapons programmes and can result in distorted perceptions of the threat posed by dual-use biotechnology in the 21st century.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 191
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    Urban Competitiveness and Innovation edited by Pengfei Ni and Zheng Qiongjie (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 192
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    Citizens' support for government spending on science and technology (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: This paper analyses public support for government spending on science and technology (S&T) and its determinants. It constructs hypotheses based on previous findings from two streams of research: public preferences for government spending and public understanding of science. Using data from a large national survey in Spain, it develops multivariate models to test the relevance of various predictors of public support for government spending on S&T. Findings identify several variables that are clear and consistent predictors of public support for government spending on S&T: the respondent’s educational level, interest and participation in science, knowledge of science, and positive values and views of S&T. However, the effects of other variables also related to general attitudes towards science are less clearly associated with support for government spending on S&T.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 193
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    Can R&D be identified and measured in services? Empirical evidence from university hospitals (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: This paper proposes an in-depth analysis of some of the constraints on case studies conducted at French university hospital services, aiming to better understand R&D in their services. We begin with an analysis of the intangibility of inputs (knowledge and information) and outputs that confirms the difficulty in recognizing innovations based on the social sciences and humanities. This empirical study verified that there was a diversity of actors who contributed to the generation and increase of the stock of knowledge. Concerning R&D funding, it is noted that R&D in services is not always planned in terms of a formal project. Finally, one could argue that advances in research allow the recognition of different relationships at the same time as the boundaries of R&D in services are expanded, allowing a better measurement of its results.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 194
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    Network analysis to evaluate cross-disciplinary research collaborations: The Human Sensing Research Center, Korea (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Government-funded research collaborations have received increased attention in science and engineering policies. Public support programs designed to encourage group research efforts by university research centers may have direct/indirect effects on the way they build cross-disciplinary linkages and research collaboration networks. We present empirical evidence on how the group research support program affects the formation of research collaboration networks. This study utilized a method of network analysis as an evaluation tool to address whether the Science/Engineering Research Center program, the first government-sponsored university research center program in Korea, has been successful in forming research collaboration networks that promote cross-disciplinary group research activities. The results shows that the research collaboration networks are implemented by the group research support program as intended. They lead to relational dynamics which promote dissemination of knowledge across a broad range of research fields and combine research activities related to the different science and engineering capabilities and expertise.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 195
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    Twenty five years of private wheat breeding in the UK: Lessons for other countries (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Crop research sectors in many countries are facing reduced public support with public breeding programs being gradually replaced by private ones. This paper explores the UK experience with the privatization of wheat breeding that began in 1987. The analysis presented in this paper is based on interviews with sixteen experts currently involved in wheat research breeding in the UK. Taking a snapshot of UK wheat research today, it would be easy to conclude that the UK sector made a smooth transition from public to private breeding. However, this is not the case. The UK faced many challenges in establishing an integrated wheat innovation system and has only recently developed policies and funding processes that have enabled upstream public scientists to work with private wheat breeding industry. As policy makers around the world contemplate the privatization of crop breeding, important lessons can be drawn from the UK crop research funding model.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Moving from monodisciplinarity towards transdisciplinarity: Insights into the barriers and facilitators that scientists faced (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Transdisciplinary research aims to integrate scientific knowledge and societal perspectives. Although transdisciplinarity increasingly plays a role in science, practical implications remain largely unreported in literature. A dialogue is common strategy in this type of research to stimulate mutual learning between scientists and societal stakeholders. This paper presents a four-year dialogue, using tailor-made interventions, between scientists in an interdisciplinary animal welfare research program and societal stakeholders. The dialogue aimed to encourage the scientists to move from a monodisciplinary approach to a more transdisciplinary one. Three learning phases were identified and described along with elements that worked as either barriers or facilitators of learning. We argue that this learning process can be shortened by starting with team building and the design of a shared research project after which individual experiments can be planned. Additional practical strategies are discussed.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Enabling work? Family-friendly policies and academic productivity for men and women scientists (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Universities throughout the USA have adopted family-friendly policies to enable life and career balance and to encourage the attraction and retention of women scientists. Although family-leave policies are designed to provide job protection for parents and ensure that faculty can remain productive scholars, it is unclear whether or not formal family-leave policies have played a positive role in areas of academic productivity such as publishing and teaching. This research investigates the relationships between university family-leave policies and productivity among faculty in six fields of science using responses from a national survey of 1,598 faculty at 150 research universities and data from status of women reports and faculty handbooks. The hierarchical multi-level analysis indicates that generous formal family-leave policies, on-site childcare, and spousal hiring policies differently affect the productivity of women and men academic scientists.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Agglomeration, Clusters and Entrepreneurship: Studies in Regional Economic Development edited by Charlie Karlsson, Borje Johansson and Roger R. Stough (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 199
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    The effect of intra- and inter-regional labour mobility on plant performance in Denmark: the significance of related labour inflows (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: This article investigates the impact of labour mobility on plant performance in Denmark. Our study shows that the effect of labour mobility can only be assessed when one accounts for the type of skills that flow into the plant and the degree to which these match the existing skills at the plant level. As expected, we found that the inflow of skills that are related to skills in the plant impacts positively on plant productivity growth, while inflows of skills that are similar to the plant skills have a negative effect. We used a sophisticated indicator of revealed relatedness that measures the degree of skill relatedness between sectors on the basis of the intensity of labour flows between sectors. Intra-regional mobility of skilled labour had a negative effect on plant performance, but the impacts of intra- and inter-regional mobility depended on the type of skills that flow into the plant.
    Keywords: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Mapping local productivity advantages in Italy: industrial districts, cities or both? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: Using data from a large sample of Italian manufacturing firms we provide novel empirical evidence on the magnitude of local productivity advantages in two types of spatially concentrated regions: urban areas (UAs) and industrial districts (IDs). A larger surplus is estimated for cities compared to industrial clusters, only partially related to the more skilled workforce employed in UAs. Over the last decade, the productivity premium of UAs has remained essentially unchanged, while that of IDs has showed a tendency to decline, suggesting that the former were better able to cope with the major shocks that hit the world economy.
    Keywords: C52 - Model Evaluation and Selection, D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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