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  • Bayesian particle polishingbeam-induced motion correctioncryo-EMsingle-particle analysiselectron cryo-microscopy
  • Fracture
  • Springer  (66)
  • Institute of Physics
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
  • 1
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    Pure and applied geophysics 146 (1996), S. 253-263 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fracture ; fault nucleation ; critical crack density ; hierarchic failure ; earthquakes ; thermal activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we propose a two-stage model of rock fracture. In the first stage, cracks or local regions of failure are uncorrelated and occur randomly throughout the rock in response to loading of pre-existing flaws. As damage accumulates in the rock, there is a gradual increase in the probability that large clusters of closely spaced cracks or local failure sites will develop. Based on statistical arguments, a critical density of damage will occur where clusters of flaws become large enough to lead to larger-scale failure of the rock (stage two). While crack interaction and cooperative failure is expected to occur within clusters of closely spaced cracks, the initial development of clusters is predicted based on the random variation in pre-existing flaw populations. Thus the onset of the unstable second stage in the model can be computed from the generation of random, uncorrelated damage. The proposed model incorporates notions of the kinetic (and therefore time-dependent) nature of the strength of solids as well as the discrete hierarchic structure of rocks and the flaw populations that lead to damage accumulation. The advantage offered by this model is that its salient features are valid for fracture processes occurring over a wide range of scales including earthquake processes. A notion of the rank of fracture (fracture size) is introduced, and criteria are presented for both fracture nucleation and the transition of the failure process from one scale to another.
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  • 2
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    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 297-302 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Gelfoam ; Fracture ; Ossification ; Breaking force
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of local application of low fluoride concentrations on the healing of experimental bone-radii fractures in 20 rabbits was examined. No external fixation was required after the osteotomy and gelfoamℜ being used as a medium for fluoride application. Histologic mineral and mechanical strength measurements were carried out on the healing callus. There were no significant changes in the ashpercentage and the fluoride concentration of the ash between the experimental and control callus. A significantly higher percentage of ossified tissue was found in the fluoride treated callus. The breaking strength was found to be significantly higher in the bone fractures treated with fluoride, whereas there was no notable difference between the surface areas. It is postulated that the greater amount of ossified tissues, the differences in organization of the bone trabecules, and/or an improved mineral crystallinity may be responsible for this result.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 96-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium metabolism ; Strontium metabolism ; Fracture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La relation entre la résorption du85Sr et du47Ca était mesuré au tibia et fémur des rats 24 heures après l'injection. La différence entre les manches et les bouts était, remarquable, mais pas entre les os séparates; en les tibiae, qui etait fracturé depuis 7 semaines et guéries, la relation etait identique à celui des tibiae manches normals. On a présumé que la découverte était due à des différences qualitatives plustot que quantitatives entre les procédé de minéralisation dans l'os cortical et trabeculair.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis zwischen der Abnahme von85Sr und47Ca wurde von der Tibia und Femur 24 Std nach der Injektion bei Ratten gemessen. Man fand einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Schaften und den Enden, aber nicht zwischen den verschiedenen Knochen. In 7 Wochen alten, verheilten Tibiafrakturen war das Verhältnis genau so wie in einem normalen Tibiaschaft. Das Resultat berechtigte zu der Annahme, daß der Unterschied in dem Mineralisierungsprozeß zwischen corticalen und spongiösen Knochen wahrscheinlich qualitativ und nicht quantitativ ist.
    Notes: Abstract The ratio between the uptake of85Sr and47Ca was measured in the tibiae and femora of rats 24 h after injection of the tracers. There was a significant difference between shafts and ends but not between the different bones; in healed tibial fractures, 7 weeks old, the ratio was identical to that of normal tibial shafts. The findings were interpreted to be related to qualitative rather than quantitative differences in mineralization between cortical and trabecular bone.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 13-15 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fracture ; 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol ; 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol ; Jejunoileal bypass ; Obesity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A 38-year-old woman, who 5 years earlier had undergone a jejunoileal bypass for gross obesity, fractured the distal forearm by a minor trauma. Circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol was undetactable without vitamin D3 supplement but increased to the lower normal range on a daily dose of 1200 units of vitamin D3. Serum 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was, however, in the upper normal range, both without and with vitamin D supplement. After intestinal reanastomosis the fracture healed and the biochemical changes normalized. Malabsorption due to reduced amount of functioning intestine may cause severe metabolic bone disease, which may not always be reverted by a high-calcium diet and vitamin D supplementation.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 52 (1993), S. 273-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone density ; Bone mineral ; Porosity ; Fracture ; Osteon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The medial femoral cortices of 10 females with femoral neck fractures and 10 age-matched female autopsy cases were studied using computer-assisted videodensitometry. Radiographic mineral density was determined using the calibration method described by Martin et al. [20]. Measurements were made of porosity, osteon and haversian canal dimensions, and of interstitial and osteon mineral density across the cortical wall of the orthopedic calcar region. There were no differences between the fracture and nonfracture groups in the overall mean mineral density of the bone averaged over the microstructure, excluding pore space, or in the interstitial bone mineral density. The porosity in the fracture group was greater than in the autopsy group, especially in the periosteal region, where the porosity was 2.4 times greater and where there were also 27% fewer osteons per unit area than in the autopsy group (P〈0.05). Mean osteon mineral density was 2.5% higher in the fracture group (P〈0.05) compared with the autopsy group in the endosteal region, and 4% higher in the periosteal region. Osteon and haversian canal areas were also larger in the fracture group, especially in the middle region of the cortical wall (17% and 23%, respectively, P〈0.05).
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. 97-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Insulinlike growth factor ; Fracture ; In situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effects of insulinlike growth factors on bone and cartilage-derived cells in culture have been extensively investigated, but there is little information on their rolein vivo in bone, especially in fracture healing. This study investigated insulinlike growth factor (IGF) I and II mRNA expression in normally healing human fractures byin situ hybridization. Endothelial and mesenchymal cells at the granulation tissue stage expressed IGF-II mRNA. At the stage of bone and cartilage formation, osteoblasts and nonhypertrophic chondrocytes expressed mRNA for both IGF-I and II. Some osteoclasts were positive for IGF-II mRNA at the stage of bone remodeling. The greater time span of IGF-II expression relative to IGF-I reflects the predominance of IGF-II in human bone matrix. Taken together with the known effects of IGFs on bone and cartilage cellsin vitro, these findings support a role for IGFs in local cellular regulation in human fracture healing.
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  • 7
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    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. S151 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrasound ; Bone fragility ; Osteoporosis ; Fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Progress in clinical characterization of bone relies on developing a means to clinically assessall of the important determinants of bone quality, specifically, the intrinsic material properties of a bone (stiffness and brittleness) versus the macroscopic structural properties [apparent mass density (g/cc), structural shape and distribution of cortical mass, trabecular architecture, extent of unrepaired microdamage, and defects associated with the accelerated remodeling in early menopause]. Ultrasound devices currently measure parameters related to either of only two basic properties: bone ultrasound attenuation (BUA) or the apparent velocity of wave propagation (AVU). Theory and repeated corroboration in the laboratory have shown that the velocity of sound in solids such as bone has a quantitative relationship to the elastic modulus (or stiffness) and mass density. Although no comparable physical model exists for BUA, growingin vitro andin vivo empirical evidence shows a relationship to stiffness and mass density as well. Therefore, the question of ultrasound's ability to provide additional, clinically useful information about bone quality reduces to this:Does bone quality depend significantly on bone stiffness and does stiffness depend on factors other than bone mass alone? Clinical study results provide mounting evidence of ultrasound's abilities. (1) Numerous studies compare either velocity or BUA with BMC or BMD. The correlation coefficients vary widely between studies, even when repeated by the same investigators and laboratories. Two studies demonstrated this by comparing groups of subjects who are indistinguishable by BMD at the lumbar spine, but whose mean AVU readings are significantly different. (2) Multiple studies of AVU and BUA by different investigators have shown the ability of ultrasound to distinguish, as effectively as BMC or BMD, women with osteoporotic vertebral crush deformities from normal women. Prospective studies have shown that AVU and BUA each indicated risk of future osteoporotic fractures. In a population-based, randomized, cross-sectional study of men and women, AVU discriminated between groups of subjects who had suffered low trauma fractures versus those free of fracture. Such repeated clinical evidence of the ability of BUA and AVU to detect bone fragility provides mounting evidence that ultrasound measures a clinically relevant property of bone quality in addition to and distinct from bone mass.
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  • 8
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    Materials research innovations 2 (1998), S. 16-21 
    ISSN: 1433-075X
    Keywords: Key words Risk ; Reliability ; Fracture ; Failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  This paper is inspired by the work of Professors Heinz Wilsdorf and Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf on fundamental aspects of ductile fracture mechanism. Risk – a measure of the probability and severity of adverse effects – is introduced and related to the consequences associated with elastic (reversible) deformation, plastic (irreversible) deformation, and catastrophic deformation (total failure). Cost-benefit-risk trade-off analysis is discussed.
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  • 9
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    Neural computing & applications 7 (1998), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Data visualisation ; Decision support ; Fracture ; Neural networks ; Osteoporosis ; Self-organising maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The clinical process often involves comparisons of how one set of measurements is related to previous, similar, data and the use of this information to take decisions concerning possible courses of action, often with insufficient data to make meaningful calculations of probabilities. Self-organising maps are useful devices for data visualisation. To illustrate how visualisation with self-organising maps might be used in the clinical process, this paper describes the investigation of an osteoporosis data set using this technique. The data set had previously been used to show that backpropagation neural networks were capable of distinguishing between patients who had suffered a fracture, and those who had not using measured bone mineral density values; illustrating the power of these networks to model relationships in data. However, we had realised that this was somewhat of an academic exercise given that in reality a non-fracture case might be a fracture case waiting to happen. We felt it would be more productive to examine the data itself rather than model an imposed classification. As part of this investigation, the data set was examined using self-organising maps. From the results of the investigation, we conclude that it is possible to create a map, a compressed data representation, using BMD values which may then be partitioned into low and high fracture risk areas. Using such a map may be a useful screening mechanism for detecting people at risk of osteoporotic fracture.
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  • 10
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    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 533-540 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Fracture ; Complex analysis ; Damage processes ; Solid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract When radial cracks spread into a sheet starting from the boundary of a pressurized circular hole, experience shows that only some of the cracks increase in length. In this paper a simple model is proposed to explain the phenomenon. Thus, if the cracks have a length comparable to the hole radius,it is proposed to represent the boundary of the cracked region by ahypocycloid. This enables us to solve the corresponding boundary value problem of plane elasticity. If the intensity of the pressure is known and if the material obeys Griffith's energy fracture criterion, it is deduced,among all hypocycloidal boundaries, the one that is not stable. Limiting the analysis to the initial phase of the crack propagation, where the boundary of the hole may be assumed to be a hypocycloid, the unstable evolution of the system is explained using energetic considerations. Sommario.Semplici osservazioni mostrano che quando delle fessure radiali si propagano in una lastra, partendo dal contorno di un foro circolare in pressione, diminuiscono di numero con l'aumentare della loro lunghezza. In questo lavoro, si propone un semplice modello con cui spiegare il fenomeno. A tale scopo, si considera solo il caso in cui la lunghezza delle fessure sia minore del raggio del foro. Ciò consente di rappresentare il profilo della regione fratturata con un'ipocicloide e di determinare la soluzione esplicita del corrispondente problema di elasticità piana. In questo modo, nota la pressione nel foro e supponendo che il materiale segua il criterio energetico di frattura di Griffith, si individua, fra tutti i contorni ipocicloidali, quello instabile. Limitando l'analisi alla sola fase iniziale della propagazione delle fratture, l'evoluzione del sistema può essere descritta usando semplici considerazioni energetiche.
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  • 11
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    Meccanica 30 (1995), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Elastostatics ; Conservation laws ; Fracture ; Mechanics of solids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Un integrale indipendente dal cammino intorno al vertice di una frattura in un campo di deformazione bi-dimensionale è stato stabilito da Bui. Tale integrale èduale all'integrale di Rice, nel senso che si basa sulla densità di energia complementare o degli sforzi. Qui si propone un integrale invariante in un continuo tridimensionale soggetto a deformazioni finite. Si mostra che il risultato di Bui segue come caseo particolare.
    Notes: Abstract A path-independent integral has been stated by Bui in the presence of a straight crack in a two-dimensional deformation field. Such an integral isdual to the Rice integral in the sense that it is based on the complementary stress energy density. Here we establish a boundary-independent integral in finite elasticity from which Bui's result follows as a particular case.
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  • 12
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    Meccanica 28 (1993), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Ceramics ; Micromechanics ; Fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Le modalita' di deformazione di materiali ceramici in presenza di difetti interni c la propagazione di microfratture sono analizzate considerando una griglia periodica di grani esagonali rigidi collegati tra loro mediante elementi elastici. Il modello di materiale ceramico, lo stato di sforzo in vicinanza di una frattura e la discussione di dati sperimentali sono stati presentati nella prima parte dell'articolo [1]. Il modello si basa sull'potesi che la rigidezza dei grani sia decisamente superiore a quella dei legami e chc le cricche si diffondano attraverso i legami medesimi. Per calcolare lo stato di sforzo si utilizza un metodo basato sulle funzioni di Green e sul principio di sovrapposizione. I difetti, rappresentati dai legami interrotti, sono rimpiazzati da dipoli di polarizzazione applicati ai grani adiacenti al difetto. Lo stato di sforzo nel materiale perfetto in presenza di carichi esterni e di dipoli, e nel materiale con microcricche sono considerali uguali. Questa condizione consente di ottenere un sistema linearc di equazioni in funzione di dipoli di polarizzazione e di determinare lo stato di sforzo. Il criterio di Mises e' utilizzato per individuare la rottura dei legami elastici. Vengono presentati, per diverse condizioni di carico, i risultati di simulazioni numeriche relative all'insorgere e alla propagazione di microfratture a partire da un'insieme di difetti.
    Notes: Abstract The processes of deformation of ceramics containing multiple internal defects, and the dissemination of microcracks, are analyzed by considering an infinite periodic grid of underformable hexagonal grains connected with elastic bondings. The model of ceramics and the stress distribution at the vicinity of the local break, together with a discussion of the experimental data, were studied in the first part of the paper [1]. The model is based on the assumption that the strength of grains is higher than that of bondings, and the cracks in the material spread through the bondings. To calculate the stress state of the medium, a numerical method, based on Green's function and the superposition principle, is used. Defects, presented by failed bondings, are placed by polarization dipoles of forces and moments applied to the grains adjacent to the defect. The stress distributions in the perfect medium, loaded by the external loads and polarization dipoles, and in the medium, containing micro-cracking, should be the same. This condition allows us to obtain simultaneous linear equations in terms of polarization dipoles and to determine the stress state of the medium. The failure of bondings is characterized by the von Mises strength criterion. The results of numerical modeling of the origination of a microcrack from a system of defects, and its dissemination for various loading, are presented.
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  • 13
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    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 363-379 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Fracture ; Damage ; Particle dynamics ; Brittle deformation ; Statistical mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Abstract. The present study focuses on the kinetic and non-deterministic aspects of the brittle to quasi-brittle transition. A solid is approximated by a lattice formed by the interacting ‘continuum particles’ and the evolution of damage is estimated using particle dynamics. The onset of transition is measured by the rate of the change of correlation length. The proposed method is illustrated on the examples of creep rupture, strain localization and dynamic expansion of a circular void in a ‘brittle’ plate. Sommario. Viene posta l'attenzione sugli aspetti cinetici e non deterministici della transizione dal comportamento fragile a quello quasi-fragile. Un solido viene approssimato da un reticolo formato da particelle interagenti e l'evoluzione del danno viene stimata tramite la dinamica delle particelle. L'inizio della transizione viene misurato tramite la variazione della lunghezza di correlazione. Il metodo proposto viene illustrato su esempi di rottura per ‘creep’, localizzazione della deformazione e l'espansione di un foro circolare in una piastra fragile.
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  • 14
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    Journal of statistical physics 51 (1988), S. 569-584 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Fracture ; size distribution ; power law ; diffusion process ; Hausdorff dimension ; self-similar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study a one-dimensional model for fracture, identifying fractured areas with intervals on which a stress fieldξ exceeds a threshold valueΔ. Whenξ is a diffusion process, the cumulative numberN(l) of fractured areas whose length is greater thanl obeys a power lawCl −p asl↓0 with probability one. The exponentp and the constantC are determined. The exponentp agrees with the Hausdorff dimension of the end points of fractured areas, i.e.,ξ −1(Δ). Even ifξ is self-similar with parameterH〉0, i.e.,ξ(cx)−Δ is equivalent toc H {ξ(x)−Δ} for anyc〉0, the exponentp does not depend solely onH;p=λH, whereλɛ(0, 1/H) is another parameter characterizingξ. Non-diffusion processes are given whereN(l) does not follow a power law.
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  • 15
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    Journal of statistical physics 93 (1998), S. 511-525 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Fracture ; creep ; kinks ; thermal fluctuations ; energy barriers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This article finds the energy of slightly kinked crack fronts in order to find the rate at which thermal fluctuations cause cracks to creep in three-dimensional settings.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Weathering ; Mojave Desert ; Near-surface rocks ; Faults ; Fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Weathered granite extends 70 m deep at Hi Vista in the arid central Mojave Desert of southern California. The low strength of this granite is due to the alteration of biotite and chlorite montmorillonite. Deep weathering probably occurs in most granites, although we cannot rule out some anomalous mechanisms at Hi Vista. Geophysical instruments set in these slightly altered rocks are limited by the unstable behavior of the rocks. Thus, tectonic signals from instruments placed in shallow boreholes give vague results. Geophysical measurements of these weathered rocks resemble measurements of granitic rocks near major faults. The rheology of the rocks in which instruments are placed limits the useful sensitivity of the instruments.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 603-614 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Compaction ; Dilatancy ; Fracture ; Friction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Volume changes in geologic materials have been measured with strain gauges, cantilever displacement gauges, or through observation of either pore or total volume. When porosity is less than 0.05, compaction is small or absent; apart from elastic strains in the minerals, dilatancy predominates, beginning at 50 to 75 percent of the fracture stress difference. When initial porosity exceeds about 0.05, compaction and dilatancy may overlap. The onset of dilatancy has not been identified, but most of the dilatancy occurs within about 10 percent of the fracture stress difference. In low porosity rocks, dilatancy increases initial porosity by a factor of 2 or more; in porous rocks or granular aggregates the increase is only 20 to 50 percent. However, the actual pore volume increase is larger in rocks of high initial porosity. Hence, earthquake precursors which depend on the magnitude of dilatancy should be more pronounced in porous rocks or in fault gouge. In contrast, precursors which are based on fractional changes in some porosity-related property may be more pronounced in rocks of low initial porosity. Future work is particularly needed on constitutive relations suitable for major classes of rocks, on the effects of stress cycling in porous rocks, on the effects of high temperature and pore fluids on dilatancy and compaction, and on the degree of localization of strain prior to fracture.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 717-731 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Electrical resistivity ; Fracture ; Friction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Significant changes of electrical resistivity of saturated rocks and water pressure along sliding surface occurred during stick-slips in our direct shear experiment. Two types of changes of electrical resistivity occurred. In the first, resistivity decreased with increasing shear stress, reached minimum together with a sudden release of shear stress and returned to a higher value immediately afterwards. In the second, resistivity again decreased with increasing stress but, in contrast to the first type of changes, it decreased further upon the sudden drop of shear stress. The magnitude and the direction of the changes of water pressure on the sliding surface during stick-slip were not uniform, indicating local variations of surface deformation.
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  • 19
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 732-742 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Velocity changes ; Fracture ; Friction ; Holography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fracture and frictional sliding are considered as phenomena involving brittle failure. Brittle failure is preceded by the formation of small (subcritical) cracks. In non-water-saturated rock, the distribution, shape and size of these suberitical cracks determine the change in the physical properties prior to failure. A model is proposed which suggests that the spatial and temporal distribution, shape and size of subcritical cracks within a stressed rock depend upon the rate of deformation and the volatile content. As a rock is stressed beyond about 50 percent of its ultimate failure stress, dilatancy is initiated. With increasing stress a broad zone of cracks develops within the dilatant region. The seismic velocities through this zone decrease markedly and the cracks grow more numerous., changing in size and shape. Before brittle failure of the rock occurs, the subcritical cracks interact, leading to a concentration of the zone. During the stage when the zone narrows, the seismic velocities in crease in the surrounding volume due to local rotation of stresses and consequent closure of some cracks. In most laboratory experiments the stage during which the velocity increases and the now intense deformation zone becomes narrow is very short and difficult to observe experimentally. At very low strain rates and with volatiles present, the crack growth and subsequent interaction lead to the narrowing of the intense deformation zone and therefore to an observable increase in velocity. The above is based upon an interpretation of a number of experiments. Using optical holography we have observed the development and subsequent intensification of a deformation zone. Ultrasonic velocity measurements showed a distinct anomaly (decrease followed by an increase) before failure. The anomaly was only detectable at our lowest experimental strain rates (3×10−8/sec).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 492-530 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Lithosphere ; Fluids ; Earthquakes ; Fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Earth is continuously expelling gases and liquids from great depths—juvenile volatiles from the mantle and recycled metamorphic products. Some of these fluids ascend through liquid rock in volcanic processes, but others utilize fractures and faults as conduits through the solid lithosphere. The latter process may have a major influence on earthquakes, since fluids at near lithostatic pressures appear to be required to activate deep faults that would otherwise remain locked. Fluids can be driven upward through solid rock by buoyancy, but only if present in sufficient concentration to form large-scale domains occupying interconnected fracture porosity. A growing fluid domain becomes so mobilized only when it attains the critical vertical dimension required for hydrostatic instability. This dimension, depending on the ultimate compressive yield strength of the rock, may be as much as several kilometers. Any column of fluid ascending through fractures in the solid lithosphere from a prolific deep source must become organized into a vertical sequence of discrete domains, separated by fluid-pressure discontinuities. This is required because a continuous hydrostatic-fluid-pressure profile extending from an arbitrarily deep source to the surface cannot be permitted by the finite strength of rock. A vertically stacked sequence of domains allows the internal fluid-pressure profile to approximate the external rock-stress profile in a stepwise fashion. The pressure discontinuity below the base of the uppermost hydrostatic domain may be responsible for some occurrences of so-called anomalous geopressures. An ascending stream of fluid that percolates upward from a deep source through a column of domains must encounter a sequence of abrupt pressure decreases at the transitions between successive domains. If supercritical gases act as solvents, the dissolved substances may drop out of solution at such pressure discontinuities, resulting in a local concentration of minerals and other substances. At great depths, brittle fracture would normally be prevented by high pressure and temperature, with all excessive stress discharged by ductile flow. Rock strata invaded by an ascending fluid domain are weakened, however, because cracks generated or reactivated by the high-pressure fluid can support the overburden, greatly reducing internal friction. This reduction of strength may cause a previously stressed rock to fail, resulting in hydraulic shear fracture. Thus, earthquakes may be triggered by the buoyant migration of deep-source fluids. The actual timing of the failure that leads to such an earthquake may be determined by the relatively rapid inflation of a fluid domain and not by any significant increase in the probably much slower rate of regional tectonic strain. Many earthquake precursory phenomena may be secondary symptoms of an increase in pore-fluid pressure, and certain coseismic phenomena may result from the venting of high-pressure fluids when faults break the surface. Instabilities in the migration of such fluid domains may also contribute to or cause the eruption of mud volcanoes, magma volcanoes, and kimberlite pipes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 608-618 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fault ; Fracture ; Hydrochemical ; Flud injection ; Permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The role of fluids in faulting mechanism and triggering earthquakes is widely accepted. The effective-stress law is the basis for the postulated theories. Using a generalized version of this law, applicable to both continuum and discontinuities, hydromechanical behaviour of a horizontal fracture in a hypothetical fluid-injection problem is investigated. In this problem the increasing intake flow rates, unpredictable by the traditional fluid-flow solutions, brings out another significant aspect of the role of the fluid pressure in rocks. By reducing the magnitude of the compressive effective stresses the fluid pressure causes elastic recovery in fractures. Simple rheologic models are used to demonstrate this fact. Such effects may lead to permeability increases in the rock mass, depending on the magnitude of the fluid pressure. Such variations in permeability, however, are governed by the path dependency of the fracture-deformation response. Therefore, a significant increase in permeability is an indication of comparability of the state of stress and the applied fluid pressure. This index may reveal the potential of hydroactivation of faults, as may arise in the regions of dam reservoirs, underground waste injections, and known faults, for certain ranges of working pressures relevant to each of the above-cited situations. Fluid-injection tests under constant working pressures are suggested as a means revealing the likelihood of movement on the faults.
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    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 329-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Fracture ; Mineral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The bone mineral content was measured by gamma absorptiometry in patients who had sustained fractures of the upper limb. Measurements were taken on the shafts of the forearm and in the trabecular bone immediately proximal to the wrist. Fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus and fractures of the shaft of the humerus did not significantly influence the bone mineral content of the ipsilateral forearm. Fracture of the radius and the ulna, however, caused a 15% loss of the bone mineral content in the trabecular bone proximal to the wrist, whereas the mineral content on the shafts of the fractured forearms increased or decreased depending on the fracture site. The findings suggest that measurements of bone mineral content of the forearm are not necessarily invalidated if there has been a fracture of the same limb. Only if the forearm itself is fractured should measurements on this site be avoided.
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    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 247-253 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoblast ; Osteoclast ; Osteoprogenitor cells ; Fracture ; Chimera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Previous studies have shown that differences in nuclear morphology are generally sufficient to determine the species origin of cells in interspecific grafts between the Japanese quail and domestic chicken. Most quail nuclei possess 1–3 large nucleolus-associated masses of heterochromatin. Chick cells, on the other hand, usually present a more diffuse, stippled distribution of nuclear heterochromatin. Quail embryonic limb rudiments, some with and some without established marrow cavities, were explanted and grown on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick. Three to five days post-grafting, the explants were surgically fractured and allowed to heal. Tissues were collected and histologically processed during the latter period. The fractures healed completely within 5–6 days and no callus was established in the process. The nuclear staining pattern of the osteoblasts and osteocytes throughout the rudiments and at the fracture site indicated that they were derived from the graft. Possible sources for these cells included the periosteum, endosteum, and posthypertrophy chondrocytes. By contrast, most of the nuclei in the osteoclasts were chick-like and were apparently derived from cells originating in the host. Because the quail-like heterochromatin marker was normally present in a small number (2.5%) of chick osteoclast nuclei and was lacking in about 5% of native quail osteoclast nuclei, the precise extent of the participation of donor, i.e., quail bone and marrow stromal cells in osteoclast formation, could not be determined. However, the data suggest that in large measure the precursor cells for most osteoclasts were hematogenously derived and were carried to the grafted rudiments by the blood vascular system.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcitonin ; Parathyroid hormone ; Calcium ; Newborn ; Fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Determinations of serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), calcitonin (CT), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were carried out in 36 full-term newborn infants with fracture of the clavicle (CF) and in 46 normal neonates (N). At the 6th hour of life the CF neonates demonstrated lower serum Ca and higher serum CT in comparison with normal infants. In the hours following, no significant differences between the two groups for the Ca levels were found, whereas serum CT remained significantly higher in the CF newborns at the 24th, 48th, and 72nd hour of life. Significant differences between normal and CF infants in the PTH serum levels were detected only at the 48th hour, when PTH was lower in the CF newborns. The results of this investigation indicate that the fracture of the clavicle is a significant and peculiar factor in stimulating CT secretion. Serum Ca level appeared to be controlled by CT rather than auto-regulating the secretion of the hormone.
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    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 536-538 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Incidence ; Proximal ; Femur ; Fracture ; Saudi Arabia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Osteoporosis, an age-related disorder, is a major contributor to bone fractures among the elderly, especially postmenopausal women. Variable incidence have been reported from different geographical areas, however, none as yet from Saudi Arabia. We have reviewed case records of Saudi residents of Riyadh city, who were 40 years or older and who were admitted to any of the local acute-care hospitals over a period of 12 months (July 1990–June 1991) with a diagnosis of proximal femur fracture (PFF). Of these, 103 were diagnosed with PFF; 52 (50%) were male and 51 (50%) were female. Eighty-eight (85%) patients reported mild trauma as the precipitating cause for their fracture (41 males and 47 females). The median and mean (SD) age of all patients were 75 and 73 (14) years, respectively, with no significant difference between male and female patients. The incidence per 100,000 of PFF for males in age groups 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, and over 70 years was 7, 22, 36, and 251, respectively; the incidence per 100,000 for females in the same age groups was 4.5, 14.6, 7.9, and 394, respectively. The female:male ratios for the same age groups were 0.6, 0.7, 2.2, and 1.6. The incidence of PFF for male and female patients over the age of 50 years was 71 and 100, respectively, with a female:male ratio of 1:4. The anticipated incidence of osteoporotic fracture in Saudi Arabia is expected to be higher than the present one with the population's anticipated increase in life expectancy. It is concluded that there is a need to confirm and compare the present incidence with other regions of Saudi Arabia through multi-center studies for the incidence of PFF, as well as a need for periodic studies for monitoring the incidence of PFF over the ensuing years; this is essential for planning prevention strategy for osteoporotic-related fractures.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Densitometry ; Fracture ; Osteoporosis ; Risk factors ; Ultrasound
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Saunders County Bone Quality Study was designed to determine the feasibility of ultrasonic bone measurement, at the patella, as a predictor of low-trauma fractures in a runal population-based study. At the first visit of this 4-year longitudinal study, anthropometric and clinical measurements and medical, surgical, and fracture histories were obtained for the 1428 participants (899 women and 529 men). Explored risk factors for low-trauma fractures included age, sex, calcium intake, alcohol and caffeine ingestion, tobacco use, body mass and grip strength, age of menopause, estrogen replacement therapy, propensity to fall, distal radius and ulna bone mineral content, and bone density. Forward multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lower ultrasound values are more consistently associated with reported low-trauma appendicular fractures than the commonly reported forearm absorptiometry measures of radius mineral content and density. When ultrasound, age, and the extra skeletal risk factors were included in an additional multivariate model, only age and ultrasound were significantly associated with appendicular fracture history in women (P=0.0003), whereas only ultrasound was associated in the men (P=0.001). We conclude that ultrasound is a better measure of association with reported low-trauma fractures than the commonly reported forearm SPA measures. Even after adjustment for many of the extra skeletal risk factors, low AVU is highly associated with low-trauma fracture status for both women and men.
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    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 19-25 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fracture ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Microdensitometry ; Undemineralised sections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The quantitative changes in alkaline phosphatase activity in the periosteal cells close to the fracture in rat metatarsal bones has been measured during the first 5 days postfracture. This study has been made possible by two technological advances, firstly the development of cryostat microtomy for cutting unfixed, undemineralised bone, and secondly the use of scanning and integrating microdensitometry for quantifying the activity in each periosteal cell. The results showed a loss of alkaline phosphatase activity close to the fracture site, with activity rising to normal values 0.8–1.0 mm from the site. No alkaline phosphatase activity was found in the cells which proliferated from the periosteum. It is suggested that reduced glutathione could cause such inhibition.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fracture ; (Glucocorticoid ; 1,25(OH)2D3 ; Osteoporosis ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A closed tibial fracture, which was controlled by an intramedullary stainless steel pin, was created in 16 rabbits. Eight rabbits were treated with 75 ng of 1,25(OH)2D3 daily as subcutaneous (s.c.) injections. After three weeks, the fractured tibia resisted a force of 101,7±21.0 Newtons in the control group and 57.3±8.0 Newtons in animals given 1,25(OH)2D3 (m±SE,P〈0.05). In another group of eight rabbits, the left hindleg was immobilized in a plastic splint. Four rabbits were given 75 ng of 1,25(OH)2D3/day s.c. and the effect of immobilization was studied on the calcaneus. Bone ash/cm3 of the calcaneus on the immobilized side was decreased by 11±2% in control rabbits and by 20±2% in the group treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 indicating a more advanced immobilization osteoporosis (m±SE,P〈0.05), which was also demonstrated by studies of bone density. Eighteen rabbits were used in a study of the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the development of prednisolone osteoporosis. The dose of prednisolone was 2.5 mg per day, given by the oral route. After four months, the density of the femur was 1.53±0.02 g/cm2 in control rabbits and 1.42±0.01 in prednisolonetreated animals (P〈0.01). In rabbits additionally given 1,25(OH)2D3, the mean value for bone density was further lowered (n.s.). It appears that 1,25(OH)2D3 exaggerates disuse osteoporosis and prednisolone osteoporosis and impairs fracture healing in rabbits. These results differ from what has been shown earlier with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment in the rat.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Femoral neck ; Fracture ; Bone remodeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Hip fracture incidence has shown strong upward secular trends in many societies with wide differences in age adjusted incidence between nations. Falls and reduced physical activity have emerged as the strongest risk factors in epidemiological studies, while clinical investigations have pointed to secondary hyperparathyroidism as an important candidate cause of the loss of femoral cortical bone in old age. Until recently there have been few studies performed directly on the region of interest in the proximal femur. Noninvasive methodology using "Sr has now been developed by our group for measuring bone formation and (with concurrent serial DXA densitometry) resorption in the femoral neck. Bone turnover averaged about 8% annually in controls. A group of younger cases of femoral fracture showed similar indices of total and regional bone formation to a control group; but their resorption was higher. To further investigate this, a femoral neck bone biopsy technique has been developed which can be applied to fracture cases treated by arthroplasty. Preliminary studies have established that the anatomical asymmetry of the neck in cross-section is considerable and imposes restraints on the interpretation of smaller or incomplete femur biopsies. Prospects are quite good that, in the absence of tetracycline pre-labeling, mineralization can be studied by assessment of alkaline phosphatase-positive surfaces in cryostat sections. Moreover, such sections will permit study of other anatomically localized metabolic activities as well as antigen expression and osteocyte viability. Candidate mechanisms for the regional decline in bone quality as well as bone mass in subjects suffering hip fracture can now be investigated more effectively.
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    Calcified tissue international 59 (1996), S. 415-423 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Bone density ; Race ; Ethnicity ; Fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Models of involutional bone loss and strategies for the prevention of osteoporosis have been developed for white women. Black women have higher bone densities than white women, but as the black population ages there will be an increasingly higher population of black women with osteoporosis. Strategies should be developed to reduce the risk of black women for fragility fractures. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of the total body, femur, spine, and radius were performed on 503 healthy black and white women aged 20–80 years. Indices of bone turnover, the calcitrophic hormones, and radioisotope calcium absorption efficiency were also measured to compare the mechanisms of bone loss. The black women had higher BMD values at every site tested than the white women throughout the adult life cycle. Black women have a higher peak bone mass and a slightly slower rate of adult bone loss from the femur and spine, which are skeletal sites comprised predominantly of trabecular bone. Indices of bone turnover are lower in black women as are serum calcidiol levels and urinary calcium excretion. Serum calcitriol and parathyroid hormone levels are higher in black women and calcium absorption efficiency is the same in black and white women, but dietary calcium intake is lower in black women. Black and white women have a similar pattern of bone loss, with substantial bone loss from the femur and spine prior to menopause and an accelerated bone loss from the total skeleton and radius after menopause. The higher values for bone density in black women as compared with white women are caused by a higher peak bone mass and a slower rate of loss from skeletal sites comprised predominantly of trabecular bone. Low-risk strategies to enhance peak bone mass and to lower bone loss, such as calcium and vitamin D augmentation of the diet, should be examined for black women. The risk vs. benefits of hormonal replacement therapy should be determined, especially in older women.
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    Journal of computer-aided materials design 1 (1994), S. 243-264 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Metal matrix composites ; Fiber reinforced ; Strength ; Anisotropy ; Fracture ; Ductile interphase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary This paper examines theoretically the stress distribution around fiber breaks in a unidirectional reinforced metal matrix composite, subjected to axial loading when plastic yielding of the matrix is allowed to occur. The composites considered have a ductile interphase, bonding the matrix to the fiber. The likelihood of failure of a fiber adjacent to the existing broken fiber is considered. Detailed and systematic results are given for composites with a wide range of fiber volume fractions, Young's modulus of the fibers and the matrix, interphase properties and Weibull modulus for the strength of the fibers. The objective is the optimization of these material and geometric variables to ensure global load sharing among the fibers in the longitudinal direction, which will give the composite good longitudinal strength. Calculations are carried out for transverse loading of the composite to determine the effect of the ductile interphase on the yield strength. Characteristics of the ductile interphase are determined that will provide good longitudinal strength through global load sharing and a relatively high yield strength in the direction transverse to the fibers. This, in turn, will allow control of the strength anisotropy of uniaxially reinforced metal matrix composites.
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    Journal of computer-aided materials design 3 (1996), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Simulation ; Damage ; Cracks ; Microstructure ; Fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The conceptual and computational issues regarding the development of models to predict microstructure/mechanical-property relationships in advanced ceramics are discussed. Advanced ceramics provide a particular challenge because their higher toughness or reliability, relative to monolithic ceramics, is a result of stable, distributed damage evolution. Capturing the details of distributed damage at atomistic and microstructural length scales is computationally prohibitive, but only in certain systems does it appear plausible to neglect atomistic and crack-tip details in favor of larger-scale damage propagation and interaction. Examples, mainly from the author's own work, are briefly presented to indicate the range of problems that have been addressed and the relative successes and failures.
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    Journal of computer-aided materials design 3 (1996), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Nanotechnology ; Fullerenes ; Fibers ; Elasticity ; Fracture ; Simulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Motivated by recent observations of bent, collapsed and twisted carbon nanotubes, we investigate their behavior at large deformations. These hollow molecules behave remarkably similar to their macroscopic homologs. They reversibly switch into different morphological patterns, and each shape change corresponds to an abrupt release of energy and a singularity in the stress-strain curve. These transformations, simulated using a realistic many-body potential, are accurately described by a continuum-shell model. In contrast, a response to axial tension proceeds smoothly up to a fracture threshold, beyond which a monoatomic carbon chain unravels between the tube fragments.
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  • 34
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    Journal of computer-aided materials design 3 (1996), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Fracture ; Deformation ; Atomistic simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary We have discussed the prospects of applying massively parallel molecular dynamics simulation to investigate brittle versus ductile fracture behaviors and dislocation intersection. This idea is illustrated by simulating dislocation emission from a three-dimensional crack. Unprecedentedly, the dislocation loops emitted from the crack fronts have been observed. It is found that dislocation-emission modes, jogging or blunting, are very sensitive to boundary conditions and interatomic potentials. These 3D phenomena can be effectively visualized and analyzed by a new technique, namely, plotting only those atoms within the certain ranges of local potential energies.
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    Journal of computer-aided materials design 4 (1998), S. 183-192 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Grain boundary ; Fracture ; Tungsten ; Atomistic simulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of various impurities (B, C, N, C, O, Al, Si, S, and P) on the intrinsic resistance of the Σ3 (111) grain boundary (GB) in tungsten has been investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. The Finnis–Sinclair many-body potential for W, and the so-called ‘environment-sensitive embedding energies’ for the impurities were used. The fracture resistance of the GB has been characterized by computing, in each case, the ideal work of GB separation, the Mode I stress intensity factor and the Eshelby's F1 conservation integral at the onset of crack propagation. The results obtained suggest that pure tungsten is relatively resistant towards GB decohesion; this resistance is further enhanced by the presence of B, C and N. On the other hand, O, Al and Si have a relatively minor effect on the cohesion strength of the GB. In sharp contrast, S and P greatly reduce this strength, thus enhancing the tungsten brittleness. These results have been correlated with the effect of the impurity atoms on the material evolution at the crack tip.
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    Journal of computer-aided materials design 5 (1998), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Cracks ; Fracture ; Frank-Read ; Simulation ; Voids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We have simulated the failure of three-dimensional fcc solids containing voids under mode one tension using molecular dynamics, simple interatomic potentials and a system comprising 15 million atoms. When a linear brittle crack front approaches a void, the void acts to impede the progress of the front by causing dislocation emission, thereby rendering the system ductile. When two voids are alone in the system, failure is via ductility with, first, dislocation loops being emitted from the void surfaces and, then, these loops interacting with one another to form.
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    International journal of fracture 103 (2000), S. 327-360 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; matrix cracks ; elastic-creeping material ; plane strain ; crack-tip fields ; asymptotic expansion ; higher-order terms.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The stress fields near the tip of a matrix crack terminating at and perpendicular to a planar interface under symmetric in-plane loading in plane strain are investigated. The bimaterial interface is formed by a linearly elastic material and an elastic power-law creeping material in which the crack is located. Using generalized expansions at the crack tip in each region and matching the stresses and displacements across the interface in an asymptotic sense, a series asymptotic solution is constructed for the stresses and strain rates near the crack tip. It is found that the stress singularities, to the leading order, are the same in each material; the stress exponent is real. The oscillatory higher-order terms exist in both regions and stress higher-order term with the order of O(r°) appears in the elastic material. The stress exponents and the angular distributions for singular terms and higher order terms are obtained for different creep exponents and material properties in each region. A full agreement between asymptotic solutions and the full-field finite element results for a set of test examples with different times has been obtained.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; strain gradient effects.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a study on fracture of materials at microscale (∼1 µm) by the strain gradient theory (Fleck and Hutchinson, 1993; Fleck et al., 1994). For remotely imposed classical K fields, the full-field solutions are obtained analytically or numerically for elastic and elastic-plastic materials with strain gradient effects. The analytical elastic full-field solution shows that stresses ahead of a crack tip are significantly higher than their counterparts in the classical K fields. The sizes of dominance zones for mode I and mode II near-tip asymptotic fields are 0.3l and 0.5l,while strain gradient effects are observed within land 2l to the crack tip, respectively, where l is the intrinsic material length in strain gradient theory and is on the order of microns in strain gradient plasticity (Fleck et al., 1994; Nix and Gao, 1998; Stolken and Evans, 1997). The Dugdale–Barenblatt type plasticity model is obtained to provide an estimation of plastic zone size for mode II fracture in materials with strain grain effects. The finite element method is used to investigate the small-scale-yielding solution for an elastic-power law hardening solid. It is found that the size of the dominance zone for the near-tip asymptotic field is the intrinsic material lengthl. For mode II fracture under the small-scale-yielding condition, transition from the remote classical K IIfield to the near-tip asymptotic field in strain gradient plasticity goes through the HRR field only when K IIis relatively large such that the plastic zone size is much larger than the intrinsic material length l. For mode I fracture under small-scale-yielding condition, however, transition from the remote classical K I field to the near-tip asymptotic field in strain gradient plasticity does not go through the HRR field, but via a plastic zone.
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    Rheologica acta 33 (1994), S. 243-256 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Fracture ; rotational rheometer ; instabilities ; oscillatory shear
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We find that symptoms of polymer melt fracture, such as a time-dependent decrease in apparent sample modulus and apparent slip, can be induced by oscillatory torsional shearing flow of polystyrene melts and solutions, even when the polymer molecular weight is below the entanglement threshold, and thre strain amplidute is as low as 3%. Visualization of samples during and after fracture show crack and bubble formation, as well as delamination of the polymer from the rheometer tools. For polystyrene melts, the critical stress for fracture is τ* ≈ 0.1–1.0 MPa, depending on polymer molecular weight and temperature, and for solutions it is as low as 5 × 103 Pa. Since “constitutive instabilities” require the viscoelastic properties to be highly nonlinear, our observations of melt fracture in unentangled polymers at shearing strains well within the linear viscoelastic range rule out this mechanism for some of our experiments, and show that melt fracture is not always caused by constitutive instabilities.
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    Rheologica acta 36 (1997), S. 579-584 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Fracture ; cavitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In start-up of steady shearing flow of two viscous unentangled liquids, namely low-molecular-weight polystyrene and α-D-glucose, the shear stress catastrophically collapses if the shear rate is raised above a value corresponding to a critical initial shear stress of around 0.1–0.3 MPa. The time dependence of the shear stress during this process is similar for the two liquids, but visualization of samples in situ and after quenching reveals significant differences. For α-D-glucose, the stress collapse evidently results from debonding of the sample from the rheometer tool, while in polystyrene, bubbles open up within the sample, as occurs in cavitation. Some similarities are pointed out between these phenomena and that of “lubrication failure” reported in the tribology literature.
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    Colloid & polymer science 259 (1981), S. 808-811 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Fracture ; Fiber ; Reinforced ; Thermoplastic ; Polyethylene Terephthalate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Bericht enthält Ergebnisse von bruchmechanischen Untersuchungen und entsprechende Beobachtungen zum Bruchverhalten von kurzglasfaserverstärktem, thermoplastischem Polyäthylenterephthalat (P.E.T.) in Abhängigkeit mikrostruktureller Parameter. Spritzgegossene Platten dieses Verbundwerkstoffes besitzen über ihrer Dicke einzelne Schichten unterschiedlicher Faserorientierung, welche ein unterschiedliches Rißausbreitungsverhalten längs und quer zur Formfüllrichtung induzieren. Die Bruchzähigkeit ist höher für Risse senkrecht zur Hauptfaserorientierung und steigt generell mit dem Fasergewichtsanteil an. Ermüdungsrisse zeigen dieselbe Tendenz, d. h. ihre Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit ist am geringsten für Risse transvers zur Formfüllrichtung in den Proben mit dem höchsten Faseranteil. Weitere Einflüsse auf das Bruchverhalten infolge von Unterschieden in der Matrix-Zähigkeit und der Haftfestigkeit der Faser/Matrix-Grenzfläche werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary This report contains results of fracture mechanics tests and corresponding observations of the fracture behavior of short fiber reinforced, thermoplastic polyethylene terephthalate (P.E.T.) depending on microstructural parameters. Injection molded plaques of this composite material possess across their thickness individual layers of different fiber orientation which induce different crack propagation behavior transvers and longitudinal to the mold fill direction. The fracture toughness is higher for cracks perpendicular to the main fiber orientation and increases more general with the weight fraction of fibers. Fatigue cracks indicate the same tendency, i. e. their growth rate is lower for cracks transvers to the mold fill direction in samples with highest fiber fraction. Additional influences on fracture behavior due to differences in matrix toughness and adhesive strength of the fiber/matrix interface are discussed.
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    Journal of statistical physics 52 (1988), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Fracture ; percolation ; heterogeneous media
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider a random fuse or random fragile element model. We show that, in the limit of infinite disorder in the bond-breaking thresholds, the rupture of a lattice is a “disguised” percolation process. Therefore, just before the final overall rupture of the lattice, we obtain scaling relations of various physical properties as a function of the number of bonds broken.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Femoral neck ; Fracture ; Internal fixation ; Load bearing ; Muller screws ; Strain gauge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Five pairs of matching hips were tested under conditions of low-speed mechanical loading in the unfractured and artificially fractured states, to gain an understanding of the mechanism of load transfer for various orientations of Muller cancellous screws used in the internal fixation of the femoral neck. The results indicate that the pins' contribution to load bearing is small in the unfractured case, for which the stresses on the neck can be predicted by cantilever-beam theory. In the fractured state, a triangular 3-pin orientation of two superior and one inferior pin was found to be optimal for osteoporotic bone, particularly with a small neck, under conditions of good pin placement. A 4-pin orientation was found better than a 3-pin orientation for non-osteoporotic bone with a large femoral neck.
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    Experimental mechanics 34 (1994), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 1741-2765
    Keywords: Acoustic Emission ; Reinforced Concrete ; Fracture ; Source Location ; Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Acoustic emissions from reinforced-concrete beams, reinforcing bars and plain concrete cylinders were monitored. Acoustic-emission events were used in a study of source locations, frequency characteristics, and other analytical methods that have found use in the past for evaluating acoustic-emission data in other fields of engineering. Tests were done on reinforced-concrete beams under flexural loading, individual reinforcing bars under pure tension, concrete cylinders under compression, and reinforcing bars subject to pullout tests. The experimental data were first analyzed with conventional acoustic-emission methodology. A critical look at many acoustic-emission techniques currently used in other materials (metals, composites, etc.) demonstrated some of the difficulties of applying the same techniques to reinforced concrete. More importantly, it illustrated the limitations of signal processing and parameter estimation of acoustic-emission events as viable nondestructive-evaluation (NDE) techniques for reinforced-concrete structures. Subsequently, on the basis of the experimental results, some of the more promising aspects of developing acoustic emission into a structural monitoring tool are discussed.
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  • 45
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 17 (1989), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Bone ; Densitometry ; Osteoporosis ; Fracture ; Skeleton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Several noninvasive measurement methods are used for evaluation of metabolic disease. Single-photon (125I) scans of the peripheral skeleton are useful in some diseases but are ineffective in osteoporosis (even on the distal radius or os calcis) because they cannot predict spinal or femoral density. Also, peripheral measurements show high percentages of false negatives, that is many patients with fractures have normal peripheral density. Dual-photon (153Gd) scans of the spine, femur, and total skeleton are precise and accurate (2% error) and provide direct measurements of bone strength at fracture sites. This gives the best discrimination of abnormality and the most sensitive monitoring. Quantitative computed computed tomography (QCT) allows measurement of the spine but not the critical proximal femur area. QCT has a large accuracy error because (a) the limited are measured (under 5 cm3) fails to represent the total vertebral body, (b) technical errors and (c) variable fat and osteoid influence the results.
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  • 46
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    International journal of fracture 82 (1989), S. 97-114 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; finite elements ; viscoplasticity ; constraint ; crack growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A finite element analysis is presented for quasi-statically steady crack growth in an elastic-viscoplastic material under Mode I, plane strain and small scale yielding conditions. The effects of material rate-sensitivity on the fields in the vicinity of the moving crack tip are examined. Our analysis employs a modified boundary layer formulation whereby the remote tractions are given by the first two-terms of elastic asymptotic stress field, characterized by K Iand T. When the physical coordinates are scaled by % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaGqaciaa-Hcaca% WFlbWaaSbaaSqaaGqaaiaa+fdaaeqaaOGaai4laiabeo8aZnaaBaaa% leaacaaIWaaabeaakiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaaaa!3ECA!\[(K_1 /\sigma _0 )^2 \], where % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabeo8aZnaaBa% aaleaacaaIWaaabeaaaaa!3A07!\[\sigma _0 \] is the tensile yield stress, the near-tip fields over a wide range of stress triaxialities are members of a family of self-similar solutions parameterized by % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaGqaciaa-rfaca% WFVaGaeq4Wdm3aaSbaaSqaaiaa-bdaaeqaaaaa!3B8E!\[T/\sigma _0 \]. Members of this family are found to collapse into a single near-tip distribution when the physical coordinates are normalized by a characteristic length L g, which is a significant fraction of the plastic zone length directly ahead of the crack tip. This distribution depends only on the relative crack speed given by the dimensionless number % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaGqaciaa-zfaca% WFVaGaa8hkaiaa-XeadaWgaaWcbaGaa83zaaqabaacciGccuGFiiIZ% gaGaamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiaacMcaaaa!3EB2!\[V/(L_g \dot \in _0 )\] where V is the crack speed and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaGGaciqb-HGioB% aacaWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaaaa!39D6!\[\dot \in _0 \] is the material's viscoplastic strain rate at a reference stress. Near-tip field distributions are obtained for several values of % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaGqaciaa-zfaca% WFVaGaa8hkaiaa-XeadaWgaaWcbaGaa83zaaqabaacciGccuGFiiIZ% gaGaamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiaacMcaaaa!3EB2!\[V/(L_g \dot \in _0 )\] and material strain rate sensitivity, m. Our results show that strong material rate sensitivity and high crack speed elevate the stress level ahead of the moving crack tip.
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  • 47
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    International journal of fracture 88 (1997), S. 153-166 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; elastic-plastic crack ; Dugdale-Barenblatt model ; mixed mode crack.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, a mixed mode Dugdale–Barenblatt model has been established for a semi-infinite crack in an ideally elastic-plastic thin plate loaded by a pair of self-equilibrating concentrated forces at the crack lips. Cohesive forces are introduced into a plastic strip in the elastic body. By superposing the two linear elastic fields, one evaluated with the external loads and the other with the cohesive forces, the problem is treated in Dugdale–Barenblatt's manner. The physical domain is mapped with a complementary domain of the unit circle by using the Schwartz–Cristoffel transformation. The Muskhelishvili complex potentials are used to find out the stress-intensity factors due to the two separated fields. The analytical approach leads to establish a few transcendence equations from which the quantities of interest, such as the direction and the length of the plastic strip, the crack opening distance etc., can easily be deduced by standard numerical methods.
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  • 48
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    International journal of fracture 90 (1998), S. 299-323 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; initiation ; near-tip ; plastic zone microvoid ; nucleation ; mode-I loading ; laminate ; composite brittle ; ductile.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A near-tip plane strain finite element analysis of a crack terminating at and normal to the interface in a laminate consisting of alternate brittle and ductile layers is conducted under mode-I loading. The studies are carried out for a system representing steel/alumina composite laminate. The Gurson constitutive model, which accounts for the ductile failure mechanisms of microvoid nucleation, growth and coalescence, is employed within the framework of small deformation plasticity theory. Evolution of plastic zone and damage in the ductile layer is monitored with increasing load. High plastic strain localization and microvoid damage accumulation are found to occur along the brittle/ductile interface at the crack-tip. Fracture initiation in the ductile phase is predicted and the conditions for crack renucleation in the brittle layer ahead of the crack are established for the system under consideration. Ductile fracture initiation has been found to occur before plasticity spreads in multiple ductile layers. Effects of material mismatch and yield strength on the plastic zone evolution are briefly discussed.
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  • 49
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    International journal of fracture 91 (1998), S. 103-116 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Composite materials ; Fracture ; Delamination ; Sea water effects ; Fatigue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Motivated by experimental observations, the finite element method is employed to model the competition between the transverse cracking and delamination modes of failure that occur in cross-ply AS4/3501-6 gr/ep coupons subjected to fatigue. The results explain the extensive delaminations and reduced crack densities that arise under immersed fatigue, as compared with fatigue in air.
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  • 50
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    International journal of fracture 84 (1997), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; elastic-plastic fracture ; full elastic-plastic field ; plasticity ; energy method ; small-scale yielding.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, an energy method is proposed to study the full elastic-plastic field of a tensile crack. A statically admissible stress field is established by developing an expansion of the stress function in separable form. The unknown parameters are determined by minimizing the complementary energy of the structure. The results obtained by this method are compared with the fine finite element analysis in previous literature. This method shows some advantages for studying the elastic-plastic cracks, in the capacity to find out an algebraic expression of the stress field connecting the plastic near-tip field to the elastic far field, and in the highly accurate representation of the full elastic-plastic field surrounding the crack-tip and in the economical calculation, etc. It can also be used to evaluate some quantities in the analytical asymptotic expansion such as the amplitudes, the Q-stress etc.
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  • 51
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    International journal of fracture 99 (1999), S. 53-79 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; fracture energy ; bonds ; interface crack.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A mechanical and mathematical model is suggested for an interface crack with bonding in its end zones. Normal and shear bond tractions occurring under the action of the external loads are searched for by solving a system of two singular integrodifferential equations. The stress intensity factors at the crack tip are calculated taking the compensating action of the bonds into account. Energetic characteristics of the interface crack (the deformation energy release rate and the rate of the energy absorption by the bonds) are analyzed. A sensitivity analysis is performed of the force and energetic characteristics of the interface crack to the end zone size, bond compliance and limit stretching.
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  • 52
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    International journal of fracture 90 (1998), S. 341-353 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; macrocrack-microcrack interaction ; expected extension length ; vertical shift ; statistical analysis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The present paper explores the extension of a macrocrack by connecting statistically distributed microcracks. Two issues are discussed: (1) how long a semi-infinite crack can extend by connecting collinear microcracks of equal length but distributed ligament sizes; (2) how far the crack tip can shift vertically from the original crack extension line by connecting randomly positioned and oriented microcracks. Statistical analysis is employed to calculate the expected crack extension length and the vertical shift of the crack tip. The implication of the present study for the problem of a macrocrack linking to a parallel fault is addressed.
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  • 53
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    International journal of fracture 96 (1999), S. 361-372 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; particulate reinforced composites ; modeling fracture ; fracture toughness ; constraint.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The failure modes of particulate reinforced metallic alloys are reviewed with special emphasis on in situ intermetallic particle reinforced niobium alloys, but information derived from ceramic reinforced aluminum alloys is also included. Constraint of plastic deformation by particles is emphasized as one of two very important factors in controlling fracture behavior. The other factor is particle fracture toughness. Models are proposed for describing the fracture toughness, from which several methods of enhancing toughness are envisioned. This modeling of fracture toughness is intended to help optimize the design and processing of these materials for enhanced fracture resistance.
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  • 54
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    International journal of fracture 89 (1998), S. 269-284 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; steel ; weld metal ; stress ; strain ; toughness ; notched specimen.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The cleavage fracture criterion of low alloy steel and weld metal in notched specimens is investigated in detail based on a great number of experimental data. It has been found that the most cleavage fractures initiate at a distance shorter (left side) than that of the peak stress location below a notch root, and the cleavage fracture in notched specimens must satisfy a dual criterion, i.e., a critical plastic strain (εp ≥ εpc) for initiating a crack nucleus, and a critical tensile stress (σyy ≥ σf) for its propagation. According to the dual criterion model, the great number of experimental data of 4PB (four-point bending) tests for the low alloy steel and weld metal and their statistical distribution are explained. The effects of temperature , the local fracture stress σf and the critical plastic strain εpc on the locations of cleavage initiation sites and the controlling steps of cleavage fracture process are discussed.
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  • 55
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    International journal of fracture 98 (1999), S. 361-367 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; plane elasticity problem ; bonded half-planes ; interface crack ; complex variable method ; singular integral equation ; numerical solution.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The solution of the plane elasticity problem of two bonded isotropic linearly elastic half-planes of different elastic properties having a crack L along the interface as well as a crack S in one of the half planes which intersects the interface crack, is given by using the Muskhelishvili's complex variable method with sectionally holomorphic functions. The initial problem is reduced to a Hilbert problem, the solution of which in the case of a dislocation existing in either half-planes constitutes the Green's functions of the problem. Finally, a singular integral equation is derived for the problem only along the crack S. The singular integral equation is solved numerically and results are presented for the stress intensity factors.
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  • 56
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    International journal of fracture 99 (1999), S. 41-51 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; cohesive zone ; softening law.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Barenblatt has pioneered the use of the cohesive zone model to quantify the effect of material non-linearity on the fracture behaviour of materials. As a tribute to his outstanding contributions in the fracture field, the paper appraises the effect of the stress-relative displacement law on failure predictions using the cohesive zone model.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; dynamic crack initiation ; thin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An experimental investigation was undertaken to characterize the dynamic fracture characteristics of 2024-T3 aluminum thin sheets ranging in thickness from 1.63–2.54 mm. Specifically, the critical dynamic stress intensity factor Kdc was determined over a wide range of loading rates ( expressed as the time rate of change of the stress intensity factor KdI ) using both a servo- hydraulic loading frame and a split Hopkinson bar in tension. In addition, the dynamic crack propagation toughness, KD, was measured as a function of crack tip speed using high sensitivity strain gages. A dramatic increase in both Kdc and KD was observed with increasing loading rate and crack tip speed, respectively. These relations were found to be independent of specimen thickness over the range of 1.5 to 2.5 mm.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; plasticity ; interferometer ; moiré ; finite elements ; steel.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A comparison between the three-dimensional experimental and numerical displacement fields surrounding a notch/crack in a ductile 4340 steel tested in three-point bending is presented. Excellent agreement between computed and measured deformations exists at load levels below 50 to 75 percent of ultimate loads. Experimentally determined crack tunnel profiles are included in the finite element model through nodal release; the evidence of the crack tunnel appears in the displacements at the surface. It is shown that surface measurements of unloading reveal specimen-internal failure initiation in the form of tunneling. Out-of-plane deformations deviate from analytical values earlier than in-plane values; this observation compromises the accuracy with which predictions of in-plane crack tip variables can be made when they are based on measured out-of-plane deformations (caustics, gradient sensing) once significant plasticity arises. Comparison is made between J-integral values calculated from the external boundary conditions and from a domain integral. The tunneling tests provide a method of estimating a critical value of J. The stress intensity factor governs the deformation in the elastic regime, but, because of the finite notch- tip radius underlying the experimental configuration, the HRR field does not describe the deformation well under plastic conditions. Comparison of numerical simulations with and without tunneling provide insight into criteria that could be used to implement an implicit crack propagation scheme into the numerical model.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; plasticity ; interferometer ; moiré ; finite elements ; steel.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the second of three devoted to a detailed study of the three- dimensional deformation at the tip of a notch in a ductile steel plate loaded in three-point bending. A finite element model has been constructed preparatory for a comparison with the experimental data in the subsequent paper; the geometry and material properties have been carefully matched to the experiment described in a preceding paper. The experiments to provide the complete description of the relevant material behavior are presented, followed by the details of the numerical model and some sample results. Young's modulus and the yield behavior are evaluated. Because any error in Poisson's ratio induces an error of the same order of magnitude in the three- dimensional elastic displacement field, this quantity is also measured with moiré interferometry to within ± 1 percent. Also, besides matching the material properties and geometry of the numerical model to the three-point-bend experiment, the development of (tunneling) fracture within the interior of the specimen is determined; these measurements are incorporated into the numerical model by releasing appropriate nodes.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; plasticity ; interferometry ; moiré ; finite ; steel.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A critical examination of measured and computed three-dimensional deformations in the vicinity of a crack in an elastic/plastic plate subjected to three-point-bending are presented in a series of three papers. The aim is to apply interferometric measurement methods to the large plastic deformation at the tip of a crack in a ductile steel, and to assess the current ability to model that deformation numerically. Comparison between the precise interferometric measurements and the finite element model, which has been closely matched to the physical specimen, including internal tunneling of the crack, indicates good agreement up to 75 percent of the ultimate failure load; above that level, discrepancies increase to levels on the order of 25 percent. It also develops that out-of-plane measurements are less than optimal for deducing in-plane stress and deformation states. This finding implies consequences for working with caustics and similar methods when applied to cracks in plastically deforming solids. This first paper presents a description and assessment of the experimental methods and outlines the fracture experiment itself. The second paper describes the material characterization to closely match the finite element model to the physical fracture specimen, as well as a description of the finite element model itself. The third paper presents the results of the comparison between experiment and model, as well as some additional results from the numerical model alone.
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    International journal of fracture 92 (1998), S. 253-286 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; inverse method ; NDE ; holographic interferometry ; surface deformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A procedure is presented which is well suited for three-dimensional subsurface crack identification in a half-space through the inversion of measured surface displacements. The investigation began with the linear, forward problem of generating contour maps of surface deformation produced by a fracture of known geometry and loading which is embedded in a finite medium. The fundamental solutions for tensile and shear multipoles in a half-space provided an efficient mathematical representation of the three-dimensional fracture. The inverse problem of crack identification centers on the development of a hybrid of the Marquardt–Levenberg algorithm. Initial guesses for the constrained set of search variables were determined heuristically from the correspondences between crack geometry and loading and the resulting uplift at the free surface. Physical measurements of surface deformation were taken for a cube of transparent acrylic polyester in which a fracture was hydraulically pressurized. Displacements induced at the surface of the specimen, which were measured by laser interferometry, had a strong correlation with predictions of the computational model (coupled with a finite element discretization). Numerical tests demonstrate the robustness of the inverse methodology even in the presence of the random and systematic errors corresponding to the experimental interferometric measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 62
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 94 (1998), S. 357-370 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; elastic-plastic fracture ; constraint ; two-parameter characterization ; stable crack growth ; finite element method ; remeshing.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An investigation is performed to determine to what extent the state at a growing crack tip vicinity can be characterised by J and Q calculated from FE analyses of successively stationary crack tip positions. FE models in two-dimensionals of single edge notch bend and double edge cracked panel specimens with several different crack lengths are used to cover a range of load and constraint levels. The stress and strain fields are compared between different specimens keeping J- and Q-values equal. A remeshing technique in the commercial FE-code ABAQUS is used to enhance the efficiency of the analysis. The results show that the J-Q-theory provides reasonably accurate crack tip characterization also for growing cracks. This leads to the conclusion that FE analyses of successive stationary cracks rather than full FE propagation analyses are sufficient. The limit of validity for propagation is similar to the validation limit for the stationary case, although somewhat more restrictive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 63
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 94 (1998), S. 321-338 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; rubber ; J integral ; non-linearity ; finite elements.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we have verified the validity of some formulations allowing the determination of the fracture surface energy in the case of rubber-like materials. The J-integral is chosen as a fracture characterizing parameter which is experimentally determined by considering a multiplying form that; numerically evaluated using a finite element method. The numerical results are compared to the experimental data and a good agreement has been pointed out for the deeply cracked specimen (a/w≥0.5). Below this limit, a significant divergence is observed which is attributed to a lack of accuracy of the experimental data processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Fracture ; compression ; fiber composites ; testing ; kink bands ; microbuckling ; size effect ; scaling ; asymptotic analysis ; J-integral ; equivalent LEFM ; cohesive crack model.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of structure size on the nominal strength of unidirectional fiber-polymer composites, failing by propagation of a kink band with fiber microbuckling, is analyzed experimentally and theoretically. Tests of novel geometrically similar carbon–PEEK specimens, with notches slanted so as to lead to a pure kink band (not accompanied by shear or splitting cracks), are conducted. They confirm the possibility of stable growth of long kind bands before the peak load, and reveal the existence of a strong (deterministic, non-statistical) size effect. The bi-logarithmic plot of the nominal strength (load divided by size and thickness) versus the characteristic size agrees with the approximate size effect law proposed for quasibrittle failures in 1983 by Bažant. The plot exhibits a gradual transition from a horizontal asymptote, representing the case of no size effect (characteristic of plasticity or strength criteria), to an asymptote of slope -1/2 (characteristic of linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM). A new derivation of this law by approximate (asymptotically correct) J-integral analysis of the energy release, as well as by the recently proposed nonlocal fracture mechanics, is given. The size effect law is further generalized to notch-free specimens attaining the maximum load after a stable growth of a kink band transmitting a uniform residual stress, and the generalized law is verified by Soutis, Curtis and Fleck's recent compression tests of specimens with holes of different diameters. The nominal strength of specimens failing at the initiation of a kink band from a smooth surface is predicted to also exhibit a (deterministic) size effect if there is a nonzero stress gradient at the surface. A different size effect law is derived for this case by analyzing the stress redistribution. The size effect law for notched specimens permits the fracture energy of the kink band and the length of the fracture process zone at the front of the band to be identified solely from the measurements of maximum loads. The results indicate that the current design practice, which relies on the strength criteria or plasticity and thus inevitably misses the size effect, is acceptable only for small structural parts and, in the interest of safety, should be revised in the case of large structural parts.
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  • 65
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    Institute of Physics
    In:  Professional Paper, Boundary Element Methods. Theory and Application, Bristol, Institute of Physics, vol. 9, no. 16, pp. 1-23, (ISBN 1-4020-1729-4)
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Stress ; Rock mechanics ; Stress intensity factor ; Boundary Element Method ; Fracture ; ENDNOTE?
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  • 66
    facet.materialart.
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    Springer
    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 4, no. Subvol. b, pp. 220, (ISBN: 1589480406)
    Publication Date: 1992
    Keywords: Fracture ; Handbook of geophysics ; Handbook of physics
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  • 67
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    Springer
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwiss. und Technik, L.B. V-1b, Berlin, Springer, vol. 81A, no. 16, pp. 141-238, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Fracture ; Rock mechanics ; Rheology
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  • 68
    facet.materialart.
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    Institute of Physics
    In:  Bristol, Institute of Physics, vol. 8, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 95-104, (ISBN 0-865-42078-5)
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Fracture ; Boundary Element Method ; Elasticity ; Dynamic
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2018-11-09
    Description: A new method to estimate the trajectories of particle motion and the amount of cumulative beam damage in electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) single-particle analysis is presented. The motion within the sample is modelled through the use of Gaussian process regression. This allows a prior likelihood that favours spatially and temporally smooth motion to be associated with each hypothetical set of particle trajectories without imposing hard constraints. This formulation enables the a posteriori likelihood of a set of particle trajectories to be expressed as a product of that prior likelihood and an observation likelihood given by the data, and this a posteriori likelihood to then be maximized. Since the smoothness prior requires three parameters that describe the statistics of the observed motion, an efficient stochastic method to estimate these parameters is also proposed. Finally, a practical algorithm is proposed that estimates the average amount of cumulative radiation damage as a function of radiation dose and spatial frequency, and then fits relative B factors to that damage in a robust way. The method is evaluated on three publicly available data sets, and its usefulness is illustrated by comparison with state-of-the-art methods and previously published results. The new method has been implemented as Bayesian polishing in RELION-3, where it replaces the existing particle-polishing method, as it outperforms the latter in all tests conducted.
    Keywords: Bayesian particle polishingbeam-induced motion correctioncryo-EMsingle-particle analysiselectron cryo-microscopy
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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